Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09
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New technologies in the 1940s-1950s like sonar found that rocks on the ocean floor were younger than continental rocks. Studies in the 1950s discovered the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and in the 1960s Harry Hess proposed the theory of sea floor spreading, suggesting the seafloor moves and continents may also. Research in the 1960s-1970s, including sampling with the Glomar Challenger, found that rock ages increased farther from rift zones, and that lava rock magnetic records matched timescales for continental rocks, providing support for sea floor spreading and continental drift.
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2.2 seafloor spreading
Seafloor spreading was discovered in 1947 when scientists mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and found it was a global undersea mountain range with a valley running down the center. The ocean floor was much younger than continental rocks, supporting the idea that new rock was being formed as the ocean floor spread outward from the ridge. Hess later developed the theory of seafloor spreading which proposed that magma wells up at the ridge to form new ocean crust, causing the continents to slowly move apart. Evidence from paleomagnetism of ocean floor basalts also showed magnetic reversals, supporting the idea of seafloor spreading over geologic time.
Sea floor
Magma rises from the Earth's interior along mid-ocean ridges, cooling and forming new seafloor. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, sediments should be thicker and older further from ridges, where the seafloor is younger near ridges and ages farther away. Drilling in the 1960s validated this by finding thicker, older sediments located farther from ridge centers, consistent with the fossil record.
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
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Scientists in the 1950s began properly mapping the ocean floor using new techniques, which revealed unexpected mountains and valleys. This led to the development of the idea of seafloor spreading, where Harry Hess and Robert Dietz analyzed ocean floor maps and proposed that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards as the plates move apart, with the oldest crust subducting back into the mantle at trenches.
Sea-Floor Spreading Notes - Jenny
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
Sea floor spreading
The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. It describes how Harry Hess first proposed in 1962 that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity and magma cooling. As more magma is added, it pushes older ocean crust further from the ridges, providing evidence that the plates are moving. Studies of magnetic reversals in ocean floor basalts also indicate the age of the crust increases further from ridges, confirming seafloor is continually being created and destroyed over time.
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2.2 seafloor spreading
Seafloor spreading was discovered in 1947 when scientists mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and found it was a global undersea mountain range with a valley running down the center. The ocean floor was much younger than continental rocks, supporting the idea that new rock was being formed as the ocean floor spread outward from the ridge. Hess later developed the theory of seafloor spreading which proposed that magma wells up at the ridge to form new ocean crust, causing the continents to slowly move apart. Evidence from paleomagnetism of ocean floor basalts also showed magnetic reversals, supporting the idea of seafloor spreading over geologic time.
Sea floor
Magma rises from the Earth's interior along mid-ocean ridges, cooling and forming new seafloor. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, sediments should be thicker and older further from ridges, where the seafloor is younger near ridges and ages farther away. Drilling in the 1960s validated this by finding thicker, older sediments located farther from ridge centers, consistent with the fossil record.
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
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Seafloor spreading and subduction
Scientists in the 1950s began properly mapping the ocean floor using new techniques, which revealed unexpected mountains and valleys. This led to the development of the idea of seafloor spreading, where Harry Hess and Robert Dietz analyzed ocean floor maps and proposed that new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outwards as the plates move apart, with the oldest crust subducting back into the mantle at trenches.
Sea-Floor Spreading Notes - Jenny
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
Sea floor spreading
The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. It describes how Harry Hess first proposed in 1962 that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity and magma cooling. As more magma is added, it pushes older ocean crust further from the ridges, providing evidence that the plates are moving. Studies of magnetic reversals in ocean floor basalts also indicate the age of the crust increases further from ridges, confirming seafloor is continually being created and destroyed over time.
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Lesson 6 discusses sea floor spreading and how it leads to continental drift. Magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust rocks provided evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and sea floor spreading. As tectonic plates move apart, new magma fills the gap and forms new sea floor, recording the magnetic signature of the time. The older the sea floor rock, the further it is located from the mid-ocean ridge where new sea floor is being created. This magnetic reversal pattern in sea floor sediments provided strong evidence that sea floor is indeed continually being created and pushed apart as the theory of plate tectonics suggests.
The seafloor spreading
Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
SONAR and Sea-Floor Spreading
Scientists used sound waves (echo sounding) to map the ocean floor and discovered underwater mountain ranges, volcanoes, and valleys. This helped support the idea of continental drift. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge was found to be the largest undersea mountain range. Harry Hess proposed the theory of sea floor spreading to explain how new crust forms as the lithospheric plates move apart at mid-ocean ridges due to convection currents in the mantle.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence supporting the theory of continental drift. It identifies the four key pieces of evidence as the continental puzzle fit of coastlines, matching fossil records, matching ages and types of coastal rocks, and climate evidence from glacial debris and plant fossils. The document instructs students to draw and label the layers of the Earth, and creates an activity where students design a propaganda poster citing this evidence to support the theory of continental drift.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
SCIENCE Grade 10: Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago. Wegener observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The continental drift theory provided explanations for fossil, rock, and climate evidence found on separated continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism for how the continents could drift apart.
Sea floor spreading powerpoint
The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, including the matching shapes of continents, matching fossil records, evidence of past climate changes, and matching rock formations found on separate continents. It also describes how convection currents in the mantle transfer heat from the core to the crust, causing the movement of tectonic plates at mid-ocean ridges where new ocean crust is formed through sea-floor spreading.
Continental Drift
1) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) To support his theory, Wegener presented four pieces of evidence: the matching shapes of continental edges, identical fossil distributions, matching rock formations, and evidence of past climate zones that no longer align with the continents' current locations.
3) Despite this evidence, Wegener's contemporaries rejected his theory because he could not explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move. Acceptance of the theory required understanding how and why continental drift occurred.
Continental Drift Theory Template
The document discusses the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s. It provides evidence that Wegener used to support his theory, including matching landforms between continents, identical fossil finds in separated continents, and plant fossils found in unexpected locations. It also discusses Harry Hess and his theory of sea floor spreading, which helped explain continental drift. Hess proposed that new material is added at mid-ocean ridges, evidenced by older rocks found farther from ridges.
Continental drift
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental drift
Alfred Wegener first developed the theory of continental drift, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea existed approximately 300 million years ago but began breaking apart after 100 million years. Wegener's ideas were initially rejected by the scientific community but are now widely accepted. Evidence for continental drift includes the apparent fit of coastlines, matching fossil records, identical rock and mountain structures found across oceans, and paleoclimate data that suggests regions were in different climates when the continents were joined.
Plate tectonic theory evidence
This powerpoint goes into the 10 main pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory. There is a timeline and details of each individual piece of evidence for plate tectonics. There is the date of each piece of evidence shown and then there is the name(s) of the scientists who founded them (if applicable).
Harry hess presentation 2
1) In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain continental drift, suggesting that new crust is formed at oceanic ridges and pushes plates apart.
2) As a Navy submarine commander, Hess used sonar to map features on the ocean floor, discovering evidence of seafloor spreading and helping develop his theory.
3) Plate tectonics divided the Earth's outer layer into major and minor tectonic plates that move at boundaries due to convection in the mantle, gravity, and the planet's rotation.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Activity continentaldrift
This document provides instructions for an activity where students will piece together the supercontinent Pangea based on fossil and rock evidence from present-day continents. Students will color code continents according to a legend matching fossil and mountain types. They will then cut out the continents and rearrange them to reconstruct Pangea, guided by the fossil and mountain evidence. Finally, students will glue the rearranged continents onto a map and answer questions about continental drift and the fit of continents in the supercontinent configuration.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Plate Tectonics 10.3 08 09
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into rigid plates that float on the asthenosphere and move over time, interacting at their boundaries. The three main types of boundaries are convergent, divergent, and transform. Features like earthquakes, mountains, and volcanoes form as a result of the interactions between plates at their converging, diverging, and sliding past each other along transform boundaries.
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Paleontologists study fossils to reconstruct prehistoric organisms. Fossils form if organisms are quickly buried, with those having hard parts more likely to fossilize. Different types of fossils provide evidence of ancient life, including permineralized remains, carbon films, molds, and casts. Trace fossils provide evidence of organism activities through tracks, burrows, and other traces. Index fossils are abundant fossils that existed for short periods and can be used to correlate rock layers. Examining undisturbed rock layers using the principle of superposition reveals their relative ages, while radiometric dating provides absolute ages in years.
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E&U L5
Lesson 6 discusses sea floor spreading and how it leads to continental drift. Magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust rocks provided evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and sea floor spreading. As tectonic plates move apart, new magma fills the gap and forms new sea floor, recording the magnetic signature of the time. The older the sea floor rock, the further it is located from the mid-ocean ridge where new sea floor is being created. This magnetic reversal pattern in sea floor sediments provided strong evidence that sea floor is indeed continually being created and pushed apart as the theory of plate tectonics suggests.
The seafloor spreading
Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
Seafloor Spreading
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
SONAR and Sea-Floor Spreading
Scientists used sound waves (echo sounding) to map the ocean floor and discovered underwater mountain ranges, volcanoes, and valleys. This helped support the idea of continental drift. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge was found to be the largest undersea mountain range. Harry Hess proposed the theory of sea floor spreading to explain how new crust forms as the lithospheric plates move apart at mid-ocean ridges due to convection currents in the mantle.
2.1 continental drift
This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence supporting the theory of continental drift. It identifies the four key pieces of evidence as the continental puzzle fit of coastlines, matching fossil records, matching ages and types of coastal rocks, and climate evidence from glacial debris and plant fossils. The document instructs students to draw and label the layers of the Earth, and creates an activity where students design a propaganda poster citing this evidence to support the theory of continental drift.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
SCIENCE Grade 10: Continental Drift Theory
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago. Wegener observed that the continents seemed to fit together like pieces of a puzzle. The continental drift theory provided explanations for fossil, rock, and climate evidence found on separated continents. However, the theory was controversial at the time because it lacked a mechanism for how the continents could drift apart.
Sea floor spreading powerpoint
The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
Continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1910, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided three lines of evidence to support his theory: the matching shapes of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions across continents, and evidence that past climates did not match current continental positions. While his theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a mechanism, it was later supported by the discovery of seafloor spreading in the 1960s, which provided a process to explain how and why continents move over Earth's surface.
Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, including the matching shapes of continents, matching fossil records, evidence of past climate changes, and matching rock formations found on separate continents. It also describes how convection currents in the mantle transfer heat from the core to the crust, causing the movement of tectonic plates at mid-ocean ridges where new ocean crust is formed through sea-floor spreading.
Continental Drift
1) Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) To support his theory, Wegener presented four pieces of evidence: the matching shapes of continental edges, identical fossil distributions, matching rock formations, and evidence of past climate zones that no longer align with the continents' current locations.
3) Despite this evidence, Wegener's contemporaries rejected his theory because he could not explain the mechanism that caused the continents to move. Acceptance of the theory required understanding how and why continental drift occurred.
Continental Drift Theory Template
The document discusses the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in the early 1900s. It provides evidence that Wegener used to support his theory, including matching landforms between continents, identical fossil finds in separated continents, and plant fossils found in unexpected locations. It also discusses Harry Hess and his theory of sea floor spreading, which helped explain continental drift. Hess proposed that new material is added at mid-ocean ridges, evidenced by older rocks found farther from ridges.
Continental drift
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental drift
Alfred Wegener first developed the theory of continental drift, proposing that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Pangaea existed approximately 300 million years ago but began breaking apart after 100 million years. Wegener's ideas were initially rejected by the scientific community but are now widely accepted. Evidence for continental drift includes the apparent fit of coastlines, matching fossil records, identical rock and mountain structures found across oceans, and paleoclimate data that suggests regions were in different climates when the continents were joined.
Plate tectonic theory evidence
This powerpoint goes into the 10 main pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory. There is a timeline and details of each individual piece of evidence for plate tectonics. There is the date of each piece of evidence shown and then there is the name(s) of the scientists who founded them (if applicable).
Harry hess presentation 2
1) In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain continental drift, suggesting that new crust is formed at oceanic ridges and pushes plates apart.
2) As a Navy submarine commander, Hess used sonar to map features on the ocean floor, discovering evidence of seafloor spreading and helping develop his theory.
3) Plate tectonics divided the Earth's outer layer into major and minor tectonic plates that move at boundaries due to convection in the mantle, gravity, and the planet's rotation.
Continental drift theory
According to the continental drift hypothesis, the continents have slowly moved over time to their current positions. Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912. Seafloor spreading provided insight into the mechanism of plate tectonics, with magma pushing the plates apart at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones pulling them under. About 225 million years ago, nearly all land was part of the supercontinent Pangaea, which has since broken apart, forming the continents in their current positions.
Activity continentaldrift
This document provides instructions for an activity where students will piece together the supercontinent Pangea based on fossil and rock evidence from present-day continents. Students will color code continents according to a legend matching fossil and mountain types. They will then cut out the continents and rearrange them to reconstruct Pangea, guided by the fossil and mountain evidence. Finally, students will glue the rearranged continents onto a map and answer questions about continental drift and the fit of continents in the supercontinent configuration.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
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Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
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Chapter 8- erosional forces
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2. Mass movement occurs as gravity pulls materials like rock and sediment down slopes, sometimes causing rapid events like landslides but sometimes occurring so slowly they are barely visible.
3. Glaciers are large masses of snow and ice that erode land as they move and later deposit sediments elsewhere, leaving behind features like moraines, eskers, and glacial till.
Geologic time chapter 14
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Chapter 24 section 2 notes
Chapter 24
Section 2: The Inner Planets
Minersville Area School District
8th Grade General Science
Mr. Motuk
Chapter 23 section 2 notes (the moon earth's satellite)
The Moon rotates on its axis in about 27 days and revolves around Earth in the same period of time. This causes the same side of the Moon to always face Earth. The changing illumination of the Moon as seen from Earth results in the lunar phases like new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter. Eclipses occur when the Moon passes through Earth's shadow (lunar eclipse) or Earth passes through the Moon's shadow (solar eclipse). The Moon has many impact craters and dark basaltic plains called maria formed by ancient lava flows.
Chapter 23 section 3 notes (exploring earth's moon)
The document summarizes missions that have explored Earth's moon, including early Soviet and American spacecraft in the 1950s-60s, the Apollo 11 mission that landed astronauts in 1969, and more recent unmanned missions like Clementine in 1994 and Lunar Prospector in 1998. Clementine mapped the moon's surface and composition, identifying the largest impact basin. Lunar Prospector found evidence that supported the impact theory of the moon's origin and discovered ice in deep polar craters.
Chapter 7-weathering & soil
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Chapter 24: Section 4 (Other Objects in our Solar System)
This document summarizes different objects found in space, including comets, meteoroids, meteors, meteorites, and asteroids. Comets are composed of ice and dust and have tails formed when they pass close to stars. Meteoroids are rocky debris that can burn up in Earth's atmosphere and become meteors or meteorites. Asteroids orbit the sun in a belt between Mars and Jupiter and range in size from dust to moon-sized bodies.
Chapter 6: Section 2 Notes (viewpoints of earth)
Chapter 6: Section 2 (Viewpoints of Earth)
Unit 2: The Changing Surface of Earth
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Chapter 23 section 2 notes (the moon earth's satellite)
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Chapter 23 section 3 notes (exploring earth's moon)
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Ch 7-2 pp.ppt
1) Scientists discovered an underwater system of ridges and valleys on the ocean floor similar to those on continents using sound waves to map the seafloor. 2) In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain movement of the ocean floor. He suggested hot material rises at mid-ocean ridges, spreads the seafloor apart as new material is created. 3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes samples showing the youngest rocks are at ridges, with older rocks farther away, and magnetic patterns in rocks aligning in strips parallel to ridges from magnetic field reversals.
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Early evidence that led to the idea of continental drift included the matching coastlines of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Alfred Wegener later proposed the hypothesis of continental drift, suggesting the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided additional evidence from rock and fossil distributions, but his hypothesis was rejected by most scientists at the time due to the lack of a proposed mechanism for continental movement. The development of technologies like sonar and magnetometers in the 1940s-50s revealed the structures of ocean ridges and trenches on the seafloor. Analysis of seafloor sediments and magnetic patterns from basalt flows provided evidence that the ocean floor spreads outward from mid-ocean ridges. This
Plate tectonics
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1. Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962, which provided evidence that Wegener's theory of continental drift was correct. Hess theorized that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic eruptions and then spreads outwards, pushing older crust farther away.
2. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes rock formations only possible from cooled lava, magnetic stripe patterns in ocean crust recording reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and drilling samples showing younger rock nearer to ridges.
3. Seafloor spreading is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle; subduction zones allow parts of ocean crust to sink back into the mantle and regulate ocean size.
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The document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea surrounded by a large ocean called Panthalassa. Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain what caused the continents to move. In the 1960s, the theories of sea floor spreading and paleomagnetic reversal provided evidence that the continents have moved over time, supporting continental drift.
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Continental-Drift_Seafloor-spreading.pptx
Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift hypothesis in the early 1900s, which theorized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart to their current locations. We now know from the theory of plate tectonics that Pangaea existed around 245 million years ago and later split into the continents of Laurasia and Gondwana. Sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges drives the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of new oceanic crust, which is evidenced by magnetic reversals recorded in oceanic rocks over time.
Lab activity 7 plate tectonics
1. The document discusses the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the theory of seafloor spreading in the 1960s. These included findings that the ocean floor is much younger than originally thought, gets older further from mid-ocean ridges, and displays magnetic banding patterns that can be explained by the flipping of Earth's magnetic field during volcanic eruptions.
2. Harry Hess and Robert Dietz independently developed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain these patterns, proposing that new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads laterally over time.
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Evidence... notes
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart.
2) Evidence supporting continental drift includes matching rock formations and fossil records found across separated continents, as well as similar fossils of tropical plants found in arctic regions, indicating past warmer climates.
3) The theory of plate tectonics emerged as scientists discovered that the ocean floors are formed through sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with the youngest rocks found at the ridges and increasing in age further away. This supported Wegener's theory that continents have moved over time.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912, but it was not widely accepted until the 1950s with the discovery of mid-ocean ridges and evidence of seafloor spreading. The theory of plate tectonics links continental drift and seafloor spreading and explains how the Earth's crust has evolved over time as the lithospheric plates have moved and collided.
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Sea floor spreading occurs as new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. In the 1960s, scientists found evidence for sea floor spreading from volcanic rocks on the sea floor, magnetic patterns in the rocks, and by dating rocks that were older further from the ridges. Oceanic crust is also destroyed as it subducts under continental crust at deep ocean trenches.
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RUNING HEAD THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY1THE CONTINENTAL DR.docx
RUNING HEAD: THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
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The Continental Drift Theory
The continental drift theory was developed by a German scientist, Alfred Wegener. In his book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, he argued that the continental landmasses were drifting across the earth. He based this on the fact that the coast of Western Africa and South America looked like the edges of interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. He was thus convinced that the two were once part of an enormous single landmass known as Pangaea before it split apart. This was supported by geological and biological similarities in these areas. The development of this theory spearheaded a lot of research since many scientists did not agree with the idea. It led to more developments in the mid and late 20th century that proved that the landmasses were in constant motion. The additions on the Wegener’s evidence include paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading.
Paleomagnetism is the study of the intensity and orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field as preserved in the magnetic orientation of certain minerals present in rocks. Many scientists have explored this field to find evidence of continental drift. When hot magma rises and cools on the surface of the Earth, the minerals present become magnetized in alignment with the Earth’s magnetic field. Rocks formed at different places on the Earth’s surface have different magnetizations. Some rocks have magnetizations that do not agree with their position on the Earth but this is due to the wandering of the Earth’s magnetic poles. Using the alignment of magnetic minerals in the rock layers, the movement of the magnetic poles could be traced through the different geologic periods. The record of direction and intensity of magnetic field kept by certain minerals in rocks provide information on the past behavior of Earth’s magnetic field and the past location of tectonic plates. This is therefore an evidence of landmasses drifting. The magnetized minerals also show the direction to the Earth’s magnetic poles and provide a means of determining their latitude of origin. Polar wandering, which is the apparent movement of the magnetic poles illustrated in rocks, indicates that continents have moved. This is shown in polar wandering curves. The curves for North America and Europe have similar shapes but are separated by about 240 of longitude. The difference between the paths can be reconciled if the continents are placed next to one another.
In 1962, Harry Hess, a geologist and an army commander during the World War II, added a geologic mechanism to account for Wegener’s moving continents. During his work to determine the deepest part of the sea, he discovered hundreds of flat-topped mountains that shaped the floor of the Pacif ...
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Scientists in the 1960s found three key pieces of evidence that supported the theory of sea floor spreading:
1) Rock samples from mid-ocean ridges showed pillow lava formations, indicating recent volcanic eruptions of molten material.
2) Magnetic readings of ocean crust revealed a pattern of magnetic stripes matching the periodic reversal of Earth's magnetic poles over time.
3) Drilling samples found that rocks near mid-ocean ridges were younger than those further away, supporting the idea that new crust was generated at ridges.
Sea Floor Spreading.ppt
Scientists in the 1960s found three key pieces of evidence that supported the theory of sea floor spreading:
1) Rock samples from mid-ocean ridges showed pillow lava formations, indicating recent volcanic eruptions of molten material.
2) Magnetic readings of ocean crust revealed a pattern of magnetic stripes matching the periodic reversal of Earth's magnetic poles over time.
3) Drilling samples found that rocks near mid-ocean ridges were younger than those further away, supporting the idea that new crust was generated at ridges.
1 4 Sea Floor Spreading.ppt
Scientists in the 1960s found three key pieces of evidence that supported the theory of sea floor spreading:
1) Rock samples from mid-ocean ridges showed pillow lava formations, indicating recent volcanic eruptions of molten material.
2) Magnetic readings of ocean crust revealed a pattern of magnetic stripes matching the periodic reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles over time.
3) Drilling samples found that rocks near mid-ocean ridges were younger than those further away, supporting the idea that new crust was generated at ridges.
Sea floor spreading2
Sea-floor spreading is the process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor. Molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges and erupts, pushing the oceanic plates apart as it cools and forms new crust. Evidence for sea-floor spreading includes pillow basalts and magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean crust that record reversals in Earth's magnetic field. Drilling samples also show that rocks get progressively older farther from mid-ocean ridges. Subduction is the process where oceanic plates plunge back into the mantle at deep-sea trenches, allowing the ocean floor to continuously renew itself over hundreds of millions of years.
Plate TectonicsChapter 19Plate Tectonics• .docx
This document provides information about plate tectonics and related geological concepts. It begins with an overview of plate tectonics theory, including the three main types of plate boundaries (transform, convergent, and divergent). It then discusses early evidence that supported continental drift, including matching coastlines and shared fossil distributions. Additional sections cover paleomagnetism data, seafloor spreading evidence, characteristics of different plate boundary types, and potential driving forces of plate tectonics like mantle convection. The document concludes by discussing mountain building at plate boundaries and ways plate tectonics may operate on other celestial bodies.
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Wegener originally hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart and drifting to their current positions (continental drift hypothesis). Evidence for this comes from sea-floor spreading, where new oceanic lithosphere is formed at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and cools. As the sea floor spreads away from the ridges, it records magnetic reversals in the Earth's magnetic field over time, providing strong evidence for sea-floor spreading and continental drift.
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Plate Tectonics 10.2 08 09
- 3. Columbia University’s Vema Instrumental in discovering the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 1950’s
- 5. Rift zone
- 6. Glomar Challenger sampling ocean floor rock in 1968
- 7. Ages of rock get older as the distance from rift zones increases.
- 8. Rift zones
- 9. Deep sea vents found in 1976 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute’s submarine, Alvin
- 15. Earth’s magnetic field has reversed many times!
- 17. When lava or magma solidifies, it provides us with a record of Earth’s magnetic field
- 18. Lava contains iron crystals which orient themselves to Earth’s magnetic field before solidifying
- 19. Magnetic Reversals also show that new rock forms at rift zones
- 21. Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale