2. Introduction of Romanesque Art
The Romanesque style was the first style to spread across the whole
of Catholic Europe, making it the first pan-European style since
Imperial Roman Architecture.
Combining features of Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local
traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality,
thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and
regular, symmetrical plans.
3. The tympanums of important church portals were carved
with monumental schemes, often again
depicting iconography from Byzantine painting, but treated
with more freedom than painted versions, as there were no
equivalent Byzantine models for sculpture.
5. ARCHITECTURE
First Romanesque
Pilgrimage Churches
Cluny
The Cistercians
Variations In Romanesque Architecture
Dover Castle in England
6. First Romanesque
In contrast to the refinement of the later Romanesque style,
First Romanesque style employed rubble walls, smaller
windows and unvaulted roofs.
The First Romanesque style developed in the north of Italy,
parts of France, and the Iberian Peninsula during the 10th and
11th centuries.
Abott Oliba of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll served
as an important supporter of the First Romanesque style.
The term "First Romanesque" was coined by architect Josep
Puig i Cadafalch.
First Romanesque, also known as Lombard Romanesque, is
characterized by thick walls, lack of sculpture, and the presence
of rhythmic ornamental arches known as a Lombard band.
7. Pilgrimage Churches
• New churches were built to thank God for
the safe return of a Crusader and to
commemorate a fallen Crusader.
• The Crusades resulted in the transfer of a
number of relics to churches, transforming
them into places of pilgrimage.
• The number of abbey churches increased
during the period of the Crusades. Many
of these are still standing and reflect the
core ideas behind Romanesque
architecture.
Way of St. James
8. Cluny
• William I, Duke of Aquitaine, founded the
Benedictine abbey of Cluny on a modest
scale, as the motherhouse of the
Congregation of Cluny.
• The fast-growing community at Cluny
required buildings on a large scale. The
three successive churches are
conventionally called Cluny I, II and III.
• Much of Cluny was destroyed during the
French Revolution and only 10% of the
floor area of Cluny III is in existence today.
Cluny III, reconstruction
9. The Cistercians
• Architecturally speaking, the Cistercian
monasteries and churches may be counted
among the most beautiful relics of the Middle
Ages due to their pure style.
• Cistercian architecture embodied the ideals of
the order, and in theory was utilitarian and
without superfluous ornament. However, the
order was receptive to the technical
improvements of Gothic principles of
construction; they played an important role in
the Gothic method's spread across Europe.
• Cistercian construction involved vast amounts
of quarried stone and employed the best
stonecutters.
Fountains Abbey
10. Variations in Romanesque Architecture
• Variations in Romanesque architecture can
be noted in earlier styles versus later styles.
• Romanesque architecture varies in the way
walls, piers, arches and openings, arcades,
columns, vaults and roofs appear.It also
varies in the materials used to create these
features.
• Variations in Romanesque architecture
across different regions was often due to
differences in building materials and local
inspirations. Collegiate Church of Nivelles
11. Dover Castle in England
• Dover Castle took its recognizable shape during
the rule of Henry II.
• New constructions were added to the castle
due to a French siege in 1216.
• The Moat Bulwark was added during the Tudor
age to combat new weapons that used
gunpowder.
• Massive rebuilding took place at the end of the
eighteenth century to defend the castle during
the Napoleonic Wars.
• The castle carried militaristic significance into
the twentieth century with WWII and is now a
Scheduled Monument.
Dover Castle
12. • Baileys A motte-and-bailey castle is a fortification with a wooden or stone keep
situated on a raised earthwork called a "motte," accompanied by an enclosed
courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.
• Cistercian A member of a monastic order, related to the Benedictines, who hold
a vow of silence
• First Romanesque First Romanesque is the name due to Josep Puig i Cadafalch to
refer to the Romanesque art developed in Catalonia since the late 10th century.
• Romanesque Refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise
of the Gothic style in the 13th century or later, depending on region.
13. Works of Art
Collegiate Church of Nivelles
– The Collegiate Church of Nivelles, Belgium uses fine
shafts of Belgian marble to define alternating blind
openings and windows.Upper windows are similarly
separated into two openings by colonettes.
Notre Dame du Puy
– The facade of Notre Dame du Puy, le Puy en Velay,
France, has a more complex arrangement of
diversified arches: doors of varying widths, blind
arcading, windows and open arcades.
14. Way of St. James
– The Way of St. James or St. James' Way is the
pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de
Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain,
where tradition has it that the remains of the
apostle Saint James are buried.Many churches
were built along this route and reflect the
Romanesque architectural style.
Fountains Abbey
– The abbeys of 12th century England were stark
and undecorated – a dramatic contrast with the
elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine
houses – yet to quote Warren Hollister, "even
now the simple beauty of Cistercian ruins such
as Fountains and Rievaulx, set in the wilderness
of Yorkshire, is deeply moving".
15. Ripoll Monastery
– The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a
Benedictine monastery, built in the Romanesque
style, located in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia,
Spain.Although much of the present church in
19th century rebuilding, the sculptured portico is
a renowned work of Romanesque art.
Dover Castle
– The architecture of Dover Castle is
reflective of its militaristic significance
throughout England's history.
17. Important Characteristic
Majestat Batilo - Carved wooden images were a fundamental element in churches as objects
of worship.One of the most elaborate types in Catalonia was the Christ in Majesty, images of
Christ on the Cross that symbolize his triumph over death, of which the most outstanding is the
Batlló Majesty.
Mary as the Throne of Wisdom - Images of Mary as the Throne of Wisdom are especially
prevalent throughout Roman Catholic art. When the Virgin is depicted in ("Mary as the Throne of
Wisdom") icons and sculptural representations, she is seated on a throne with the Christ Child on
her lap.
Tomb of Rudolf Swabia - Rudolf of Rheinfelden was the alternative king, or antiking, for the
politically oriented anti-Henry German aristocrats.He died during the Great Saxon Rebellion.
18. Works of art
Tomb of Rudolf of Swabia
– The tomb of Rudolf of Swabia is
exemplary of Romanesque sculpture.
Batlló Majesty
– The Batlló Majesty is a large 12th century
Romanesque wooden crucifix, now in the
National Art Museum of Catalonia in
Barcelona.It is one of the most elaborate
examples in Catalonia of an image of Christ on
the Cross symbolizing his triumph over death.
19. Mary as the Throne of Wisdom
– Madonna as Seat of Wisdom, 1199,
inscribed as by Presbyter Martinus, from
the Camaldolese abbey in Borgo San
Sepolcro near Arezzo, Italy.
Baptismal Font at St. Bartholomew's Church
– Reiner of Huy, a 12th century
metalworker and sculptor, is generally
attributed with creating the baptismal
font at St. Bartholomew's Church.
20. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Architecture
Painting and other Forms of Art
21. Important Characteristic
Architecture The Holy Roman Empire existed from 962 to 1806, and at its peak
included territories of the Kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, Italy and Burgundy.
Pre-Romanesque architecture is thought to have originated with the Carolingian
Renaissance in the late 8th century.
The Romanesque period (10th - early 13th century) is characterized by semi-circular
arches, robust appearance, small paired windows, and groin vaults.
Painting and other Forms of Art most common type of object to survive from
medieval times is the illuminated manuscript, under the Frankish Empire of
Charlemagne.
The court of the Holy Roman Emperor, then based in Prague, played an important
part in forming the International Gothic style in the late 14th century.
22. Hanseatic League The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds
and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe.It stretched from the Baltic
to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
movable type Movable type is the system of printing and typography that uses movable components to
reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual letters or punctuation).
mysticism A transcendental union of soul or mind with the divine reality or divinity.
Ottonian Renaissance a minor renaissance that accompanied the reigns of the first three emperors of the
Saxon Dynasty, all named Otto: Otto I (936–973), Otto II (973–983), and Otto III (983–1002).
Rococo Rococo, also referred to as Late Baroque, is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, which
affected several aspects of the arts,, including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration,
literature, music, and theater.
23. Works of Art
Speyer Cathedral, Image by Alfred Hutter
– Speyer Cathedral was built during the
Romanesque era; in the 11th century it was
the largest building in the Christian world
and an architectural symbol of the power of
the Salian dynasty.
Die Frauenkirche in Dresden
– The rebuilt Frauenkirche in Dresden was
created by George Bähr between 1722 and
1743, and is an example of Baroque
architecture in Germany.
24. Cologne Cathedral
– Cologne Cathedral is - after Milan
Cathedral - the largest Gothic cathedral in
the world, and was built over 600 years.
Veronica holding her veil, Hans Memling, c. 1470
– The Veil of Veronica is an example of an
image that reflected the intensely
emotional devotional life of Gothic-style
art.
25. The Heller Altar by Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer is thought to be the greatest artist of the
German Renaissance
