This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Specifically, it explains how to obtain multiview representations of an object by revolving the object or moving the observer around it. It also describes techniques for projecting object features and maintaining proper line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines.

1. Chapter 3
Orthographic
Projection

2. TOPICS
Object representation
Glass box concept
Line convention
Orthographic projection of point,
line, plane, surface and object.
Multiview projection

3. PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
Parallel

4. OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiview projection

5. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION
Three principle dimensions
of an object …
Width Depth
Height
Width
Height
Depth
Depth
… can be presented only
two in each view.
Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the size
description.

6. 1. Revolve the object with respect
to observer.
TO OBTAIN MULTIVIEW
REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT
2. The observer move around the
object.

7. REVOLVE THE OBJECT
Front view Right side view
Top view

8. OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Front view Right side view
Top view

9. THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT
Bottom view
Left side view
Rear view

10. Height
Width
Depth
History

11. Orthographic
Projection
of Object Features

12. OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces.
Corners Represent the intersection of two or
more edges.
Edge
Corner
Edge No edge
No corner No corner

13. Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges
or limiting element.
Limiting
element
is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Surface Surface Surface
Limit
Limit
OBJECT FEATURES

14. A
B
PROJECTION OF POINT(S)
AF
BR
AT
BF
AR
BT
AF AR
AT
BF
BR
BT
Equal
distance

15. A
B
AF BF BRAR
AT
BT
BR
AR
AF BF
AT
BT
True length
NORMAL LINE
True lengthPoint
Equal
length
PROJECTION OF LINE

16. A
B
AF BF BRAR
AT
BT
INCLINED LINE
Foreshortened
BR
AR
AF
BF
Foreshortened
AT
BT
True length
A
Equal
length
PROJECTION OF LINE

17. A
B
AF
BF BR
AR
AT
BT
OBLIQUED LINE
A
Equal
length
B
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
BR
AR
AF
BF
AT
BT
PROJECTION OF LINE

18. B
C
A
PROJECTION OF PLANE
BF AF,CF CRAR,BR
AT
CT
NORMAL PLANE
Equal
length
Edge
Edge
True size
CR
AR,BR
AF,CF
BF
AT
BT
CT
BT

19. B
C
BF AF
CR
AR,BR
AT
CT
INCLINED PLANE
A
Equal
length
BT
C
CF
Edge
CR
AR,BR
Foreshortened
BT
CT
AT
AF
CF
Foreshortened
BF
PROJECTION OF PLANE

20. B
C
BF
AF
CR
AR
AT
CT
OBLIQUED PLANE
A
Equal
length
BT
C
CF
B
BR
Foreshortened
CR
AR
BR
AF
BF CF
Foreshortened
AT
BT
CT
Foreshortened
PROJECTION OF PLANE

21. PROJECTION OF OBJECT
The views are obtained by projecting all object
features to the picture plane.
You have to project the remaining surfaces which are
invisible too !

22. s
s
s
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

23. PROJECTION OF OBJECT

24. Line Convention

25. LINE CONVENTION
Precedence of coincide lines.
Hidden line drawing.
Center line drawing.

26. PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Visible
line
Order of
importance
Hidden
line
Center
line

27. HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Correct
No !
Join
Leave
space

28. Correct No !
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space
Leave
space
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

29. Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.
Correct
No !
L T
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

30. Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE

31. CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space Leave space

32. Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Leave
space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
CENTER LINE PRACTICE