This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data in quantitative research. It is divided into descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis. The interpretation is presented both textually and in tables or graphs. Guidelines are provided for using narratives, charts, graphs and interpreting results as well as statistical techniques like descriptive statistics, which summarize data, and inferential statistics, which make inferences about populations.

1. Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis, and
Interpretation of Data

2. K W H L
What do I
know about
Chapter 4 of
Quantitative
Research?
What do I want
to find out?
How can I find
out what I want
to learn?
What did I
learn?

3. • This chapter reports the findings and
interpretation of the data gathered. It is
divided mainly into two parts:
Descriptive Data Analysis and
Inferential Data Analysis.

4. • Should I use narratives?
• Will I use charts/graphs?
Narratives- when you want to explain something
Visuals- when you wish to enlighten the readers
Both- when you want to engage the readers

5. The interpretation is presented in both
textual and tabular forms. It is suggested
that in presenting the results of
investigation the textual form should be
given first followed by tables or graphs.

6. Learning competencies
The learner…
1) presents and interprets data in tabular and graphical forms
(CS_RS12-IId-g-2),
2) uses statistical techniques to analyze data — study
of differences and relationships limited for bivariate
analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3).

7. What is statistics?
• It is a body of technique used to facilitate the
collection, organization, presentation, analysis
and interpretation of data for the purpose of
making better decisions.

8. • Descriptive Statistics- summarizes or describes the
important characteristics of a known set of data. For
example, the National Statistics Office conducts surveys to
determine the average age, income, and other
characteristics of the Filipino population.

9. • Inferential Statistics- uses sample data to make
inferences about a population. It consists of
generalizing from samples to populations, performing
hypothesis testing, determining relationships among
variables and making predictions.

10. Guidelines for the Presentation of
Statistical Information
• Support your presentation with tables, graphs,
charts and figures where applicable.
o Follow APA format.
o Tables, charts, graphs and figures should be interpreted - it
is your responsibility to tell your reader what you think is the
most important information in the graphics.

11. Guidelines for the Presentation of
Statistical Information
• It should be written in the past tense because
the data has been collected.
• Do not judge, editorialize, evaluate or give your
opinion on the results obtained. Just report the
facts.
• Presentation should be consistent with the
underlying theoretical framework

12. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
A. Tables usually show numerical value or
textual information and are almost always
characterized by a row-column structure. Any
type of illustration other than a table is
referred to as a figure.

13. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
1) Number
Number tables sequentially (i.e. if you have
more than one table in your writing) e.g. Table
1, Table 2 ...
Each table must be referred to in the text, using
a capital T, for example: ...as shown in Table
1.

14. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
2. Title
Place directly above the table itself and below
the table number.
Brief but clear and explanatory, in italics and
with major words capitalized with no full stop
or period.

15. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
3) Note
• Place directly below the table, the word "Note"
in italics with a full stop, for example: Note.
4) Spacing
• Tables may be submitted either single or
double spaced. Consider readability.

16. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
B. A figure may be a chart, a graph, a
photograph, a drawing, or any other
illustration or non-textual depiction. Any type
of illustration other than a table is referred to
as a figure.

17. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
1) Caption: When you use a figure that has been copied
directly from another source, you need to reference that
original source. This reference appears as a caption
underneath the figure (image):
– don't include a title on top - the caption is your title
– concise explanation of the figure; i.e. a brief but descriptive phrase
– include copyright information
– format your caption - use italics and a capital F for Figure and sequential
numbering (if you have more than one Figure).

18. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
2) Legend (if needed): A legend explains the symbols
used in the figure. It should have the same kind and
proportion of lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.
• capitalize major words in the legend
• place the legend within the figure (it may already be there
if you have copied the graph from elsewhere)

19. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
3) General Rules:
• Number all figures with Arabic numerals in the order in
which they are first mentioned in text, regardless of
whether a more detailed discussion of the figure occurs
later in the paper. For example, Figure 1..., Figure 2...etc.
• Refer to the figure in your writing - no italics, but with
capital F, for example "In Figure 1..."

20. General Guidelines for Tables and
Figures
• Copyright permission for using figures and images in
theses/dissertations - obtain written copyright permission
from the copyright holder if you reproduced figure from a
copyrighted source. If you are copying material from
multiple sources, and integrating them into a single figure,
you might need to include multiple permission statements,
one for each source.

26. Identify if the following is correct or incorrect based on
the guidelines for the presentation of statistical
information:
1.Data presentation should be appealing and easy to
understand at a glance.
2. Tables, charts, figures and graphs should be
interpreted- a researcher should take responsibility
to present to tell his/her readers on the most
important information.

27. Identify if the following is correct or incorrect based on
the guidelines for the presentation of statistical
information:
3. Table number is expressed in italics.
4. The title of the table is placed below the table, in
italics and with major words capitalized with no full
stop.
5. Place directly below the table, the word “Note” in
italics with a full stop.

28. Identify if the following is correct or incorrect based on
the guidelines for the presentation of statistical
information:
6. Any type of illustration other than a table is referred
to as a caption.
7. Don’t include a title on top of a figure because the
caption is your title.
8. Format your caption- do not italicize and a capital F
for figure and sequential numbering.

29. Identify if the following is correct or incorrect based on
the guidelines for the presentation of statistical
information:
9. A legend explains the symbols used in the figure. It
should have the same kind and proportion of
lettering that appear in the rest of the figure.
10. Number all figures with Roman numerals in the
order in which they are first mentioned in text,
regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of
the figure occurs later in the paper.

30. Reporting Statistics in APA
Style
• APA style shall be used in reporting
statistics in the text of a research report.
This style follows standard format in the
use of italics, spacing, punctuation marks
and symbols.

31. Mean and Standard Deviation are most
clearly presented in parentheses:
• Example 1: The sample as a whole was
relatively young (M = 19.22,SD = 3.45).
• Example 2: The average age of students
was 19.22 years (SD = 3.45).

32. Percentages are also most clearly
displayed in parentheses with no decimal
places:
Example: Nearly half (49%) of the sample
was married.

33. Chi-Square statistics are reported with
degrees of freedom and sample size in
parentheses, the chi-square value (rounded to
two decimal places), and the significance level:
Example: The percentage of participants that
were married did not differ by gender, x2(1, n=
90) = 0.89, p = .35.

34. t-tests are reported like chi-squares, but only
the degrees of freedom are in parentheses.
Following that, report the t statistic (rounded to
two decimal places) and the significance level.
Example: There was a significant effect for
gender, t (54) = 5.43, p < .001, with men
receiving higher scores than women.
.

35. Correlations are reported with the
degrees of freedom (which is N-2) in
parentheses and the significance level:
Example: The two variables were
strongly correlated, r (55) = .49, p < .01.

36. Non-parametric tests
Do not report means and standard
deviations for non-parametric tests. Report
the median and range in the text or in a
table. The statistics U and Z should be
capitalized and italicized.

37. Mann-Whitney Test (2 Independent Samples)
A Mann-Whitney test indicated that self-
rated attractiveness was greater for women
who were not using contraceptives (Mdn =
5) than for women who were using
contraceptives (Mdn = 4), U = 67.5, p =
.034, r = .38.

38. Interpreting and Reporting Data
Generated from SPSS
Interpret and report data generated from SPSS
with a corresponding table. Focus only to some
commonly used statistical tools like Mean and
Standard Deviation.

39. •The Test Type and Use portion talks about the
statistical tool to be used and its use in relation to
the variables of your study.
•The Values portion includes values generated
from SPSS.

40. •The Result Report shows the
interpretation of the data based on the
result from Values Portion in relation to
the variables of your study.

41. 1) Test Type and Use
Template:
Measures of central tendency were computed to summarize the
data for the ________ variable/data set. Measures of dispersion were
computed to understand the variability of scores for the _________
variable/data
Example
Measures of central tendency were computed to summarize the
data for the age variable. Measures of dispersion were computed to
understand the variability of scores for the age variable.

42. 2) The Values: Mean and Standard
Deviation
Template:
The following are the results of this analysis; N = ______, M =
_____, SD = _____.
Example
Example:
Fill in the number of
participants, the Mean
and the Standard
Deviation generated
from SPSS.

43. 3) Result Report
When you look at the mean, it appears
that most students in the class were of
traditional college age. However, based on
the large standard deviation, it looks like the
ages varied quite a bit.

44. Table 1 shows the description of the age of students in a
class. Measures of central tendency were computed to
summarize the data for the age variable. Measures of
dispersion were computed to understand the variability of
scores for the age variable. The following are the results of
this analysis; N = 10, M = 22.80, SD = 8.12. When you look at
the mean, it appears that most students in the class were of
traditional college age. However, based on the large standard
deviation, it looks like the ages varied quite a bit.”

45. n M SD
10 22.80 8.12
Table 1
Description of the Age of Students in the Class