This document provides an overview of research methods and basic concepts. It defines key terms like scientific research, deduction, induction, theory, hypothesis, and empiricism. It also discusses different types of research like basic research, applied research, quantitative research, qualitative research, experimental research, and non-experimental research. The document outlines approaches to knowledge acquisition and the logical steps of the scientific method.
This document defines and discusses research methodology. It describes research as a systematic search for knowledge through investigation. The objectives of research are to gain new insights into phenomena and to test hypotheses. Research can be motivated by various factors such as intellectual curiosity, a desire for career advancement, or a desire to solve problems. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses various research approaches like quantitative, qualitative, experimental, and simulation approaches. Finally, it discusses the significance of research for advancing knowledge and solving problems across various fields.
This document provides an overview of the IMRAD structure for scientific manuscripts and research articles. It defines IMRAD as the standard structure with four sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Checklists are then provided to help ensure each section contains the necessary elements. The introduction defines the research problem or hypothesis, methods describes how the study was conducted, results presents the findings, and discussion interprets the results and draws conclusions. Adhering to IMRAD helps clearly communicate the research process and findings to readers.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Lesson 19 choosing an appropriate research designmjlobetos
This document outlines three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and causal. Exploratory research is used to establish an initial understanding of a topic with little prior research. Descriptive research gathers information on current situations through surveys and correlations to describe who, what, when, where, and how. Causal research measures the impact of independent variables on dependent variables to explain cause-and-effect relationships. The three designs differ in their problem identification, sample sizes, hypotheses, and data management.
Kinds and Classification of Research
Some Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry
The scientific Method of research
Principles of Scientific Method of Research
This document discusses the objectives of research. It begins by defining research as a systematic inquiry that investigates hypotheses, suggests new interpretations, and poses new questions to further future research. The objectives of research are then described as aiming to find hidden truths, discover answers to questions, and gain familiarity with phenomena. Characteristics of good research objectives are outlined as being specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. Objectives of legal research specifically are listed as deeper understanding, discovery of new facts, testing and verifying existing knowledge, analyzing facts, developing new research tools, explaining the nature and scope of legal topics, and predicting consequences.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
This document defines and discusses research methodology. It describes research as a systematic search for knowledge through investigation. The objectives of research are to gain new insights into phenomena and to test hypotheses. Research can be motivated by various factors such as intellectual curiosity, a desire for career advancement, or a desire to solve problems. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses various research approaches like quantitative, qualitative, experimental, and simulation approaches. Finally, it discusses the significance of research for advancing knowledge and solving problems across various fields.
This document provides an overview of the IMRAD structure for scientific manuscripts and research articles. It defines IMRAD as the standard structure with four sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Checklists are then provided to help ensure each section contains the necessary elements. The introduction defines the research problem or hypothesis, methods describes how the study was conducted, results presents the findings, and discussion interprets the results and draws conclusions. Adhering to IMRAD helps clearly communicate the research process and findings to readers.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Lesson 19 choosing an appropriate research designmjlobetos
This document outlines three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and causal. Exploratory research is used to establish an initial understanding of a topic with little prior research. Descriptive research gathers information on current situations through surveys and correlations to describe who, what, when, where, and how. Causal research measures the impact of independent variables on dependent variables to explain cause-and-effect relationships. The three designs differ in their problem identification, sample sizes, hypotheses, and data management.
Kinds and Classification of Research
Some Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry
The scientific Method of research
Principles of Scientific Method of Research
This document discusses the objectives of research. It begins by defining research as a systematic inquiry that investigates hypotheses, suggests new interpretations, and poses new questions to further future research. The objectives of research are then described as aiming to find hidden truths, discover answers to questions, and gain familiarity with phenomena. Characteristics of good research objectives are outlined as being specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. Objectives of legal research specifically are listed as deeper understanding, discovery of new facts, testing and verifying existing knowledge, analyzing facts, developing new research tools, explaining the nature and scope of legal topics, and predicting consequences.
Steps in Research-Types of research-Types of Steps in Research-Types of resea...AbhishikthSandeep1
This document discusses research methods and design. It defines research as a systematic, scientific investigation of a topic to discover new facts or test hypotheses. Research aims to contribute new knowledge through carefully defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The key objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Characteristics of good research include being directed, empirical, carefully recorded and reported. The common steps in research are formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, deciding design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions.
This document discusses different types of research and their purposes. It defines empirical research as being based on direct observation or experience without regard for theory. Applied research is focused on using scientific investigation to draw valid conclusions and solve practical problems by starting with a problem and ending with solutions or recommendations. For research to be valid, its designs and procedures must be replicable so that conclusions are also valid and conclusive. The document also lists several benefits of research, including contributing to science, improving quality of life, instruction, countering environmental impacts, satisfying needs, reducing work burdens, and providing psychological benefits.
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
1. The document discusses various types of medical research designs including observational and experimental studies.
2. Observational studies are divided into descriptive studies which aim to describe health problems without comparisons, and analytical studies which aim to identify associations between exposures and outcomes.
3. Experimental research designs involve assigning subjects to treatment or control groups randomly to evaluate new interventions while controlling for confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments.
This document provides an overview of the research process and key concepts in research. It discusses that research is important for development and problem solving. It also defines research as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering answers or expanding knowledge. The document outlines the various purposes of research and characteristics of good research, including being systematic, objective, empirical, comprehensive, critical, rigorous, and verifiable. It also describes different types of research classified by methodology, including descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, experimental, ex-post facto, historical, and ethnographic research. Finally, it provides an overview of the research process involving idea generation, problem definition, literature review, and other steps.
Literature Review and Research Related ProblemsChris Okiki
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses what a literature review is, the major reasons for doing one, and the search process. A literature review establishes the context and rationale for a study. It involves reviewing previous research to learn about research design and how a project can contribute to the field. The search process involves identifying a topic, reviewing secondary sources to get an overview, developing search terms to identify primary sources through databases and libraries, checking references, and networking with others in the field.
This document defines research and outlines its key characteristics. Research is defined as a systematic process of investigating problems based on facts and logic rather than opinions. It involves gathering original data, analyzing it critically and reaching evidence-based conclusions. Research is characterized as expert, systematic, objective, patient and carefully documented. The main types of research are applied, basic, historical, descriptive and experimental. Descriptive research seeks to characterize existing situations through techniques like content analysis, case studies, surveys and participant observation.
This document provides an overview of narrative research methods. It discusses that narrative research focuses on studying individuals' life experiences through collecting and analyzing their stories. Key aspects include gathering data through interviews and documents, analyzing collected stories for themes and events, and reporting findings in narrative form like biographies or life stories. The document also covers characteristics of narrative research such as flexibility, a focus on individual experiences, and an emphasis on collaboration between researcher and participants.
Business research methods involve systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of business topics and issues. Research aims to expand existing knowledge through logical reasoning using both inductive and deductive approaches. It provides accurate, real-world data through controlled experiments and natural observations. Business research scope includes production, personnel, marketing, financial, materials, general, and banking management to aid decisions in areas like new product development, job design, consumer behavior, and economic conditions.
TOPICS:
I. Definition of Qualitative Research
II. Purpose of Qualitative Research
III. Characteristics of Qualitative Research
IV. Strengths of Qualitative Research
V. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
VI. Kinds of Qualitative Research
You can Watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-PstCR7RTQ&t=803s
This document outlines key characteristics of rigorous research:
- Research involves gathering new first-hand data directed at solving problems through carefully designed, rigorous procedures. It emphasizes developing general theories to predict future occurrences.
- Valid and reliable research demands accurate, unbiased observation and description applying every test to validate procedures. It proceeds logically and patiently, with innovative determination.
- Rigorous research is also empirical, systematic, controlled, accurate, credible and generalizable - following scientific methods, a set order, controlling external factors, using appropriate tools and sources, and having findings that can apply to larger populations.
Lesson1 Quantitative Research - Practical Research 2Franzia
This document defines quantitative research as explaining phenomena through collecting and analyzing numerical data, especially using statistics. It describes characteristics of quantitative research such as being reliable and objective, generalizing findings through statistics, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Advantages include producing objective answers and reliable results from large samples, while disadvantages include ignoring context and limited narratives. The document stresses the importance of quantitative research across fields like education, business, medicine and health, and science and technology.
Qualitative data analysis: many approaches to understand user insightsAgnieszka Szóstek
The fifth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University in New Zealand was all about how important it is to run a proper analysis of the qualitative data. We discussed the value in looking at data from individual (phenomenological) perspective versus combined (reductionist) perspective. But we agreed that regardless of the chosen approach it is crucial to look at the data from more than just one perspective to be sure the interpretation is not biased by researcher's on view of the world.
1. The document discusses the importance and definition of research in daily life experiences. It defines research etymologically as looking again systematically to solve problems or gain new understanding.
2. Research is presented as a process involving establishing methods, literature review, data collection, analysis, and solutions. Both formal and informal examples of research in common experiences are provided.
3. The document emphasizes that research is not difficult and should not be feared, as it builds upon everyday problem-solving processes people regularly engage in.
Scientific Research And Ethics by Manu ShreshthaManu Shreshtha
This document presents an overview of ethics with respect to science and research. It begins with definitions of ethics and discusses ethical theories like deontology, teleology, and utilitarianism. It then examines important historical events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nazi medical experiments and the Nuremberg Code. The document outlines principles for ethical research like informed consent and protecting vulnerable subjects. It discusses ethical concerns in qualitative and quantitative research and emphasizes the importance of ethics in protecting participants and ensuring research is conducted safely and for the benefit of all.
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1. What is research and its key characteristics such as being systematic and aimed at finding new knowledge.
2. Examples of activities that can and cannot be classified as research. Participating in a workshop would not be considered research, while systematically investigating an issue like car dashboard sounds through data collection and analysis would be.
3. The basic steps involved in the research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting findings.
4. Additional topics covered include the objectives, problems, and types of research. The document provides an overview of researching as a systematic process for discovering new knowledge.
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses research designs such as experimental, correlational, survey, ethnographic, case study, historical, and action research. It also categorizes research as descriptive, associational, or intervention studies. Key aspects of quantitative and qualitative approaches are compared such as goals, design, data collection and analysis techniques. Examples are provided to illustrate different research problem types and appropriate methodologies.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
This document discusses key concepts in research methods. It begins by defining scientific research as systematic, controlled empirical investigation using hypothetical propositions. There are two main approaches to reasoning - deductive reasoning which moves from general to specific, and inductive reasoning which moves from specific to general observations to form conclusions. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, developing a research plan, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results. Research can be classified based on its application (basic vs applied), objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory), or inquiry approach (structured quantitative vs unstructured qualitative).
This document discusses different types of research and their purposes. It defines empirical research as being based on direct observation or experience without regard for theory. Applied research is focused on using scientific investigation to draw valid conclusions and solve practical problems by starting with a problem and ending with solutions or recommendations. For research to be valid, its designs and procedures must be replicable so that conclusions are also valid and conclusive. The document also lists several benefits of research, including contributing to science, improving quality of life, instruction, countering environmental impacts, satisfying needs, reducing work burdens, and providing psychological benefits.
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
1. The document discusses various types of medical research designs including observational and experimental studies.
2. Observational studies are divided into descriptive studies which aim to describe health problems without comparisons, and analytical studies which aim to identify associations between exposures and outcomes.
3. Experimental research designs involve assigning subjects to treatment or control groups randomly to evaluate new interventions while controlling for confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments.
This document provides an overview of the research process and key concepts in research. It discusses that research is important for development and problem solving. It also defines research as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering answers or expanding knowledge. The document outlines the various purposes of research and characteristics of good research, including being systematic, objective, empirical, comprehensive, critical, rigorous, and verifiable. It also describes different types of research classified by methodology, including descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, experimental, ex-post facto, historical, and ethnographic research. Finally, it provides an overview of the research process involving idea generation, problem definition, literature review, and other steps.
Literature Review and Research Related ProblemsChris Okiki
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses what a literature review is, the major reasons for doing one, and the search process. A literature review establishes the context and rationale for a study. It involves reviewing previous research to learn about research design and how a project can contribute to the field. The search process involves identifying a topic, reviewing secondary sources to get an overview, developing search terms to identify primary sources through databases and libraries, checking references, and networking with others in the field.
This document defines research and outlines its key characteristics. Research is defined as a systematic process of investigating problems based on facts and logic rather than opinions. It involves gathering original data, analyzing it critically and reaching evidence-based conclusions. Research is characterized as expert, systematic, objective, patient and carefully documented. The main types of research are applied, basic, historical, descriptive and experimental. Descriptive research seeks to characterize existing situations through techniques like content analysis, case studies, surveys and participant observation.
This document provides an overview of narrative research methods. It discusses that narrative research focuses on studying individuals' life experiences through collecting and analyzing their stories. Key aspects include gathering data through interviews and documents, analyzing collected stories for themes and events, and reporting findings in narrative form like biographies or life stories. The document also covers characteristics of narrative research such as flexibility, a focus on individual experiences, and an emphasis on collaboration between researcher and participants.
Business research methods involve systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of business topics and issues. Research aims to expand existing knowledge through logical reasoning using both inductive and deductive approaches. It provides accurate, real-world data through controlled experiments and natural observations. Business research scope includes production, personnel, marketing, financial, materials, general, and banking management to aid decisions in areas like new product development, job design, consumer behavior, and economic conditions.
TOPICS:
I. Definition of Qualitative Research
II. Purpose of Qualitative Research
III. Characteristics of Qualitative Research
IV. Strengths of Qualitative Research
V. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
VI. Kinds of Qualitative Research
You can Watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-PstCR7RTQ&t=803s
This document outlines key characteristics of rigorous research:
- Research involves gathering new first-hand data directed at solving problems through carefully designed, rigorous procedures. It emphasizes developing general theories to predict future occurrences.
- Valid and reliable research demands accurate, unbiased observation and description applying every test to validate procedures. It proceeds logically and patiently, with innovative determination.
- Rigorous research is also empirical, systematic, controlled, accurate, credible and generalizable - following scientific methods, a set order, controlling external factors, using appropriate tools and sources, and having findings that can apply to larger populations.
Lesson1 Quantitative Research - Practical Research 2Franzia
This document defines quantitative research as explaining phenomena through collecting and analyzing numerical data, especially using statistics. It describes characteristics of quantitative research such as being reliable and objective, generalizing findings through statistics, and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. Advantages include producing objective answers and reliable results from large samples, while disadvantages include ignoring context and limited narratives. The document stresses the importance of quantitative research across fields like education, business, medicine and health, and science and technology.
Qualitative data analysis: many approaches to understand user insightsAgnieszka Szóstek
The fifth lecture at HITLab, Canterbury University in New Zealand was all about how important it is to run a proper analysis of the qualitative data. We discussed the value in looking at data from individual (phenomenological) perspective versus combined (reductionist) perspective. But we agreed that regardless of the chosen approach it is crucial to look at the data from more than just one perspective to be sure the interpretation is not biased by researcher's on view of the world.
1. The document discusses the importance and definition of research in daily life experiences. It defines research etymologically as looking again systematically to solve problems or gain new understanding.
2. Research is presented as a process involving establishing methods, literature review, data collection, analysis, and solutions. Both formal and informal examples of research in common experiences are provided.
3. The document emphasizes that research is not difficult and should not be feared, as it builds upon everyday problem-solving processes people regularly engage in.
Scientific Research And Ethics by Manu ShreshthaManu Shreshtha
This document presents an overview of ethics with respect to science and research. It begins with definitions of ethics and discusses ethical theories like deontology, teleology, and utilitarianism. It then examines important historical events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nazi medical experiments and the Nuremberg Code. The document outlines principles for ethical research like informed consent and protecting vulnerable subjects. It discusses ethical concerns in qualitative and quantitative research and emphasizes the importance of ethics in protecting participants and ensuring research is conducted safely and for the benefit of all.
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1. What is research and its key characteristics such as being systematic and aimed at finding new knowledge.
2. Examples of activities that can and cannot be classified as research. Participating in a workshop would not be considered research, while systematically investigating an issue like car dashboard sounds through data collection and analysis would be.
3. The basic steps involved in the research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting findings.
4. Additional topics covered include the objectives, problems, and types of research. The document provides an overview of researching as a systematic process for discovering new knowledge.
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses research designs such as experimental, correlational, survey, ethnographic, case study, historical, and action research. It also categorizes research as descriptive, associational, or intervention studies. Key aspects of quantitative and qualitative approaches are compared such as goals, design, data collection and analysis techniques. Examples are provided to illustrate different research problem types and appropriate methodologies.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
This document discusses key concepts in research methods. It begins by defining scientific research as systematic, controlled empirical investigation using hypothetical propositions. There are two main approaches to reasoning - deductive reasoning which moves from general to specific, and inductive reasoning which moves from specific to general observations to form conclusions. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, developing a research plan, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results. Research can be classified based on its application (basic vs applied), objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory), or inquiry approach (structured quantitative vs unstructured qualitative).
Ph.D. -Research methodology tools techniques, research publication and ethics...kalailakshmi
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and describes its key features and significance. The document outlines different types of research such as exploratory vs conclusive research, applied vs fundamental research, qualitative vs quantitative research, conceptual vs empirical research, and cross-sectional vs longitudinal research. Research objectives and characteristics are also discussed. The summary concludes with a description of key research approaches like quantitative and qualitative approaches.
This document provides an introduction to research, including definitions of research, the scientific method, and different types of research. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method is described as tentative, empirically verifiable, and ethically neutral. Types of research discussed include fundamental/applied research, historical research, descriptive research, case study research, time series research, experimental/quasi-experimental research, and correlational research. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to research are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to research, including definitions of research, the scientific method, and different types of research. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method is described as tentative, empirically verifiable, and ethically neutral. Types of research discussed include fundamental/applied research, historical research, descriptive research, case study research, time series research, experimental/quasi-experimental research, and correlational research. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to research are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to research, including definitions of research, the scientific method, and different types of research. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The scientific method is described as tentative, empirically verifiable, and ethically neutral. Types of research discussed include fundamental/applied research, historical research, descriptive research, case study research, time series research, experimental/quasi-experimental research, and correlational research. Qualitative and quantitative approaches to research are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, types, characteristics, and the research process. It defines research as a systematic, rigorous, and empirical process of formulating problems, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The document outlines different types of research based on their application (pure/applied), objectives (descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, correlational), and inquiry mode (qualitative, quantitative). Finally, it describes the typical steps in planning and conducting research, from formulating a problem to collecting and analyzing data.
This document provides an overview of research methodologies in architecture. It discusses qualitative and quantitative research, including common approaches like interviews, surveys, observation, and case studies. Qualitative research focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like ethnography and narrative research, while quantitative research uses statistical analysis and sampling. The document also outlines different types of research like descriptive, exploratory, experimental, and longitudinal research as well as key concepts in research methodology like variables, hypotheses, and validity.
The document discusses research in the Philippines and education research. It notes that research in the Philippines suffers from a lack of funding and qualified researchers, as well as unfocused projects. Education research encompasses many areas that attempt to improve learning, such as teaching, testing, and child development. The document outlines characteristics of research like being systematic, analytical, and requiring expertise. It also differentiates between types of research based on their objectives and the type of information sought, such as pure vs applied research. The key components of research like the problem statement, literature review, methodology, and results presentation are also outlined.
This document outlines the key steps and concepts in the research methods process. It discusses (1) defining the research problem, which involves understanding the nature of the problem and formulating clear research objectives; (2) conducting a literature review to understand previous work; (3) developing hypotheses; (4) designing the research methodology; (5) determining sampling methods; (6) collecting primary and secondary data; (7) analyzing the data and testing hypotheses; (8) interpreting findings and generalizing results; and (9) preparing the final research report. The overall goal is to systematically investigate an issue, analyze collected information, and draw objective conclusions to address the stated research problem.
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
The document covers different research types and methods used in conducting systematic studies.
1. The document discusses the definition, objectives, types, and process of research. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating a problem to find a solution through scientific inquiry and hypothesis testing.
2. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, representing characteristics, determining frequencies, testing hypotheses, and finding hidden truths.
3. The main types of research discussed are pure/fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, analytical research, quantitative research, and qualitative research.
4. The research process involves formulating a problem, reviewing literature, developing a hypothesis, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, interpreting results, and reporting findings.
Research methods can generally be divided into two main categories: Quantitative and Qualitative. This webinar will provide an overview of quantitative methods with a brief distinction between quantitative and qualitative methods. We will focus on when and how to use quantitative research and discuss type of variables and statistical analysis.
Presentation will be led by Dr. Carlos Cardillo.
About CORE:
The Culture of Research and Education (C.O.R.E.) webinar series is spearheaded by Dr. Bernice B. Rumala, CORE Chair & Program Director of the Ph.D. in Health Sciences program in collaboration with leaders and faculty across all academic programs.
This innovative and wide-ranging series is designed to provide continuing education, skills-building techniques, and tools for academic and professional development. These sessions will provide a unique chance to build your professional development toolkit through presentations, discussions, and workshops with Trident’s world-class faculty.
For further information about CORE or to present, you may contact Dr. Bernice B. Rumala at Bernice.rumala@trident.edu
The document provides an overview of techniques for data collection in research. It discusses primary and secondary data collection methods. For primary data, it describes observation methods, survey methods, and contact methods like mail, telephone and personal interviews. It also covers experimental research methods. For secondary data, it lists sources like publications, reports and technical journals. The document then discusses determining sample design, types of samples, constructing questionnaires and research instruments, and piloting the research tool.
The document discusses various techniques for collecting data in research studies. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, surveys, experiments, and various interview techniques. It also discusses secondary data sources and how to determine sample design, including different types of sampling. The document provides guidance on developing research instruments and questionnaires to collect necessary information to answer research objectives and questions.
The document provides summaries of different types of research designs, including their definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, experimental, causal, cohort, case study, action research, cross-sectional, and market research designs. For each design, it outlines what information can be learned from studies using that design and what limitations exist in determining causation or generalizing findings. The overall purpose is to help readers understand when and how to appropriately apply different research methodologies.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
Research methodology provides guidelines for conducting research systematically and scientifically. It describes various research methods and techniques for sampling, data collection, analysis and reporting. It also guides researchers on which specific methods and techniques are appropriate for different parts of the research process. Hypotheses are tentative explanations for phenomena that can be empirically tested. Well-constructed hypotheses are conceptually clear, specify relationships between measurable variables, and are falsifiable based on study results. Descriptive, experimental and applied research approaches are used to investigate practical problems, describe characteristics of groups, or test cause-and-effect relationships.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. It aims to help students develop an understanding of research and its methodologies. Key topics that will be covered include defining research, terminology used in research, types of research classified by application, objectives and inquiry mode, qualities of good research, and the eight-step research process involving planning, conducting, and reporting a study. Research is defined as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a specific topic. Methodology refers to the methods and techniques used to implement a research plan.
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This document provides an overview of ISO 9001:2015 requirements for process owners. It begins by defining key terms like quality management system and total customer satisfaction. It then discusses the history and purpose of ISO and some key changes between the 2008 and 2015 versions. The core content reviews each clause of ISO 9001:2015 including the context of the organization, leadership responsibilities, planning processes, the PDCA cycle, and requirements for support functions. Several worked examples are provided to demonstrate how to map business processes, identify key metrics, and plan for risk mitigation and continual improvement as required by the standard.
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4. Factors like customers, technology, regulations influence product development
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This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data collected for a study. Data should be presented clearly and logically using appropriate tables, graphs, and figures with clear titles and labeling. The analysis section should highlight only the most important findings relevant to the research questions. Interpretation involves establishing relationships between data and checking if findings support any hypotheses. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis can be used depending on the study. Graphs like bar graphs, pie charts, and line graphs are commonly used to visually represent data trends or relationships. Captions, labels, and other design elements of tables and figures should follow standard conventions for clear communication.
Procurement fraud can occur in several ways:
1) Kickbacks and corrupt payments involve suppliers providing bribes to employees in exchange for securing contracts and orders.
2) Corrupt influence involves corruption affecting business deals through hidden prices and partnerships chosen for expediency over quality.
3) Collusion and bid rigging refers to illegal agreements between bidders to distort competition by designing tenders that only one supplier can win.
The document discusses customer relationships for physical and web/mobile products. It defines key terms like customer acquisition cost (CAC), lifetime value (LTV), and churn. For physical products, it explains how to get, keep, and grow customers. For web/mobile products, it discusses marketing funnels and how to calculate CAC, LTV, and the balancing act between monetization and customer acquisition costs. The impact of churn on LTV is also explained, with the recommendation to keep monthly churn below 2.5% for a sustainable business model.
This document discusses different distribution channel models across multiple industries. It provides examples of distribution channels for books, medical devices, sensors, dental products, online rentals, and travel. For each industry, it outlines the key players in the distribution channel, how products flow through the channel, and considerations around costs, compensation, and incentives. The examples illustrate both direct sales channels as well as channels that involve multiple third parties like distributors, wholesalers, and retailers.
The document discusses the evolution of management theories from ancient times to the present. It describes early ideas on management, strategy, and leadership from thinkers like Sun Tzu and Machiavelli. It then covers the Classical, Behavioral, Quantitative, and Contingency approaches to management. The Classical approach from 1890 emphasized organizational efficiency while the Behavioral approach from 1910 focused on human factors. The systems approach from the 1950s-1960s viewed organizations as open systems. Finally, the Contingency approach of the 1970s recognized that the best management approach depends on the situation or circumstances.
This document discusses several types of sensors that are commonly used in industrial automation: temperature sensors, pressure sensors, MEMS sensors, and torque sensors. It provides examples of specific sensors for each type, along with their applications. Temperature sensors measure temperature and are used for continuous monitoring. Pressure sensors detect pressure and are used to measure variables like flow and altitude. MEMS sensors convert mechanical signals to electrical ones and are used for applications like airbag deployment. Torque sensors measure torque and rotation for uses like speed monitoring and torque calculation. All of these sensor types play vital roles in making automated industrial products more intelligent and advanced.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses various methods for predicting job performance during the employee selection process, including references, letters of recommendation, education and training history, tests of knowledge, skills and abilities, and work samples. It describes how each method can be used to confirm resume details, check for discipline issues, discover new information about applicants, and predict future job performance. Ethical guidelines for references are also outlined.
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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These topics will be covered
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
7. Approaches toKnowledge
Five sources of evidence in the pursuit of
truth:
1. Authority
2. Custom andtradition
3. Personal experience
4. Deductive reasoning
5. Scientific inquiry
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 7
8. Deductive Reasoning
A.k.a., Logic. ال
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ا
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ا
ال
س
ت
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ب
ا
ط
ي
Thinking proceeds from generalassumption to
specific application
GENERAL SPECIFIC
Inductive Reasoning
ا
ال
س
ت
ق
ر
ا
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ي
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ا
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Conclusions about events (general) are based on
information generated through many individualand direct
observations(specific).
SPECIFIC GENERAL
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9. Inductive Reasoning
Researchers observe an individual or group of individuals from a
larger population based on these observations,
generalizations are made back to the larger population
• Two kinds ofinduction:
–Perfect
• Conclusions based on observationsmade
from ALL members of a group or population
–Imperfect
• Conclusions based on observationsmade
from a random sample of members of a
population
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 9
11. • Sometimes we acquire knowledge through the use of logic.
Here is an example of a logical deduction:
• All birds have feathers.
This animal hasfeathers.
Therefore, this animal is a bird.
• Many times, as in the case above, logic leads us to the truth.
However, sometimes using logic alone leads us to incorrect
conclusions.
• Consider the examplebelow:
• (Almost) all birds can fly.
This animal canfly.
Therefore, this animal is a bird.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 11
15. Theoryvs.Hypothesis
Hypothesis
–A belief or prediction of the final outcome of the
research
–A concrete, specific statement about the
relationships betweenphenomena
–Based on deductivereasoning
Theory
–A belief or assumption about how things relate to
each other
–A theory establishes a cause-and-effect
relationship between variables with a purpose
of explaining and predicting phenomena
–Based on inductivereasoning
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19. Research Classifications
• System #1:
–Basic research
–Applied research
–
• System #2:
–Quantitative research
–Qualitative research
–
• System #3:
–Experimentalresearch
–Nonexperimental research
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20. Research Classifications
1. Application of researchstudy
- pure research and
- applied research
2. Objectives in undertaking theresearch
-descriptive
-correlational
-explanatory
-exploratory
3. Inquiry modeemployed
- Structured approach
- Unstructured approach
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 20
21. 1. Application ofresearch
study
From the point of view of application, there are two broad
categories of research: Pure &Applied Research.
.
Pure/Basic research:
Involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that
are intellectually challenging to the researcher but may or may
not have practical application at the present time or in the future.
The knowledge produced through pure research is
sought in order to add to the existing body of research
methods.
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22. Appliedresearch
Applied Research is done to solve specific, practical questions;
for policy formulation, administration and understanding of a
phenomenon. It can be exploratory, but is usually
descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis of basic
research
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24. 2. Objectives of the research
a-Descriptive b-
Correlational c-
Explanatory
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25. a-Descriptive
Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a
situation, problem, phenomenon, service or programme, or
provides information about , say, living condition of a community,
or describes attitudes towards an issue.
Descriptiveresearchrefers to research that provides an
accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual,
situation, orgroup.
Descriptive research, also known as statisticalresearch.
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26. Descriptivestudiesareameansof
discovering newmeaning,
describing whatexists,
determining the frequency with which something
occurs, and categorizinginformation.
Descriptiveresearchdealswitheverythingthatcan be countedand
studied,whichhasanimpactofthelivesof
thepeopleitdealswith.
For example, finding the most frequent disease that affects the
children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to
do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy
life.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 26
27. Advantages:
• The people individual studied are unaware so they act
naturally or as they usually do in everyday situation;
• It is less expensive and time consuming than
quantitative experiments;
• Collects a large amount of notes for detailed studying;
• As it is used to describe and not make any conclusions it is to
start the research with it;
Disadvantages
• Descriptive research requires moreskills.
• Does not identify cause behind a phenomenon
• Response rate is low in this research.
• Results of this research can change over the period of time.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 27
29. Advantages:
1) Can collect much information from many subjects at one
time.
2) Can study a wide range of variables and their
interrelations.
3) Study variables that are not easily produced in the
laboratory.
Disadvantages:
1.Correlation does not indicate causation( cause and effect).
2. Problemswith self-report method .
Dr.Ahmed-RefatA
GRefat www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 29
30. c- Explanatoryresearch
Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is
a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or
phenomenon.
Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area
where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of
undertaking a particular research study (feasibility study
/ pilot study).
In practice moststudies are a combination of the first three
categories
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 30
31. 3- Inquiry Mode:
a- Structuredapproach & b- Unstructuredapproach
a- Structuredapproach:
The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as
-Quantitative research.
Here everything that forms the research process-
objectives, design, sample, and the questions that you plan to
ask of respondents- is predetermined
It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a
problem, issue or phenomenon by quantifying the
variation.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 31
32. b- Unstructuredapproach:
The unstructured approach to inquiry is usually classified as
qualitativeresearch.
This approach allows flexibility in all aspects of the
research process.
It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem, issue
or phenomenon without quantifying it.
Main objective is to describe the variation in a
phenomenon, situation orattitude.
In manystudies you have to combine both qualitative and
quantitative approaches.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 32
37. 3-Discourseanalysis
Discourse is a term used to describe the systems we use in
communication with others. These include verbal, non- verbal and
writtenmaterial.
Whatwesay,howwesayit,ourchoice ofwords,tone, timingare
fullofvalues,meaningsandintentions.
So,analysisofdiscourseincreasesourunderstanding ofhuman
behaviorthroughlanguageandinteraction.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 37
49. A- Pre-experimentaldesigns
Pre-experimentaldesigns are so named because they follow
basic experimental steps but fail to include a control group.
In other words, a single group is often
studied but no comparison between an equivalent non-
treatment group ismade.
Examples include thefollowing:
A.1-OneGroupPretestPosttestStudy A.2-The
One-ShotCaseStudy
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 49
50. A.1-TheOne-ShotCaseStudy.
In this arrangement, subjects are presented with some type of
treatment, such as a semester of college work experience, and
then the outcome measure is applied, such ascollege grades.
Like all experimental designs, the goal is to
determine if the treatmenthad any effect on the outcome.
Without a comparison group, it is impossible to
determine if the outcome scores are any higher than they would
have been without the treatment. And, without any pre-test
scores, it is impossible to determine if any change within the
group itself has taken place.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 50
51. A.2-OneGroupPretestPosttestStudy.
A benefit of this design over the previously discussed design is
the inclusion of a pretest to determine baseline scores. To
use this design in our study of college performance, we could
compare college grades prior to gaining the work experience to
the grades after completing a semester ofwork experience. We
can now at least state whether a change in the outcome or
dependent variable hastaken place. What we cannotsay
is if this change would have occurred even without the
application of the treatment orindependent variable. It is
possible that mere maturation caused the change in grades and
not the work experience itself.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 51
52. B-Quasi-ExperimentalDesign
Quasi designs fair better than pre-experimental studies in that
they employ a means to compare groups. They fall
short, however on one very important aspect of the experiment:
randomization.
B.1-PretestPosttestNonequivalentGroup. With this design, both
a control group and an experimental group is compared,
however, the groups are chosen and assigned out of
convenience rather than through
randomization. This mightbe themethod ofchoice for our study on work experience as itwould be difficult to
choose students in a college settingat random andplace them inspecific groups andclasses. We mightask studentsto participate ina
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 52
53. one-semester work experience program. Wewould then measure all of the students’ grades prior to the start of the program and then again after the
program. Those students who participated would be our treatmentgroup; thosewho did not would be our control group.
B.2-TimeSeriesDesigns. Tim series designs refer to the
pretesting and posttesting of one group of subjects at different
intervals. The purpose might be to determine long
term effect of treatment and therefore the number of pre- and
posttests can vary from one each to many.
Sometimes there is an interruption between tests in order to
assess the strength of treatment overan extended time period.
When such a design is employed, the posttest is
referred to asfollow-up.
B.3-NonequivalentBefore-AfterDesign. This design is
used when we want to compare two groups that are likely
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 53
54. to be different even beforethe study begins. In other
words, if we want to see how a new treatment affects people
with different psychological disorders, the disorders
themselves would create two or more nonequivalent groups.
Once again, the number of pretests
and posttests can vary from one each to many.
Whenever subjects are chosen for groups based on
convenience rather than randomization, the reason for
inclusion in the study itself confounds our results.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 54
57. C- TrueExperimentalDesign
The true experiment is often thought of as the only research
method that can adequately measure the cause and effect
relationship.
C.1- PosttestEquivalentGroupsStudy.Randomization and the
comparison of both a control and an experimental group are
utilized in this type of study. Each group,
chosen and assigned at random is presented with either the
treatment or some type of control. Posttests are then given to
each subject to determine if a difference between the twogroups
exists. While this is approaching
the best method, it falls short in its lack of a pretest measure.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 57
58. C.2.-PretestPosttestEquivalentGroupsStudy.
This method is the most effective in terms of demonstrating
cause and effect but it is also the most difficult to perform.The
pretest posttest equivalent groups design provides for both a
control group and a measure of change but also adds a pretest
to assess any differences between the groups prior to the study
taking place.
www.SlideShare.net/AhmedRefat 58
60. Final Word
Research Methodology:
1. Quantitative methods
2. Qualitative methods
3. Mixed methods
•
The methodological history can be summarized as
three waves
The dominance of quantitative methods as wave ..1
The emergence of qualitative methods as wave….2
The growth of mixed methods aswave ……………..3
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61. Thescientificapproach
includesthefollowingsteps:
1. Identify an area of interest/research question-RQ.
2. Generate a hypothesis from your RQ.
3. Design a study to test your hypothesis.
4. Formulate predictions based on your hypothesis.
5. Collect data/information.
6. Analyze and interpret the data to test predictions.
7. Accept or rejectthe hypothesis.
8. Communicate your results.
9. Refine your hypothesis based on the results.
10. Replicate thestudy.
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63. Criteriaforagood
researchtopic
A good research topic should be feasible (can be done),
interesting, novel, ethical and relevant (has an implication).
These criteria have been collectively called the
F.I.N.E.R
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