The document provides an overview of the water-soluble vitamins, specifically the B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12) and vitamin C. It discusses the roles, deficiencies, toxicities, food sources, and recommendations for each vitamin. Key points covered include how the B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy metabolism and cell growth/division, their involvement in important bodily processes, and the diseases that can result from deficiencies.
water soluble Vitamins and minerals - Dr.Parvathyparvathychandrak
This document provides information on several water soluble vitamins and trace elements. It discusses the functions, deficiency symptoms, food sources, and recommended daily amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, vitamin C, choline, copper, iodine, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium. Key highlights include the roles of B vitamins in energy metabolism and red blood cell synthesis, symptoms of various deficiency diseases like beriberi and pellagra, and the importance of iodine for thyroid function.
Chemical and physical properties of folateDomina Petric
Folate consists of a pteridine ring system connected to a p-aminobenzoic acid group and between one to eight glutamate residues. Over 170 forms of folate are possible due to different oxidation states, single carbon substituents, and number of glutamate residues. Intracellularly, folates usually contain two to eight polyglutamyl chains and function as coenzymes, while monoglutamyl forms transport through membranes. Folic acid is an orange crystalline compound soluble in water but not organic solvents. It is light and chemically unstable but reduced in vivo to active forms.
Chemical and physical properties of niacinDomina Petric
The document discusses the chemical and physical properties of niacin. It notes that niacin has a pyridine nucleus substituted with a β-carboxylic acid or amine. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are the two main chemical structures of niacin. Both are colorless crystals that have different solubility properties in water and organic solvents. The coenzyme forms of niacin are NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are involved in enzymatic hydrogen transfer reactions through the pyridine nucleus.
This document discusses vitamin E, including its structure, sources, roles in the body, health benefits, and deficiencies. Some key points:
- Vitamin E plays a role in maintaining health of tissues and can protect lungs from pollution. Major sources include sunflower seeds, almonds, and avocados.
- It has benefits such as reducing risks of cataracts, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and respiratory infections. High doses may improve insulin resistance and blood sugar control.
- Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues. Symptoms include anemia. Overdosing on high levels may cause side effects like nausea and interfere with absorption of vitamins A and K.
A 65-year-old female presented with a 2-month history of tiredness, feeling faint, and memory problems. She should be tested for vitamin B12 deficiency as the most common cause is pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disease that impairs B12 absorption. Symptoms of B12 deficiency include neuropathy, anemia, and cognitive issues. Confirmatory tests for deficiency include elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels. Treatment involves B12 supplementation as it is safe and effective even at high doses.
Sulfonamides are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, which is vital for bacterial synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. This inhibition prevents bacterial growth and division, allowing the immune system to destroy the bacteria. Common sulfonamide drugs include sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfisoxazole. Sulfonamides are often used in combination with trimethoprim to treat various bacterial infections.
water soluble Vitamins and minerals - Dr.Parvathyparvathychandrak
This document provides information on several water soluble vitamins and trace elements. It discusses the functions, deficiency symptoms, food sources, and recommended daily amounts of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, vitamin C, choline, copper, iodine, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium. Key highlights include the roles of B vitamins in energy metabolism and red blood cell synthesis, symptoms of various deficiency diseases like beriberi and pellagra, and the importance of iodine for thyroid function.
Chemical and physical properties of folateDomina Petric
Folate consists of a pteridine ring system connected to a p-aminobenzoic acid group and between one to eight glutamate residues. Over 170 forms of folate are possible due to different oxidation states, single carbon substituents, and number of glutamate residues. Intracellularly, folates usually contain two to eight polyglutamyl chains and function as coenzymes, while monoglutamyl forms transport through membranes. Folic acid is an orange crystalline compound soluble in water but not organic solvents. It is light and chemically unstable but reduced in vivo to active forms.
Chemical and physical properties of niacinDomina Petric
The document discusses the chemical and physical properties of niacin. It notes that niacin has a pyridine nucleus substituted with a β-carboxylic acid or amine. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are the two main chemical structures of niacin. Both are colorless crystals that have different solubility properties in water and organic solvents. The coenzyme forms of niacin are NAD(H) and NADP(H), which are involved in enzymatic hydrogen transfer reactions through the pyridine nucleus.
This document discusses vitamin E, including its structure, sources, roles in the body, health benefits, and deficiencies. Some key points:
- Vitamin E plays a role in maintaining health of tissues and can protect lungs from pollution. Major sources include sunflower seeds, almonds, and avocados.
- It has benefits such as reducing risks of cataracts, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and respiratory infections. High doses may improve insulin resistance and blood sugar control.
- Deficiency can occur in premature infants and those with fat malabsorption issues. Symptoms include anemia. Overdosing on high levels may cause side effects like nausea and interfere with absorption of vitamins A and K.
A 65-year-old female presented with a 2-month history of tiredness, feeling faint, and memory problems. She should be tested for vitamin B12 deficiency as the most common cause is pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disease that impairs B12 absorption. Symptoms of B12 deficiency include neuropathy, anemia, and cognitive issues. Confirmatory tests for deficiency include elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels. Treatment involves B12 supplementation as it is safe and effective even at high doses.
Sulfonamides are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, which is vital for bacterial synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. This inhibition prevents bacterial growth and division, allowing the immune system to destroy the bacteria. Common sulfonamide drugs include sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfisoxazole. Sulfonamides are often used in combination with trimethoprim to treat various bacterial infections.
Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for cellular metabolism. Vitamin B12 is required for methylmalonyl CoA isomerization and methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Folate is required for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, amino acid interconversion, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Both vitamins act as cofactors in these important metabolic reactions.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA OVERVIEW WITH FOCUS ON PARENTRAL IRON THERAPY : Dr ...Lifecare Centre
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia with a focus on parental iron therapy. Some key points:
- Iron deficiency anemia affects around 2 billion people globally and has a prevalence of 50.1% among pregnant women in India.
- Parenteral iron therapies like ferric carboxymaltose are recommended for pregnant women who are anemic late in pregnancy or those with low compliance to oral iron due to the ability to deliver a complete replacement dose in a single infusion.
- Ferric carboxymaltose has advantages over earlier parenteral iron formulations as it is a robust carbohydrate-iron complex that allows for higher dosing, has a shorter infusion time, and has a
Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are beta blockers that reduce sympathetic tone in the heart by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. They are useful for treating supraventricular arrhythmias by slowing heart rate and conduction through the AV node. Common Class II drugs include propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol which are effective at preventing recurrence of atrial fibrillation and reducing ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for normal growth and function. They serve as coenzymes and help enable important metabolic processes. Vitamins can be water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin C, while fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is important for vision as it is converted to retinal, which binds to opsin in the eyes to form rhodopsin and enable sight. A deficiency in vitamin A can cause night blindness and even blindness.
Vitamins and minerals are essential organic and inorganic compounds required by the body in small amounts. Vitamins include A, B complex vitamins, C, D, E and K while minerals are solid elements from nature like calcium and iron. Liquid multivitamins provide benefits over tablets by preventing deficiencies, improving immunity, ensuring health, and having a high absorption rate. They are especially suitable for children and elderly as they are easy to swallow.
Segundo a Associação Brasileira de Nefrologia, diuréticos são substâncias que aumentam a velocidade de formação da urina. Aumentam a excreção de eletrólitos (especialmente íons sódio e cloreto) e água, a partir da ação sobre alvos farmacológicos localizados na estrutura do nefron. O principal efeito é a redução do volume dos fluidos corporais. Usados no tratamento de condições edematosas (ex: insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, síndrome nefrótica, doenças do fígado crônicas) e controle da hipertensão. Também: hipercalcemia (excesso de cálcio), diabetes insipidus, hiperaldosteronismo primário e glaucoma. Os principais alvos de ação dos medicamentos diuréticos são a anidrase carbônica tubular; a ação osmótica direta; os cotransportadores de sódio, potássio e cloreto, os transportadores de çloreto de sódio; bem como os receptores de aldosterona.
Bem legal... Agora quero saber quais as doses, usos e aplicações de cada diurético... Por isso vou fazer o curso de Farmácia Clínica na Medical Lex Gestão de Informações & Cursos Ltda.
Esperamos por você!!!
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
Vitamin B12 is essential for normal cell metabolism and DNA synthesis. Deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake or impaired absorption. Initial signs include fatigue and pallor, while long-term deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy. Diagnosis involves measuring serum B12 levels along with metabolites like methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, which increase with deficiency. The Schilling test evaluates absorption by measuring urinary excretion of radioactive B12.
Streptogramins are a group of antibiotics that include virginiamycin and pristinamycin. They work by inhibiting protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Virginiamycin is a natural mixture produced by Streptomyces virginiae, while pristinamycin is a combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin. Resistance to streptogramins can occur via efflux pumps or target modification of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Virginiamycin was previously used to improve weight gain and feed efficiency in livestock but has been banned in some areas.
Vitamin A, chemical and physical propertiesDomina Petric
Vitamin A refers to compounds derived from retinol, which is characterized by a β-ionone nucleus and a side chain of three isoprenoid units. The three main forms of vitamin A are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Carotenoids like beta-carotene are provitamin A compounds that can be converted to retinoids. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and light- and oxygen-sensitive, requiring protection during isolation.
Vitamins are required for proper metabolism and act as coenzymes in many reactions, but do not directly provide energy. Vitamin C prevents scurvy and functions as an antioxidant, keeping iron and copper in reduced states to aid in iron absorption and immune function. It is also required for collagen, carnitine, neurotransmitter, hormone, and bile acid synthesis. B vitamins function as coenzymes in reactions that release energy from food and regulate metabolism. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and megaloblastic anemia. Vitamins are found in a variety of foods and their levels can be impacted by cooking methods.
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from soil actinomycetes. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome. While tetracycline use has declined due to resistance, some remain useful for specific infections. Tetracyclines are classified based on duration of action and include short, intermediate, and long-acting drugs. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, tooth staining in children, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Chemical and physical properties of biotinDomina Petric
Biotin is a white crystalline vitamin that is fairly stable when dry but can degrade in acidic or basic solutions. It has an essential chemical structure consisting of a planar ureido nucleus joined to a folded tetrahydrothiophene nucleus. Of its eight possible stereoisomers, only the d-isomer possesses biological activity. Biotin functions as a coenzyme by forming a covalent bond between its thiophane nucleus and the lysine residue of enzymes. Its ureido nucleus can become polarized and activated, increasing its nucleophilicity to allow biotin to transport carbon dioxide by binding the electrophilic carbonyl phosphate formed from bicarbonate and ATP.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in various forms and is an important antioxidant. It protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports reproductive health. The main dietary sources are soy, sunflower, and safflower oils. Vitamin E is absorbed with fat and transported through the body associated with lipoproteins. It is stored in tissues like liver and adipose tissue. Recommended daily intake ranges from 15mg for adults to 4-12mg for children and pregnant/lactating women. Topical vitamin E formulations can treat skin conditions and reduce wrinkles.
There are three main types of headaches: primary headaches which include tension, migraine, and cluster headaches with the latter affecting more men in their late 20s; secondary headaches which are due to underlying structural issues in the head or neck; and cranial neuralgias, facial pain and other headaches, with neuralgias involving sudden nerve pain and facial neuralgias being unilateral pains limited to the affected cranial nerve's distribution.
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. It has bactericidal activity by binding to the bacterial cell wall and inhibiting peptidoglycan formation. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Clinically, it is used to treat potentially serious gram-positive infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, and skin infections. It has a longer half-life than vancomycin and is mainly excreted unchanged in urine. Potential adverse reactions include anaphylaxis, hematologic effects, and nephro- and neurotoxicity.
O documento discute o que é hipertensão arterial, seus estágios e sintomas. A hipertensão é considerada uma doença silenciosa e multifatorial, influenciada por fatores genéticos e ambientais como obesidade e sedentarismo. Complicações incluem acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do miocárdio e insuficiência renal. O tratamento envolve medidas não medicamentosas e fármacos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5jainsaketjain
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
There are three types of antiflatulent agents that can help alleviate or prevent excessive intestinal gas: 1) antifoaming agents like simethicone that coalesce gas bubbles, 2) enzyme-based supplements like Beano that break down substances causing gas production, and 3) herbal inhibitors like asafoetida and spices that reduce gas, especially from legumes.
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
This document discusses vitamin B6, including its functions, food sources, recommendations, deficiency, and current research. It begins by introducing vitamin B6 and its role in nervous system function, red blood cell production, and protein metabolism. It then lists foods containing vitamin B6 and its functions in making antibodies, maintaining nerve function, producing hemoglobin, breaking down proteins, and regulating blood sugar. The document establishes recommended daily allowances for vitamin B6 based on age and gender. It further discusses deficiency symptoms and conditions that can cause inadequate vitamin B6 status. Current research covers average intakes, deficiency associations, risk groups like those with kidney diseases, and effects of alcohol dependence.
Vitamin B12 and folate are essential for cellular metabolism. Vitamin B12 is required for methylmalonyl CoA isomerization and methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Folate is required for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, amino acid interconversion, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Both vitamins act as cofactors in these important metabolic reactions.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA OVERVIEW WITH FOCUS ON PARENTRAL IRON THERAPY : Dr ...Lifecare Centre
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia with a focus on parental iron therapy. Some key points:
- Iron deficiency anemia affects around 2 billion people globally and has a prevalence of 50.1% among pregnant women in India.
- Parenteral iron therapies like ferric carboxymaltose are recommended for pregnant women who are anemic late in pregnancy or those with low compliance to oral iron due to the ability to deliver a complete replacement dose in a single infusion.
- Ferric carboxymaltose has advantages over earlier parenteral iron formulations as it is a robust carbohydrate-iron complex that allows for higher dosing, has a shorter infusion time, and has a
Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are beta blockers that reduce sympathetic tone in the heart by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. They are useful for treating supraventricular arrhythmias by slowing heart rate and conduction through the AV node. Common Class II drugs include propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol which are effective at preventing recurrence of atrial fibrillation and reducing ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for normal growth and function. They serve as coenzymes and help enable important metabolic processes. Vitamins can be water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin C, while fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is important for vision as it is converted to retinal, which binds to opsin in the eyes to form rhodopsin and enable sight. A deficiency in vitamin A can cause night blindness and even blindness.
Vitamins and minerals are essential organic and inorganic compounds required by the body in small amounts. Vitamins include A, B complex vitamins, C, D, E and K while minerals are solid elements from nature like calcium and iron. Liquid multivitamins provide benefits over tablets by preventing deficiencies, improving immunity, ensuring health, and having a high absorption rate. They are especially suitable for children and elderly as they are easy to swallow.
Segundo a Associação Brasileira de Nefrologia, diuréticos são substâncias que aumentam a velocidade de formação da urina. Aumentam a excreção de eletrólitos (especialmente íons sódio e cloreto) e água, a partir da ação sobre alvos farmacológicos localizados na estrutura do nefron. O principal efeito é a redução do volume dos fluidos corporais. Usados no tratamento de condições edematosas (ex: insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, síndrome nefrótica, doenças do fígado crônicas) e controle da hipertensão. Também: hipercalcemia (excesso de cálcio), diabetes insipidus, hiperaldosteronismo primário e glaucoma. Os principais alvos de ação dos medicamentos diuréticos são a anidrase carbônica tubular; a ação osmótica direta; os cotransportadores de sódio, potássio e cloreto, os transportadores de çloreto de sódio; bem como os receptores de aldosterona.
Bem legal... Agora quero saber quais as doses, usos e aplicações de cada diurético... Por isso vou fazer o curso de Farmácia Clínica na Medical Lex Gestão de Informações & Cursos Ltda.
Esperamos por você!!!
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
Vitamin B12 is essential for normal cell metabolism and DNA synthesis. Deficiency can result from inadequate dietary intake or impaired absorption. Initial signs include fatigue and pallor, while long-term deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and peripheral neuropathy. Diagnosis involves measuring serum B12 levels along with metabolites like methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, which increase with deficiency. The Schilling test evaluates absorption by measuring urinary excretion of radioactive B12.
Streptogramins are a group of antibiotics that include virginiamycin and pristinamycin. They work by inhibiting protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Virginiamycin is a natural mixture produced by Streptomyces virginiae, while pristinamycin is a combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin. Resistance to streptogramins can occur via efflux pumps or target modification of the 23S ribosomal RNA. Virginiamycin was previously used to improve weight gain and feed efficiency in livestock but has been banned in some areas.
Vitamin A, chemical and physical propertiesDomina Petric
Vitamin A refers to compounds derived from retinol, which is characterized by a β-ionone nucleus and a side chain of three isoprenoid units. The three main forms of vitamin A are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Carotenoids like beta-carotene are provitamin A compounds that can be converted to retinoids. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and light- and oxygen-sensitive, requiring protection during isolation.
Vitamins are required for proper metabolism and act as coenzymes in many reactions, but do not directly provide energy. Vitamin C prevents scurvy and functions as an antioxidant, keeping iron and copper in reduced states to aid in iron absorption and immune function. It is also required for collagen, carnitine, neurotransmitter, hormone, and bile acid synthesis. B vitamins function as coenzymes in reactions that release energy from food and regulate metabolism. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and megaloblastic anemia. Vitamins are found in a variety of foods and their levels can be impacted by cooking methods.
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from soil actinomycetes. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome. While tetracycline use has declined due to resistance, some remain useful for specific infections. Tetracyclines are classified based on duration of action and include short, intermediate, and long-acting drugs. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, tooth staining in children, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Chemical and physical properties of biotinDomina Petric
Biotin is a white crystalline vitamin that is fairly stable when dry but can degrade in acidic or basic solutions. It has an essential chemical structure consisting of a planar ureido nucleus joined to a folded tetrahydrothiophene nucleus. Of its eight possible stereoisomers, only the d-isomer possesses biological activity. Biotin functions as a coenzyme by forming a covalent bond between its thiophane nucleus and the lysine residue of enzymes. Its ureido nucleus can become polarized and activated, increasing its nucleophilicity to allow biotin to transport carbon dioxide by binding the electrophilic carbonyl phosphate formed from bicarbonate and ATP.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in various forms and is an important antioxidant. It protects cell membranes from oxidative damage and supports reproductive health. The main dietary sources are soy, sunflower, and safflower oils. Vitamin E is absorbed with fat and transported through the body associated with lipoproteins. It is stored in tissues like liver and adipose tissue. Recommended daily intake ranges from 15mg for adults to 4-12mg for children and pregnant/lactating women. Topical vitamin E formulations can treat skin conditions and reduce wrinkles.
There are three main types of headaches: primary headaches which include tension, migraine, and cluster headaches with the latter affecting more men in their late 20s; secondary headaches which are due to underlying structural issues in the head or neck; and cranial neuralgias, facial pain and other headaches, with neuralgias involving sudden nerve pain and facial neuralgias being unilateral pains limited to the affected cranial nerve's distribution.
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. It has bactericidal activity by binding to the bacterial cell wall and inhibiting peptidoglycan formation. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci. Clinically, it is used to treat potentially serious gram-positive infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, and skin infections. It has a longer half-life than vancomycin and is mainly excreted unchanged in urine. Potential adverse reactions include anaphylaxis, hematologic effects, and nephro- and neurotoxicity.
O documento discute o que é hipertensão arterial, seus estágios e sintomas. A hipertensão é considerada uma doença silenciosa e multifatorial, influenciada por fatores genéticos e ambientais como obesidade e sedentarismo. Complicações incluem acidente vascular cerebral, infarto do miocárdio e insuficiência renal. O tratamento envolve medidas não medicamentosas e fármacos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5jainsaketjain
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
There are three types of antiflatulent agents that can help alleviate or prevent excessive intestinal gas: 1) antifoaming agents like simethicone that coalesce gas bubbles, 2) enzyme-based supplements like Beano that break down substances causing gas production, and 3) herbal inhibitors like asafoetida and spices that reduce gas, especially from legumes.
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
This document discusses vitamin B6, including its functions, food sources, recommendations, deficiency, and current research. It begins by introducing vitamin B6 and its role in nervous system function, red blood cell production, and protein metabolism. It then lists foods containing vitamin B6 and its functions in making antibodies, maintaining nerve function, producing hemoglobin, breaking down proteins, and regulating blood sugar. The document establishes recommended daily allowances for vitamin B6 based on age and gender. It further discusses deficiency symptoms and conditions that can cause inadequate vitamin B6 status. Current research covers average intakes, deficiency associations, risk groups like those with kidney diseases, and effects of alcohol dependence.
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is important for many metabolic processes in the body. It acts as a coenzyme in reactions involving transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. A lack of vitamin B6 can lead to abnormal growth, anemia, high blood pressure, dermatitis, and pellagra. Risk factors for vitamin B6 deficiency include a low vitamin intake, pregnancy, alcohol or smoking, older age, antibiotic use, and diabetes.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
Water plays a key role in the human body by maintaining homeostasis and allowing vital functions to occur. It is essential for regulating body temperature, lubricating joints, and acting as a solvent. Water balance is maintained through fluid intake and losses via urine, sweat, breath, and feces. Both inadequate water intake and excessive losses can disrupt homeostasis and cause health issues. Major and trace minerals are also important for fluid balance, bone health, and other bodily processes.
Trace minerals are needed in small amounts and perform many essential functions, but toxic levels can easily be reached with supplements. Humans can meet their trace mineral needs through a variety of whole, unprocessed foods. Two important trace minerals are iron and zinc. Iron deficiency is very common and affects people of all ages, especially women and children. While zinc deficiency is less widespread, it can occur in vulnerable groups. Both minerals are involved in many metabolic processes and maintaining proper levels is important for health.
This document outlines the production and functions of various hormones including adrenaline, thyroxine, insulin, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and sex hormones. It discusses where each hormone is produced, its functions in the body, and conditions caused by low or high levels. The structures of cholesterol and sex hormones are compared, and modes of action and uses/abuses of oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids are described.
This document lists key B vitamins, their functions, food sources, and deficiency symptoms. The B vitamins include thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), B6, biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). They play important roles in energy production, metabolism of fats and proteins, and synthesis of neurotransmitters. Good food sources include meats, whole grains, vegetables, legumes, eggs and dairy. Deficiencies can cause diseases like beriberi, pellagra, anemia, and neurological disorders.
Vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agr...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Vitamin B 6 or pyridoxine By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former Director General Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , VP Agriculture University Peshawar
Gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism
Amino acid metabolism
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Nervous system function
Immune function
Cell-mediated immunity, antibody production
Vitamin B6 exists as several forms called vitamers that can be interconverted. It functions as a coenzyme involved in many important metabolic reactions including amino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, and nervous system function. A deficiency can impact these processes and result in impaired immune function or nervous system abnormalities.
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Megaloblastic Anaemia - Vit B12 deficiencyShahin Hameed
This document discusses megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. It covers the normal metabolism and absorption of vitamin B12, the causes of deficiency including pernicious anemia, clinical features such as macrocytic anemia and neurological changes, diagnostic tests, and management with parenteral B12 injections. Deficiency results in defective DNA synthesis and affects all proliferating cells.
Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Vitamin B12- Chemical structure, Forms of B12, Sources, absorption, storage, transportation, metabolic role, deficiency, megaloblastic anemia and neurological changes, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
B12 metabolism..................................... and role of various proteins in b12 metabolism..... necessity of supplementation..........................................
This document provides information on vitamins, including their definition, classification, importance, and specific details about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Some key points:
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts that must be obtained through diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
- They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and stored in liver while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored.
- Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and precursors for biochemical reactions involved in growth, metabolism and disease
This document provides information on vitamins, including their definition, classification, importance, and specific details about fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Some key points:
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts that must be obtained through diet as they are not synthesized by the body.
- They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and stored in liver while water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored.
- Vitamins play important roles as coenzymes and precursors for biochemical reactions involved in growth, tissue maintenance,
This chapter discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides information on their roles in the body, deficiency symptoms, toxicity, recommendations and major food sources. Vitamin A supports vision, cell growth and reproduction. Vitamin D aids in bone growth and calcium absorption. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Deficiencies can cause night blindness, rickets, hemorrhaging or other symptoms. Toxicity from high supplement doses may also occur.
This document provides information about various vitamins. It discusses Vitamin A, including its functions, forms, vision cycle, hypervitaminosis A symptoms, and deficiency symptoms. It also covers Vitamins B, C, D, and their functions, sources, deficiency symptoms, and side effects. The document contains details on specific B vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9, and vitamin B12.
The document discusses vitamins, including their definition, classification as water-soluble or fat-soluble, and individual vitamins. It covers key facts about each vitamin, including its function, sources, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily intake. The water-soluble vitamins covered are B vitamins and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins discussed are vitamins A, D, E, and K. For each vitamin, the document provides the important role it plays in the body and health impacts of deficiency.
This document discusses vitamins and antioxidants. It defines vitamins as chemical compounds essential for human metabolism that must be obtained through diet. Vitamins are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K are absorbed with fats and stored in tissues, while water-soluble vitamins like the B complex and C dissolve in water, circulate in the blood, and are not stored in the body. The document then discusses individual vitamins, their sources, deficiency symptoms, and therapeutic uses. It also covers antioxidants, how they work to protect cells from free radical damage, examples of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, and their mechanisms of action.
This document provides information on various water soluble vitamins, including their functions, dietary sources, and deficiency symptoms. It discusses Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C. For each vitamin, it outlines key facts like daily requirements, roles in metabolic processes, and signs of deficiency. The document also describes conditions that can result from deficiencies, such as beriberi from lack of B1 and megaloblastic anemia from deficiencies in B12 or folate. Treatment options involving vitamin supplementation are also mentioned.
This document provides information on vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and deficiencies. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K). The key points covered include:
- Vitamins are organic compounds essential for growth that must be obtained through diet.
- They serve important roles as coenzymes and are required for processes like energy metabolism, blood cell synthesis, and antioxidant protection.
- Vitamins are classified as either water soluble or fat soluble based on how they dissolve.
- Deficiencies of different vitamins can cause diseases and symptoms like beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, and r
Vitamins & vitamin containing drugs manikImran Nur Manik
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients for the human body. There are 13 essential vitamins that must be obtained through diet as the body cannot synthesize them. Vitamins play important roles in growth, development, and metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to specific diseases. Vitamins can be fat-soluble like A, D, E and K which are stored in the body, or water-soluble like the B vitamins and C which are not stored. Dietary sources and functions of several key vitamins are discussed.
Vitamins and trace elements deficiency.pptxmohithA9
This document discusses vitamins and trace elements. It provides details on several water soluble vitamins (vitamin B complex and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K). Specific vitamins discussed in more depth include thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), their roles, food sources, deficiency symptoms and treatments. The document provides in-depth information on the classification, functions, deficiency and treatment of several important vitamins.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential micronutrients needed by the body in small quantities. They are obtained through diet or supplements and play important roles in metabolism, growth, and vitality. The document discusses the classification of vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble, provides details on specific vitamins including their structures, functions, sources, and deficiencies. It covers vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, B9, B12, C, and discusses their isolation, toxicity, and roles in the body.
The document discusses water soluble vitamins. It notes that ten vitamins including ascorbic acid, bioflavonoids, and the B vitamins are water soluble. These vitamins are not readily stored by the body and deficiencies can occur quickly if not obtained from the diet. The B vitamins, also called the B complex vitamins, are involved in energy production and hematopoiesis. They are mainly found in plant foods like cereal grains, flour, bran and yeast. Exceptions include leafy greens as a good source of folic acid and foods like meat, fish and dairy being good sources of vitamin B12. The document then discusses specific B vitamins like thiamine, riboflavin and their roles in biochemical processes.
This document discusses water soluble vitamins, including their definitions, sources, functions, deficiencies, and recommended daily allowances. It focuses on the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B12) and vitamin C. The vitamins are essential and must be obtained through diet. Excessive intake can cause side effects like flushing, diarrhea or kidney problems, so supplementation should be done with care.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for normal metabolic functioning. They are classified as water-soluble or lipid-soluble based on their solubility. Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and must be consumed daily, while lipid-soluble vitamins can be stored. The presentation defines 13 vitamins, their sources, recommended daily allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity levels. The objectives are to define each vitamin, discuss its classification, sources, RDA, properties, functions, deficiency, and toxicity.
brief Details about Vitamins and oral healthDrSumanB
This document provides an overview of various vitamins that are important for oral and overall health. It discusses the history, sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, recommended intake and oral manifestations of several water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). The key vitamins covered are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, vitamin C, A, D, E and K. Deficiency in these vitamins can impact oral health and cause issues like bleeding gums, angular cheilitis and ulcerative gingivitis.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for various biological functions. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in growth, metabolism, and disease prevention. Deficiencies can cause conditions like scurvy, beriberi, and pellagra. The document discusses the chemistry, absorption, functions, sources, and deficiencies of various vitamins.
The chapter discusses nutrition needs during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. During infancy, breast milk or formula is the primary food and solids are gradually introduced between 4-6 months. Special needs of preterm infants include limited nutrient stores. During childhood, energy and nutrient needs vary due to growth and activity levels. Nutrition concerns include lead poisoning, high sugar/fat intake, and iron deficiency. Schools need to provide nutritious foods to children.
This chapter discusses nutrition for adults and older adults. It covers how good nutrition and physical activity can promote health and longevity. Key factors for healthy aging include getting adequate sleep, eating a balanced diet including breakfast, engaging in regular physical activity, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol. The chapter also examines common health issues in older adults like arthritis and vision problems and how nutrition can help address these conditions. It provides information on meeting nutrient needs and discusses programs to address hunger and food insecurity.
The document discusses nutrition needs and considerations during pregnancy and lactation. It covers nutrition prior to pregnancy to establish a healthy baseline. During pregnancy, critical periods of fetal development depend on adequate nutrition. Nutrient needs increase in pregnancy for both mother and fetus. Common concerns like nausea and heartburn are addressed. High-risk pregnancies threaten both mother and baby and require special nutrition and medical care. Food assistance programs help support nutrition in pregnancy.
This document discusses weight management and provides information on overweight, obesity, and underweight. It covers topics such as the definition of overweight and obesity according to BMI, causes of obesity including genetics and environment, health risks of obesity like heart disease and diabetes, and strategies for weight loss and maintenance through nutrition and physical activity. Fad diets are also discussed as ineffective options for long-term weight management.
1. The document discusses chemical reactions in the body related to metabolism. Plants use photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water, which humans and animals consume and break down to use as fuel.
2. Metabolic reactions take place inside cells, with catabolism breaking down nutrients to release energy and anabolism building up body compounds using that energy. Glucose, fats, and proteins are broken down through various pathways to produce energy in the form of ATP.
3. The document also discusses alcohol consumption and metabolism. Alcohol is absorbed quickly and broken down in the liver, but excessive drinking can damage liver function and lead to malnutrition by interfering with nutrient metabolism. Both short and long-term
The document discusses proteins and amino acids. It covers the basics of what proteins are made from, the unique properties of different amino acids, how proteins are digested and absorbed. It also discusses the many important roles and functions of proteins in the body, including as enzymes, hormones, structural components, transporters, and more. Recommended daily intakes of protein are discussed as well as potential health effects of deficiencies and excesses.
This chapter discusses energy balance and body composition. It covers the concepts of energy intake through foods and energy expenditure through basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Key points include how body weight is regulated by the balance of energy in and out, and factors that influence basal metabolic rate like age, gender, and body composition. The chapter also addresses defining healthy body weight and composition, and health risks associated with underweight and overweight such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Eating disorders in athletes and their prevention and treatment are examined as well.
The document discusses lipids including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. It describes the chemical structures of fatty acids and how their length, degree of saturation, and double bond location influence physical properties. Triglycerides are formed from a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids attached. Phospholipids contain phosphate and choline while sterols have a ring structure. The digestion and transport of lipids is also summarized.
The document summarizes the key aspects of digestion, absorption, and transport. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive tract, including the roles of muscles, secretions, and hormones in breaking down food. Absorption occurs in the small intestine, where nutrients pass through the intestinal walls. Transported nutrients are then circulated via the hepatic portal system and lymphatic vessels. Homeostasis and gut flora also help regulate the healthy functioning of the GI system. Common digestive issues like diarrhea, constipation, and ulcers are discussed.
The document discusses carbohydrates, including their chemical structure and classification. It covers the simple carbohydrates of monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose, and disaccharides like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Complex carbohydrates of glycogen, starches, and dietary fibers are also examined. The digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is summarized along with glucose regulation in the body and related conditions like diabetes. Health effects and recommendations for intakes of sugars, starches, and fibers are presented.
The document provides an overview of nutrition in 3 chapters and discusses several key topics:
1) Factors that influence food choices such as preferences, habits, traditions, social interactions and more.
2) The major nutrients found in foods and the body including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. It describes these nutrients' roles in energy production and body processes.
3) How nutrition science is conducted through various study designs using controls, sample sizes, placebos and other methods to draw conclusions and establish dietary recommendations.
The document discusses principles and guidelines for planning a healthy diet, including dietary adequacy, balance, calorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety. It covers the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and food group guides like MyPlate. Specific topics include principles of healthy eating, recommendations for food groups, nutrients of concern like fats and sodium, food labeling information, and vegetarian diets.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.