6. Romanesque Architecture Saint Sernin, Toulouse Central square at crossing is the module for the church Each nave bay is ½ central square Each side aisle is ¼ central square Numerous identical volumes in the interior All parts integrated into the architecture Increased nave length Doubling of side aisles Vertical strips on exterior mark the internal structure of bays Opening in ambulatory for circulation of crowds Ambulatory wraps around the apse Radiating chapels spring from ambulatory Very dark interior, small windows Lack of clerestory darkens upper reaches of vault Barrel vault main aisle, groin vault side aisles
7. Romanesque Architecture Pisa Cathedral, Pisa Exterior: Multiple arcades and marble incrustation on façade Use of blind arcades Continuous horizontal molding Articulated bandings and geometric veneers Famous Leaning Tower is the campanile Prominent baptistery in front of cathedral Interior: Crossing dome Broadly projecting transepts Timber roof interior, as in Early Christian buildings 1063 – 1350 ce
8. Romanesque Architecture Cathedral, Durham Very long nave, typical of English architecture Ribbed vaults throughout: earliest example Vaults in relation to vertical elements and compound piers Abstract patterns on piers, diamonds, chevrons: inspired by metalcraft from Early Medieval Art Earliest hint of Gothic pointed arches 1093 ce
10. Romanesque Sculpture Gislebertus, St.-Lazare, Autun Last Judgment: Christ in center with four evangelists flanking On his left: the sinister side, those condemned to hell; on his right: the righteous side, those going to heaven Dead rising in lintel, some plucked from the earth by giant hands Angels and devils compete for souls Two pilgrims on center left of lintel carry staffs and satchels with a cross and a seashell badge indicating they are pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela Blessed are ethereal and weightless Scale is carefully gradated Anatomical proportions are distended and distorted Four angels in corners announce the end of the world Elongated figures Flattening pattern Zigzag and dovetail lines of drapery Folds along torsos Wide cheekbones Originally brightly painted Sculptor signed his name below Christ’s feet
16. The first important monuments of Romanesque sculpture were created in the last decade of the 11th cent. and the first decades of the 12th cent. The primary source of artistic patronage was provided by the monastic institutions, for whom sculptors executed large relief carvings for the decoration of church portals and richly ornate capitals for cloisters. Romanesque sculpture produced an art of extraordinary ornamental complexity, ecstatic in expression, and abounding in seemingly endless combinations of zoomorphic, vegetal, and abstract motifs.
27. Bayeux Tapestry Controversy over where it was made: French or Anglo-Saxon in manufacture? Figures cast no shadows Neutral background Upper and lower registers have fanciful beasts and birds Behavior of people and animals seems natural Decorative patterning Cf. Column of Trajan Wealth of incident: soldiers wading in water with coats wrapped up, sailors looking out from top of mast, roast served on long spits, farming techniques Called a tapestry, actually is an embroidery 20 inches high, 230 feet long Narrative of the Battle of Hastings in 1066 told in Latin William the Conqueror vs. King Harold of England Commissioned by Bishop Odo, half-brother to William the Conqueror A contemporary event told in full detail 75 scenes
28. http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/Index.htm The Normans seem to be getting the upper hand as the battle continues. Many more soldiers die, one appears to be having his head cut off. On the right is the best known scene in the Tapestry: the Normans killing King Harold. But how is Harold killed? He seems to be shown twice: first plucking an arrow from his eye, and then being hacked down by a Norman knight. The tapestry is difficult to interpret here, but the second figure is probably Harold being killed.
36. Romanesque Sculpture Morgan Madonna Byzantine in hieratic inspiration Mary as the throne for Jesus, she sits on a throne Christ held a Bible in left hand and raised his right in blessing Soft modeling of forms Rigid frontality Emotionless Unusual wooden sculpture Christ depicted as a little man rather than as a child c. 1175 ce
37.
38. Jamb Sculptures of St. Peter and Paul Ste. Madeleine at Vézelay, c. 1125.
51. Romanesque Architecture Pisa Cathedral, Pisa Exterior: Multiple arcades and marble incrustation on façade Use of blind arcades Continuous horizontal molding Articulated bandings and geometric veneers Famous Leaning Tower is the campanile Prominent baptistery in front of cathedral Interior: Crossing dome Broadly projecting transepts Timber roof interior, as in Early Christian buildings 1063 – 1350 ce
52. Romanesque Architecture Cathedral, Durham Very long nave, typical of English architecture Ribbed vaults throughout: earliest example Vaults in relation to vertical elements and compound piers Abstract patterns on piers, diamonds, chevrons: inspired by metalcraft from Early Medieval Art Earliest hint of Gothic pointed arches 1093 ce
53. Illuminated Manuscriptsor Illustrated Books Dramatic Increase in 12th Century Establishment of Universities at Bologna, Paris and Oxford Increased Interest in Learning (Scholasticism)
54. Romanesque Painting Master Hugo, Moses Expounding the Law from the Bury Bible Upper: Moses and Aaron proclaim the law to the Israelites Lower: Moses points out the clean and unclean beasts Flatness of body Intricacies of line Bodies seem to float Elongated figures Cross-legged poses Zigzag and dovetail lines of drapery Gestures are deliberate and didactic Arbitrary squares of color in background Foliage border 1135 ce
56. The Romanesque period is marked by: -Immense relief the world hadn’t ended at the turn of the millennium- The resurgence of cities and trade- The emergence of Europe as we know it- Strengthened Papal authority- The emergence of a middle class and merchant class- Evolution of the Romance languages- The peak in feudalism as a political system
57. Romanesque Art Large Heavy Churches – representative of Jerusalem and bulwarks against evil. Sources of civic pride. Depictions of fantastic creatures and distorted human figures Emphasis on religious themes (particularly salvation and damnation). A shared style throughout Europe.
