- Sugar cane bagasse is a major renewable energy resource in Mauritius as the sugar industry processes 50% of harvested sugar cane into bagasse. Mauritius implemented a successful bagasse energy cogeneration program where sugar factories export excess electricity generated from bagasse to the national grid.
- Under this program, 10 of 11 sugar factories export electricity to the grid during harvest season. Three factories also use coal to export electricity during the off-season. This development was made possible through collaboration between the government, private sector, and small farmers, and has provided 40% of Mauritius's total electricity.
- There is potential to replicate Mauritius's success with bagasse energy cogeneration in
The document recommends accumulating shares in Mumias Sugar Company based on expected upside from diversification initiatives including a new project on Kenya's coast. Mumias faces challenges like high costs, small farms, and impending changes to regional trade policies. Its financial results showed growth but profits fell due to taxes, and it plans investments in ethanol to boost competitiveness ahead of upcoming policy changes. The sugar sector in Kenya struggles with high costs compared to regional competitors and reliance on small-scale, rain-fed farming.
Economic Potential And Relevance Of Biofuel Program In IndiaPhani Mohan K
In 2006, India was the seventh largest net importer of oil in the world. With 2007 net imports of 1.8 million bbl/d, India is currently dependent on imports for 68 percent of its oil consumption.EIA expects India to become the fourth largest net importer of oil in the world by 2025. Unless GOI supports Ethanol Blending program it remains as a vision itself not translating in to action.
This document discusses the potential for biofuels in Africa based on lessons from India's biofuels industry. It outlines the key drivers for biofuels including energy security, climate change mitigation, and rural development opportunities. The document also discusses financing challenges and opportunities for biofuels projects, as well as the roles of various stakeholders including governments, farmers, and private industry. Overall, the document advocates for Africa to develop a strategic approach to biofuels to help meet development goals like those outlined in the Millennium Development Goals.
Guatemala produces several minerals including antimony, gold, iron, steel, and lead. In 1999, antimony production was estimated at 440 metric tons and gold production was estimated at 50 kilograms. The mineral industry is dominated by the private sector, with the Ministry of Energy and Mines responsible for policy. The largest cement producer, Cementos Progreso S.A., targeted a production of 2.5 million metric tons in 1999 to meet domestic demand. Petroleum production in 1999 was estimated at around 24,200 barrels per day, a 5% decrease from 1998.
The Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA) represents 60% of Brazil's sugarcane production. It works to promote sustainable practices in the sugarcane industry and low-carbon sugarcane energy solutions like ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels. UNICA partners with Apex-Brasil, a Brazilian government agency, to promote the benefits of Brazilian sugarcane ethanol globally. The document then provides information on how sugarcane is used in Brazil to produce sugar, ethanol, electricity, and other renewable products in a sustainable way.
Nigeria has experienced economic challenges in recent years due to falling global oil prices and reduced oil output. However, the country is forecasted to see positive GDP growth of 2.8% in 2017, driven by growth in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors which offset contraction in other areas in the third quarter of 2016. Two case studies highlight opportunities and challenges for palm oil and plantain chip companies in Nigeria, including utilizing unused production capacity, backward integration, and addressing higher input costs through innovation.
The document summarizes key aspects of Brazil's sugarcane ethanol sector, including its large contribution to Brazil's energy matrix and greenhouse gas emissions reductions. It notes that sugarcane cultivation occupies only 1.5% of Brazil's arable land but accounts for 87% of ethanol production. Productivity of sugarcane, sugar, and ethanol have all increased substantially while land area for sugarcane has only increased by 85%. The sector has agreements for social and environmental responsibility. The document concludes that Brazilian agriculture, including biofuels, has potential for large greenhouse gas reductions and that developing countries could benefit from opportunities in biofuels with reduced trade barriers.
Presentation at the 1st Summit of the Organic Fertiliser Industry in Europe (SOFIE), 5 - 6 June 2019, organized by the European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP, www.phosphorusplatform.eu).
All outcomes of the conference can be found at http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/SOFIE2019
The document recommends accumulating shares in Mumias Sugar Company based on expected upside from diversification initiatives including a new project on Kenya's coast. Mumias faces challenges like high costs, small farms, and impending changes to regional trade policies. Its financial results showed growth but profits fell due to taxes, and it plans investments in ethanol to boost competitiveness ahead of upcoming policy changes. The sugar sector in Kenya struggles with high costs compared to regional competitors and reliance on small-scale, rain-fed farming.
Economic Potential And Relevance Of Biofuel Program In IndiaPhani Mohan K
In 2006, India was the seventh largest net importer of oil in the world. With 2007 net imports of 1.8 million bbl/d, India is currently dependent on imports for 68 percent of its oil consumption.EIA expects India to become the fourth largest net importer of oil in the world by 2025. Unless GOI supports Ethanol Blending program it remains as a vision itself not translating in to action.
This document discusses the potential for biofuels in Africa based on lessons from India's biofuels industry. It outlines the key drivers for biofuels including energy security, climate change mitigation, and rural development opportunities. The document also discusses financing challenges and opportunities for biofuels projects, as well as the roles of various stakeholders including governments, farmers, and private industry. Overall, the document advocates for Africa to develop a strategic approach to biofuels to help meet development goals like those outlined in the Millennium Development Goals.
Guatemala produces several minerals including antimony, gold, iron, steel, and lead. In 1999, antimony production was estimated at 440 metric tons and gold production was estimated at 50 kilograms. The mineral industry is dominated by the private sector, with the Ministry of Energy and Mines responsible for policy. The largest cement producer, Cementos Progreso S.A., targeted a production of 2.5 million metric tons in 1999 to meet domestic demand. Petroleum production in 1999 was estimated at around 24,200 barrels per day, a 5% decrease from 1998.
The Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association (UNICA) represents 60% of Brazil's sugarcane production. It works to promote sustainable practices in the sugarcane industry and low-carbon sugarcane energy solutions like ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels. UNICA partners with Apex-Brasil, a Brazilian government agency, to promote the benefits of Brazilian sugarcane ethanol globally. The document then provides information on how sugarcane is used in Brazil to produce sugar, ethanol, electricity, and other renewable products in a sustainable way.
Nigeria has experienced economic challenges in recent years due to falling global oil prices and reduced oil output. However, the country is forecasted to see positive GDP growth of 2.8% in 2017, driven by growth in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors which offset contraction in other areas in the third quarter of 2016. Two case studies highlight opportunities and challenges for palm oil and plantain chip companies in Nigeria, including utilizing unused production capacity, backward integration, and addressing higher input costs through innovation.
The document summarizes key aspects of Brazil's sugarcane ethanol sector, including its large contribution to Brazil's energy matrix and greenhouse gas emissions reductions. It notes that sugarcane cultivation occupies only 1.5% of Brazil's arable land but accounts for 87% of ethanol production. Productivity of sugarcane, sugar, and ethanol have all increased substantially while land area for sugarcane has only increased by 85%. The sector has agreements for social and environmental responsibility. The document concludes that Brazilian agriculture, including biofuels, has potential for large greenhouse gas reductions and that developing countries could benefit from opportunities in biofuels with reduced trade barriers.
Presentation at the 1st Summit of the Organic Fertiliser Industry in Europe (SOFIE), 5 - 6 June 2019, organized by the European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP, www.phosphorusplatform.eu).
All outcomes of the conference can be found at http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/SOFIE2019
The document provides guidelines and specifications for various types of scrap materials, including nonferrous scrap, ferrous scrap, glass cullet, paper stock, plastics scrap, electronics scrap, and tire scrap. It establishes industry standards for material composition, quality, and terms for transactions. Key items covered include specifications for grades of copper wire, aluminum, zinc, and other nonferrous metals; grades of steel scrap; and guidelines for transactions, arbitration procedures, and revising the specifications.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been steady, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of reasoning across all domains remains an ongoing challenge that researchers are still working to achieve.
The future source_of_energy_chemicals[1]Janardhan Hl
This document summarizes biomass as a future source of energy and chemicals. It discusses current global energy sources and India's increasing dependence on oil imports. Biomass currently accounts for 13% of global energy. The document then discusses various biomass conversion technologies to produce fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and chemicals. These include enzymatic breakdown of sugars in plants, transesterification of oils to biodiesel, and gasification of biomass. Second generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass are also discussed. The challenges of biofuel production and various pilot projects in India utilizing biomass are summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation about biomass as a profitable energy resource. It defines biomass as organic matter that can be used to produce electricity, heat, or fuel for transportation. The presentation discusses how biomass works by being burned to produce steam and turn turbines, how it helps reduce global warming by maintaining a closed carbon cycle, and some of the most efficient biomass residues like bagasse and rice husks. It also outlines various processes for generating energy from biomass, such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. In closing, the presentation notes that while biomass has advantages as a renewable resource, it also has disadvantages like requiring energy to cultivate and potentially contributing to pollution if burned directly.
ALTERNATE AND RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGYAvanish Kumar
Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. There are two main types of energy sources - renewable and non-renewable. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydro can be replenished naturally, while non-renewable sources like coal, oil and natural gas are finite and will eventually be depleted. Conservation of energy through more efficient use can help reduce consumption of conventional sources and promote sustainability.
This document discusses biomass power generation and the use of steam reheat technology to improve plant efficiency. It provides context on regulations driving biomass investment and describes Siemens' dual-casing reheat concept. The reheat concept increases efficiency by reheating steam before the low-pressure turbine, enabling efficiencies over 35%. Example projects using Siemens' reheat solutions include 20MW biomass plants in Germany and a 23MW plant in Vienna, demonstrating the technology's increasing role in biomass power.
Implementation of sugarcane bagasse as fibre in cemented compositesAniket Malikpethakar
This document discusses sugarcane bagasse composites. It describes composites as materials made by combining two or more materials to take advantage of their properties. The document outlines tests conducted on sugarcane bagasse-cement composites reinforced with styrene butadiene rubber at various percentages. The tests measured properties like tensile strength and impact strength. The results found the composites have high strength and are lightweight, low-cost, and recyclable materials with potential applications in construction, furniture, and packaging.
Agro waste derived products ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC & STYROFOAMK K Jain Karan Jain
This document discusses a project to develop multiple products derived from bagasse, the dry pulpy residue left after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. Potential products mentioned include disposable tableware, various types of paper, packaging materials, bottles, medium-density fiberboard, plastic composite resins, and more. The project involves research and development input from various reliable sources on collecting, processing, and utilizing bagasse to create these derivative products.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
The document discusses various methods of sampling that can be used in research. It defines key sampling concepts and describes different probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Some of the main sampling methods discussed include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, multistage sampling, purposive sampling, accidental sampling, and quota sampling. The document emphasizes that probability sampling enhances representation and allows for estimating sampling error, while acknowledging that non-probability methods are also sometimes used.
This document discusses secondary data sources for research. Secondary data is data that was collected by someone else for another purpose. It has advantages like being inexpensive and rapid to obtain, but disadvantages like uncertain accuracy and potentially being outdated. When using secondary data, researchers should evaluate if the data is applicable to their research questions, population, and time period of interest. Common objectives for using secondary data include fact finding, model building, and data-based marketing. The document provides examples of internal, external, government, and commercial secondary data sources.
This document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA) and its use in comparing the means of two or more populations. It provides an example of using a one-way ANOVA to test whether there are differences between the performances of three salesmen based on their revenue amounts over five occasions. Tables are included reproducing the data with column totals and sums of squares, and the correction factor is calculated. Finally, a second example is given about checking for differences between four training programs based on employee test scores.
This document discusses the search for a theory of entrepreneurship. It notes that economists currently lack an economic theory that fully explains the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. Prior studies have focused on identifying traits or personality patterns of successful entrepreneurs, but these have produced inconsistent results. The authors argue for developing a theoretical model that includes both an economic model showing how entrepreneurship contributes to the economic process, and an identification of critical entrepreneurial behaviors that lead to success in different economic environments. The document reviews literature on definitions of entrepreneurship and studies of entrepreneurial traits and personalities. It also discusses limitations of traditional economic theories in accounting for the role of entrepreneurship.
The document discusses different types of marketing research, including basic marketing research which is conducted without a specific decision in mind versus applied marketing research which addresses the needs of a particular organization. It provides examples of different types of marketing research like concept research, pricing research, product research, distribution research, and promotion research. The document also provides examples of how different companies have used various marketing research methods.
This study aims to examine the extent to which important individuals like parents, teachers and coaches from a student's childhood and teenage years influence their self-assessment of skills at the University of Maastricht. The researcher hypothesizes that students who experienced encouraging relationships will show realistic or overestimating self-assessments, while those experiencing unencouraging relationships will lack self-confidence. A sample of 90 3rd year UCM students will complete a questionnaire on self-assessed memory, physical and motor skills, and then perform tasks to detect over or underestimation. Follow-up questions will explore how important individuals evaluated the student's performance to understand influence on self-concept and self-efficacy. The study
The document discusses a method for producing synthesis gas (syngas) from gasification of bagasse. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar production that is abundant in India. Syngas produced from bagasse gasification can be used as an alternative fuel source for power generation and other industrial processes. The method involves pyrolyzing bagasse in a free-fall reactor to produce char, and then gasifying the char in a packed bed reactor to produce syngas, which consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Experimental results show that syngas yield increases with higher temperature and smaller bagasse particle size during pyrolysis.
This document discusses opportunities for cogeneration in the sugar and paper industries using bagasse as a fuel source. It notes that high capital costs, fuel availability, and government approvals present constraints. Improving milling processes can reduce bagasse moisture content. Using both bagasse and sugarcane trash has potential to generate electricity year-round. New mill designs like CMR mills use less power and produce lower moisture bagasse than conventional mills. Bagasse dryers can further reduce moisture when using bagasse combustion gases as the heat source. Recovering and utilizing sugarcane trash in addition to bagasse could nearly double surplus power generation from mills.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Specifically, it explains how to obtain multiview representations of an object by revolving the object or moving the observer around it. It also describes techniques for projecting object features and maintaining proper line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines.
The document summarizes a proposed project to set up a 21 MW bagasse-based cogeneration power plant at an existing sugar mill in Gujarat, India. It discusses the market drivers like renewable energy policies, the potential from sugar mills' bagasse waste, and financial projections showing an equity IRR of 23.7-56% over 10 years. Key project details include a Rs. 88 crore investment, 21 MW capacity utilizing waste bagasse, and revenue from power sales and carbon credits making it a viable renewable energy project.
This document analyzes the job portal Shine.com, which was launched in 2008 by HT Media and developed by Redmatch. It lists features that Shine can and cannot implement, such as allowing users to apply without registering or including a resume updating option. The document also examines Shine's competitors like Naukri.com and MonsterIndia.com. Finally, it reviews Shine's AdWords accounts and search engine marketing strategies, noting high cost per action campaigns and the potential to use sitelinks, AB testing, and dynamic adcopy.
African Union Economic Report on Africa 2013 MEDIA KIT Country Case Study GhanaDr Lendy Spires
Ghana's mining sector, especially gold mining, is a major driver of economic growth, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. Mining policy reforms in the 1980s encouraged foreign investment and revived the mining sector. While large-scale mining is dominated by foreign companies, Ghanaians dominate small-scale mining. There is growing conflict between large and small-scale miners as they compete for land. The cocoa industry also rebounded after reforms, making cocoa Ghana's second largest export after gold. Cocoa provides livelihoods for many farmers and has strong linkage effects in the economy. Government interventions have boosted cocoa production and farmer incomes.
The document provides a financial analysis of Mumias Sugar Ltd for the year 2014. It summarizes that Mumias reported a net loss due to a decline in revenue from lower sugar production volumes. Production volumes fell as farmers supplied less sugarcane due to issues getting paid on time. This caused plant underutilization, higher costs, and inability to pay suppliers on time in a downward cycle. Comparisons to more profitable sugar companies in Zambia and Malawi show they have higher yields, revenues, and profits per ton of cane crushed.
The document provides guidelines and specifications for various types of scrap materials, including nonferrous scrap, ferrous scrap, glass cullet, paper stock, plastics scrap, electronics scrap, and tire scrap. It establishes industry standards for material composition, quality, and terms for transactions. Key items covered include specifications for grades of copper wire, aluminum, zinc, and other nonferrous metals; grades of steel scrap; and guidelines for transactions, arbitration procedures, and revising the specifications.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research from the early work in the 1950s to modern advances in deep learning. While progress has been steady, fully general artificial intelligence that can match or exceed human levels of reasoning across all domains remains an ongoing challenge that researchers are still working to achieve.
The future source_of_energy_chemicals[1]Janardhan Hl
This document summarizes biomass as a future source of energy and chemicals. It discusses current global energy sources and India's increasing dependence on oil imports. Biomass currently accounts for 13% of global energy. The document then discusses various biomass conversion technologies to produce fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and chemicals. These include enzymatic breakdown of sugars in plants, transesterification of oils to biodiesel, and gasification of biomass. Second generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass are also discussed. The challenges of biofuel production and various pilot projects in India utilizing biomass are summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation about biomass as a profitable energy resource. It defines biomass as organic matter that can be used to produce electricity, heat, or fuel for transportation. The presentation discusses how biomass works by being burned to produce steam and turn turbines, how it helps reduce global warming by maintaining a closed carbon cycle, and some of the most efficient biomass residues like bagasse and rice husks. It also outlines various processes for generating energy from biomass, such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. In closing, the presentation notes that while biomass has advantages as a renewable resource, it also has disadvantages like requiring energy to cultivate and potentially contributing to pollution if burned directly.
ALTERNATE AND RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGYAvanish Kumar
Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. There are two main types of energy sources - renewable and non-renewable. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydro can be replenished naturally, while non-renewable sources like coal, oil and natural gas are finite and will eventually be depleted. Conservation of energy through more efficient use can help reduce consumption of conventional sources and promote sustainability.
This document discusses biomass power generation and the use of steam reheat technology to improve plant efficiency. It provides context on regulations driving biomass investment and describes Siemens' dual-casing reheat concept. The reheat concept increases efficiency by reheating steam before the low-pressure turbine, enabling efficiencies over 35%. Example projects using Siemens' reheat solutions include 20MW biomass plants in Germany and a 23MW plant in Vienna, demonstrating the technology's increasing role in biomass power.
Implementation of sugarcane bagasse as fibre in cemented compositesAniket Malikpethakar
This document discusses sugarcane bagasse composites. It describes composites as materials made by combining two or more materials to take advantage of their properties. The document outlines tests conducted on sugarcane bagasse-cement composites reinforced with styrene butadiene rubber at various percentages. The tests measured properties like tensile strength and impact strength. The results found the composites have high strength and are lightweight, low-cost, and recyclable materials with potential applications in construction, furniture, and packaging.
Agro waste derived products ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC & STYROFOAMK K Jain Karan Jain
This document discusses a project to develop multiple products derived from bagasse, the dry pulpy residue left after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. Potential products mentioned include disposable tableware, various types of paper, packaging materials, bottles, medium-density fiberboard, plastic composite resins, and more. The project involves research and development input from various reliable sources on collecting, processing, and utilizing bagasse to create these derivative products.
Effect of sugarcane bagasse ash on strength properties of concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study focuses on the utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as replacement material for cement in concrete production. Sugarcane Bagasse ash contains high amorphous silica content and aluminium ion. For experimental investigations, Sugarcane bagasse ash and its chemical properties are obtained from KCP sugar factory, Andhra Pradesh. Ordinary Portland cement was partly replaced by sugarcane bagasse ash in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight and the influence of Sugarcane bagasse ash as a partial replacement material has been examined on fresh concrete tests by Compaction factor test and Slump cone test as well as on hardened concrete with tests for Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. The results indicate that inclusion of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in concrete up to 20% level significantly enhanced the strength of concrete. The highest strength was obtained at 10% Sugarcane bagasse ash replacement level. Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, By-Product, Amorphous Silica and Strength
The document discusses various methods of sampling that can be used in research. It defines key sampling concepts and describes different probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Some of the main sampling methods discussed include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, multistage sampling, purposive sampling, accidental sampling, and quota sampling. The document emphasizes that probability sampling enhances representation and allows for estimating sampling error, while acknowledging that non-probability methods are also sometimes used.
This document discusses secondary data sources for research. Secondary data is data that was collected by someone else for another purpose. It has advantages like being inexpensive and rapid to obtain, but disadvantages like uncertain accuracy and potentially being outdated. When using secondary data, researchers should evaluate if the data is applicable to their research questions, population, and time period of interest. Common objectives for using secondary data include fact finding, model building, and data-based marketing. The document provides examples of internal, external, government, and commercial secondary data sources.
This document discusses analysis of variance (ANOVA) and its use in comparing the means of two or more populations. It provides an example of using a one-way ANOVA to test whether there are differences between the performances of three salesmen based on their revenue amounts over five occasions. Tables are included reproducing the data with column totals and sums of squares, and the correction factor is calculated. Finally, a second example is given about checking for differences between four training programs based on employee test scores.
This document discusses the search for a theory of entrepreneurship. It notes that economists currently lack an economic theory that fully explains the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. Prior studies have focused on identifying traits or personality patterns of successful entrepreneurs, but these have produced inconsistent results. The authors argue for developing a theoretical model that includes both an economic model showing how entrepreneurship contributes to the economic process, and an identification of critical entrepreneurial behaviors that lead to success in different economic environments. The document reviews literature on definitions of entrepreneurship and studies of entrepreneurial traits and personalities. It also discusses limitations of traditional economic theories in accounting for the role of entrepreneurship.
The document discusses different types of marketing research, including basic marketing research which is conducted without a specific decision in mind versus applied marketing research which addresses the needs of a particular organization. It provides examples of different types of marketing research like concept research, pricing research, product research, distribution research, and promotion research. The document also provides examples of how different companies have used various marketing research methods.
This study aims to examine the extent to which important individuals like parents, teachers and coaches from a student's childhood and teenage years influence their self-assessment of skills at the University of Maastricht. The researcher hypothesizes that students who experienced encouraging relationships will show realistic or overestimating self-assessments, while those experiencing unencouraging relationships will lack self-confidence. A sample of 90 3rd year UCM students will complete a questionnaire on self-assessed memory, physical and motor skills, and then perform tasks to detect over or underestimation. Follow-up questions will explore how important individuals evaluated the student's performance to understand influence on self-concept and self-efficacy. The study
The document discusses a method for producing synthesis gas (syngas) from gasification of bagasse. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar production that is abundant in India. Syngas produced from bagasse gasification can be used as an alternative fuel source for power generation and other industrial processes. The method involves pyrolyzing bagasse in a free-fall reactor to produce char, and then gasifying the char in a packed bed reactor to produce syngas, which consists mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Experimental results show that syngas yield increases with higher temperature and smaller bagasse particle size during pyrolysis.
This document discusses opportunities for cogeneration in the sugar and paper industries using bagasse as a fuel source. It notes that high capital costs, fuel availability, and government approvals present constraints. Improving milling processes can reduce bagasse moisture content. Using both bagasse and sugarcane trash has potential to generate electricity year-round. New mill designs like CMR mills use less power and produce lower moisture bagasse than conventional mills. Bagasse dryers can further reduce moisture when using bagasse combustion gases as the heat source. Recovering and utilizing sugarcane trash in addition to bagasse could nearly double surplus power generation from mills.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Specifically, it explains how to obtain multiview representations of an object by revolving the object or moving the observer around it. It also describes techniques for projecting object features and maintaining proper line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines.
The document summarizes a proposed project to set up a 21 MW bagasse-based cogeneration power plant at an existing sugar mill in Gujarat, India. It discusses the market drivers like renewable energy policies, the potential from sugar mills' bagasse waste, and financial projections showing an equity IRR of 23.7-56% over 10 years. Key project details include a Rs. 88 crore investment, 21 MW capacity utilizing waste bagasse, and revenue from power sales and carbon credits making it a viable renewable energy project.
This document analyzes the job portal Shine.com, which was launched in 2008 by HT Media and developed by Redmatch. It lists features that Shine can and cannot implement, such as allowing users to apply without registering or including a resume updating option. The document also examines Shine's competitors like Naukri.com and MonsterIndia.com. Finally, it reviews Shine's AdWords accounts and search engine marketing strategies, noting high cost per action campaigns and the potential to use sitelinks, AB testing, and dynamic adcopy.
African Union Economic Report on Africa 2013 MEDIA KIT Country Case Study GhanaDr Lendy Spires
Ghana's mining sector, especially gold mining, is a major driver of economic growth, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. Mining policy reforms in the 1980s encouraged foreign investment and revived the mining sector. While large-scale mining is dominated by foreign companies, Ghanaians dominate small-scale mining. There is growing conflict between large and small-scale miners as they compete for land. The cocoa industry also rebounded after reforms, making cocoa Ghana's second largest export after gold. Cocoa provides livelihoods for many farmers and has strong linkage effects in the economy. Government interventions have boosted cocoa production and farmer incomes.
The document provides a financial analysis of Mumias Sugar Ltd for the year 2014. It summarizes that Mumias reported a net loss due to a decline in revenue from lower sugar production volumes. Production volumes fell as farmers supplied less sugarcane due to issues getting paid on time. This caused plant underutilization, higher costs, and inability to pay suppliers on time in a downward cycle. Comparisons to more profitable sugar companies in Zambia and Malawi show they have higher yields, revenues, and profits per ton of cane crushed.
The sugar agroindustry in Guatemala plays an important role in the national economy. It produces renewable electricity from sugarcane biomass that covers 32% of the country's electricity demand. It has also implemented more sustainable practices that have reduced water consumption and ensured rational water use. The industry generates over 50,000 direct jobs and supports hundreds of thousands more indirect jobs and families. It is also a major exporter, responsible for 6.5% of Guatemala's total exports and its sugarcane products are one of the top five agro-industrial exports.
The document discusses the LIFE-VOICE project which aimed to promote the use of straight vegetable oil as an alternative fuel source. It focused on developing local supply chains for vegetable oil production for energy and transportation use in rural communities. The project supported the cultivation of oilseed crops, extraction of vegetable oil, and use of straight vegetable oil in converted diesel engines and tractors. It sought to encourage the development of sustainable local agro-energy chains in Europe.
Jatropha In Mozambique - Industry OverviewJunaid Mirza
Mozambique is well-suited for Jatropha cultivation due to its large expanses of underutilized land and favorable climate. The government strongly supports the development of Jatropha plantations through tax incentives and land grants. Jatropha is economically viable and environmentally sustainable, as it grows on marginal lands without displacing food crops or intensive agricultural inputs. Its cultivation can provide local economic benefits and renewable energy for domestic use.
The document discusses livestock-related Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in Kenya, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan. It provides the following key points:
1. Livestock NAMAs have significant potential for reducing emissions and building climate resilience while supporting livelihoods. The sector accounts for 14.5% of global emissions.
2. Case studies in Kenya, Mongolia, and Kyrgyzstan demonstrate NAMAs can transform sectors through partnerships, investments, and market incentives to make production more sustainable and low-emission.
3. NAMAs align national climate and development goals, leverage private and public resources, and generate economic and social co-benefits like
Economic potential and relevance of biofuel program in indiasugarmills
This document discusses the potential for sugarcane ethanol production in India to meet its fuel and chemical needs. It notes that India imports over 60% of its oil and will become one of the largest oil importers by 2025. Producing ethanol from sugarcane could meet a significant portion of India's fuel needs, reducing imports and generating income for farmers. However, policies around ethanol production and use need to be standardized across states to incentivize growth in this sector.
The LIFE-VOICE project aimed to partially replace fossil fuels for energy production and transportation with straight vegetable oil from local agricultural supply chains. The project developed small-scale extraction technologies to produce vegetable oil from crops like sunflower, rapeseed, and soybeans. The extracted oil was analyzed and found to meet fuel quality standards. The oil was then used in converted diesel engines, microturbines, burners, and tractors. Economic and environmental analyses found the local vegetable oil supply chains could provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, especially for rural communities. The project supported policies to promote the development of biofuel supply chains and their associated socioeconomic benefits.
Policy and legislative environment for value addition for agro-based industri...ILRI
The document discusses policy and legislative environment for value addition of agro-based industrial effluents in Kenya. It examines the national circumstances, relevant policies and legislation, challenges to technological uptake, and lessons from case studies. The key policies promote renewable energy, cleaner production, and green technologies. However, the laws take a compliance-focused approach and lack incentives for value addition. Main challenges include outdated laws, low investment in technology, and weak private-public partnerships. The recommendations are to review laws to promote value addition, develop standards for technologies, and support carbon credit projects to finance innovation in agro-industrial effluent management.
Solidaridad Central America has launched the Mesoamerican Landscape Accelerator, a design process which helps speed and scale identification and financing of necessary investments for sustainable agriculture and landscape restoration. This session will present Solidaridad’s experience piloting the accelerator in Honduras. First, we will highlight the context of the landscape programme in Honduras, secondly we shed light on the design process and how it results in an investment portfolio and lastly, we will showcase 1-3 investment opportunities to take a deep dive together with the audience.
- Last year was another strong year for Irish agri-food exports, reaching €19 billion, up 22% from 2021. Increased value rather than volume drove this growth.
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Deepchand bagasse
1. Sugar Cane Bagasse Energy Cogeneration – Lessons from Mauritius
by
Dr Kassiap DEEPCHAND
Mauritius Sugar Authority
MAURITIUS
e-mail: msatm@bow.intnet.mu
Paper Presented to the Parliamentarian Forum on Energy Legislation
and Sustainable Development, Cape Town, South Africa (5-7 October 2005)
Executive Summary
Sugar cane is a major commercially grown agricultural crop in the vast majority
of countries in Africa. It is one of the plants having the highest bioconversion efficiency
of capture of sunlight through photosynthesis and is able to fix around 55 tonnes of dry
matter per hectare of land under this crop on annually renewable basis. Under current
practice, 50% of this dry matter are harvested in the form of cane stalk for sugar recovery
with the fibrous fraction therefrom in the form of bagasse meeting, through combustion,
energy requirements for the process. Cane production in Mauritius varies between 5.0 to
5.5 million tonnes, 35% of which are produced by around 28,000 small growers.
Between 550,000 to 625,000 tonnes of sugar are recovered from the cane.
A number of countries, in particular those devoid of any fossil fuel, have
implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures so as to minimise cogenerated
energy (steam and electricity) utilised in cane processing and to export excess electricity
to the grid. In Mauritius 10 out of 11 factories are exporting electricity to the grid during
crop season out of which three are using coal as a complementary fuel to export
electricity during the intercrop as well. Such electricity (725 GWh including 318 GWh
from bagasse accounts for 40% of the total amount generated. All the power plants are
privately owned. This development has been possible through the participation of all the
stakeholders (corporate and small planters) with Government providing appropriate
policy guidelines, legal framework and incentives.
There is thus potential for replication of this successful experience to other sugar
cane producing countries in Africa. The current cane production is around 90 million
tonnes. A potential for around 10,000 GWh exists from this annually renewable resource
considering the conversion efficiency achieved in Mauritius.
2. 2
Sugar Cane Bagasse Energy Cogeneration – Lessons from Mauritius
Background
The sugar cane crop has been occupying a prominent position in the Mauritian
economy over the years since its introduction by the Dutch in the seventeenth century.
After trials on a number of crops, it has been found to be the best crop suited for the
agroclimatic conditions in the island which includes frequent visit of cyclones. Sugar
production has increased over time to reach a plateau of around 600 to 650,000 tonnes,
export markets and arable land area putting a limit to this production. The sugar industry
is a major net foreign exchange earner but its relative contribution in the economy has
been declining with the development of the tourism and manufacturing sectors.
However, the agro-industrial nature of the sugar cane gave Mauritius an industrial base
that enabled the island to become a semi-industrial society. It is recognised by all
stakeholders (Government and the industry at large) that a viable sugar industry is
essential to continued economic growth and social stability.
2. Mauritius, as a member of the ACP countries, enjoys a ready market for its sugar
under the Sugar Protocol of the Lomé Convention. Around 506,000 tonnes (or 90%) of
sugar produced are exported under this trade agreement. 7% of the production are sold to
the United States and 4% to other markets. 85% of the price is obtained for around
40,000 tonnes of sugar sold under a special preferential sugar agreement as from 1995
with the entry of Portugal into the European Union.
3. The island of Mauritius has an area of 1,860 km2
and a population of 1.3 million
with a per capita income of US$3,710 in 1998. Two distinct groups of growers own the
total area under cane. The miller-planters, having a majority share in the milling
companies, and large planters hold 65% of the cane area, the individual size varying
between 700 to 5,500 hectares and this group produces 60% of total sugar. The other
group comprises of around 28,000 independent growers holding plot sizes between 0.1 to
10 hectares. 90% of this group own less than 2 hectares and are part-time farmers. The
independent growers and the miller-planters are entitled to 78% of their sugar and the
totality of the molasses and filter mud. The millers obtain 22% of the sugar as payment
for milling.
The Sugar Sector Action Plan
4. Until the year 1975, sugar production grew steadily to meet rising demands in the
guaranteed market which was also associated with rapid price increases. In the
subsequent years prices start to fall and the industry profitability and even its viability
were threatened. The major cause of this threat was due to Government policies, in
particular, the increase in sugar export tax in 1979 coupled with climatic conditions
(cyclones, and drought). These developments became a matter of concern and, as a
consequence, Government in consultation with the private sector worked out a Sugar
Sector Action Plan to restructure the industry targeted at maintaining its viability and at
modernising production both at field and factory levels. Industry operations were also
3. 3
rationalised at a national scale. This plan provided for export duty relief and
rationalisation cane milling activities (two small mills out of a total of 21 were closed
in1985). These measures impacted positively on profitability of the industry and
investments were made to modernise production both at field and factory levels.
5. Additional policy initiatives were designed by Government in 1988 to bring
further improvements in the viability and efficiency of the sugar sector. However, while
Mauritius had an assured export quota under the Sugar Protocol, price paid by the EC
countries were linked to developments in the EC Common Agricultural Policy. Price
decreased to the tune of 2% yearly since 1988 and it was difficult to predict the rate of
price declines over the ensuing period. Under these circumstances, the industry was
already adjusting to those developments. For example, more emphasis was laid on:
(i) production of speciality sugars which fetches a price premium;
(ii) increase in yields through introduction of improved irrigation techniques,
adoption of mechanisation and derocking of lands;
(iii) centralisation of cane milling activities involving consolidation of cane
processing in mills with higher capacity;
(iv) research to increase productivity in field operations coupled with
introduction of high yielding varieties; and
(v) last, but not least, improved use of by-products such as bagasse and
molasses which will help to diversify revenue basket sources and reduce
industry’s vulnerability to sugar price shocks.
The Sugar Industry Efficiency Act (1988)
6. Further incentives were provided to the industry in 1988 in the Sugar Industry
Efficiency Act whose objective was to provide for an efficient and viable sugar industry
while seeking to promote agricultural diversification and diversification within sugar.
The Act essentially brought about the reduction of the nominal export duty rate and an
increase in the exemption limit on the duty. A system of performance linked export duty
rebate was introduced wherein incentives were provided for improved sugar recovery,
enhanced use of bagasse for electricity production and use of marginal cane lands
(interline and inter-cycle rotational land) for the production of crops other than sugar.
Amendments to the Income Tax Act provided incentives to produce speciality sugars,
save energy in cane processing and use bagasse to produce electricity.
7. Government in partnership with the private sector initiated a bagasse energy
development programme to address the Sugar Section Action Plan’s agenda on use of by-
products in the sugar industry. A high-powered committee on bagasse energy
development, chaired by the Minister of Agriculture was set up and it included the
Ministers for Energy, Economic Planning and Development, Environment and Land Use,
4. 4
and Cooperatives and the Financial Secretary. This Committee also guided the work of a
Technical Committee chaired by the Financial Secretary, with representation from
relevant Government Ministries and agencies, the sugar industry and local research
organisations. The setting up of this committee in 1991 also coincided with events in the
Gulf area threatening supply of fuel derived from fossil resources.
Energy Status
8. Mauritius has limited renewable energy resources and no known oil, gas or coal
reserves. Its main locally available energy resources are hydro power and sugar cane
biomass (bagasse and cane tops and leaves). Hydro - power is almost fully exploited
with its nine hydro stations including one with 10 MW installed capacity. The other
resource, sugar cane bagasse which represents 30% on cane was being generally used
inefficiently to meet internal power requirement for cane processing. Hydro power and
power exported to the grid from sugar factories amounted to 22% and 13% of power
supply to the public grid in the year 1990. The remaining 65% was met from imported
fossil fuels (diesel, coal and gas). It was felt that a rapid increase in fossil fuel import
could be prevented by a more efficient exploitation of bagasse energy for electricity
generation.
Evolution in Energy Demand
9. There had been a sharp increase in energy consumption associated with high
levels of economic growth involving the rapid expansion of the export processing zone
and the tourism sector. Power demand in the residential sector also increased as
indicated by marked rise in sales of household appliances. In the period 1985-1990
annual increases in electricity consumption and maximum demand averaged over 11 and
9.5% respectively. The average economic growth was 6% but the EPZ and tourism
sectors were expanding at a much higher rate so much so that the Ministry of Energy had
to revise the forecast in energy consumption to 10% for the period 1988 – 1992.
10. In order to meet the increase in demand of electricity, three investment options
were available. Firstly, the utility could add 2 units of 24 MW each to its existing 4 units.
Secondly, it could invest in a 40-50 MW coal plant. The third option would comprise of
bulk purchasing of power from 2 x 22 MW bagasse cum coal plants, to be privately
operated by sugar companies at 2 regional sugar factories. This third option would
displace public sector investment. This third option was the economically preferred
option.
Linking Bagasse Energy with Sugar Production
11. This project of bagasse energy development was a logical extension of Sugar
Sector Action Plan wherein Government and the private sector participated in the
restructuration process of the sugar industry given that enhanced use of by-products,
including bagasse for electricity production was a key objective in the plan. Furthermore,
the active participation of the private sector with Government in formulating all the
5. 5
policy measures coupled with appropriate enactments enumerated brought about an
improved business environment for the sugar sector. In 1990, the industry presented a
programme of investment of the order of US$130 million for sugar factory rehabilitation
and modernisation, irrigation and diversification. Of this amount, around US$27 million
was meant for bagasse saving and handling operations, expansion of the industry’s
capacity to generate electricity and pollution abatement.
Objectives of Bagasse Energy Development
12. Government formulated a bagasse energy development programme in partnership
with the private sector over a 6-month period in 1991 on the basis of the
recommendations of the High Powered Committee on Bagasse Energy1
. The programme
had two main objectives:
(i) to optimise the use of bagasse for electricity generation and export to the
grid. Over the 5-year period to expand electricity generation using
bagasse from 70 GWh and 120 GWh, that is a 22 MW bagasse-and coal;
(ii) to investigate into uses of other fractions of the sugar cane biomass (cane
tops, leaves and dry trash) for electricity generation which would further
add to amount of electricity export to the grid with the concurrent reduced
dependance of fossil fuel.
This programme aimed at maintaining the long-term viability of the sector, increasing
investment in rehabilitation and modernisation and rationalising the industry operations
on a national scale. It was meant to ensure the continued viability of the sugar sector and
sustainability of production to meet industry’s commitment under the preferential sugar
market.
13. The national objective was to develop other sectors of the economy – EPZ and
tourism which are energy intensive activities. As a consequence energy demand was to
increase. Inefficient use of bagasse implied import of fossil fuels. Alternatively efficient
use of bagasse for energy export to the grid will bring additional revenue to the industry.
At the same time, the industry will save on the investment on boilers and turbo alternators
which represents almost 50% of the investment of the sugar factory.
14. The project required investment to the tune of US$80 million (1991 prices) in:
(i) erection and commissioning bagasse cum coal fired power plants at 2
sugar factories;
(ii) modernisation of sugar factories to improve the efficiency of bagasse use
in sugar cane processing;
(iii) bagasse transport from cluster of sugar factories to a regional sugar factory
located power plant; and
6. 6
(iv) investments in transmission lines from sugar factories to the national grid.
15. The investments were geared towards promoting regional bagasse/coal fixed
power plants. The coal as a complementary fuel would ensure power export to the grid
year round in that bagasse supply is limited to the crop period normally 5-6 months
duration. The regional location of power plants was the preferred option in that bagasse
costs are minimised, the sugar factory benefits from the advantages of co-generation.
The activities of a number of large sugar estates in the main cane growing areas are
diversified with positive impacts on the social stability of the sugar sector.
Institutional Set up and Project Strategies
16. In the implementation of the project, a regulatory framework was set up to
promote private sector investments in power production and sugar factory modernisation
and to encourage an efficient market in bagasse. The key elements of this framework
were energy pricing and contracting, involving electricity, bagasse and coal. The
institutional implementation arrangements addressed the integration of policies and
programmes for bagasse energy development with the Government’s overall energy
production strategy. It also included project management, coordination, monitoring and
evaluation. An ad-hoc technical committee was set up (in lieu of the regulatory
framework) at the Ministry of Energy to carry out the above activities and it comprised of
representatives from the Mauritius Sugar Authority, the Ministries of Finance, Economic
Planning and Development. A BEDP coordination was established at the Mauritius
Sugar Authority to assist the Management Committee in the tasks of planning and
monitoring the implementation of the BEDP and its project components.
17. All the parties, relevant Government Ministries and agencies, the Utility, the
private sugar industry stakeholders fully participated in the project right from inception
through all stages right from project conception and to implementation through constant
interaction and participation. The other specific strategies used by the project
management to guarantee achievement of project objects were mainly through incentives
provided in enactments by Government which were devised all along the various stages
of the project.
Implementation of Bagasse Energy Projects
18. The project stages were as follows:
(i) Government policy defining clearly the bagasse energy option as a means
to promote a renewable energy resource available locally.
(ii) Sugar industry to evaluate its energy requirement and optimisation of
same through proper investments in measures for energy conservation and
use.
7. 7
(iii) Public utility to spell out its energy demand based on reliable forecast in
order to establish its base load requirement over time.
(iv) Memorandum of understanding between utility and sugar company;
(v) Conduct of feasibility study.
(vi) Signing of formal Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) between utility and
the private investor.
(vii) Raising of funds for investment in power plant using PPA as the bank
guarantee.
(viii) Conduct of a detailed design of project.
(ix) Carry out a tendering exercise for supply of items of equipment.
(x) Evaluate the tenders.
(xi) Award of contract.
(xii) Erect and Commission the power plants.
(xiii) Operate the plants
Constraints to Bagasse Energy Development
19. In spite of all the above measures, it was observed that investments in bagasse
saving in the satellite factories were slow. Only 40% of the total amount (US $15
million) of the Sugar Energy Development Plan Loan were disbursed and the rest (US$9
million) was cancelled. In addition investment in the bagasse cum coal plant was not
forthcoming. A number of factors was identified which has influenced this state of
affairs2
.
Price of Bagasse
20. The progress in the implementation of the power plant at Union St Aubin (USA)
sugar factory was slow due, inter alia, to the fact that the plant had to rely on a huge
amount of bagasse from the satellite factories. These factories were pricing their bagasse
on the price of coal and at the condensation mode of operation. Under these conditions,
the efficiency of conversion of steam into electricity is higher compared to that of a
condensing-extraction mode of operation which is the usual industrial set up for energy
cogeneration in the sugar industry. This price had a negative impact on the financial
viability of the project. This issue was resolved through consolidation of cane milling
activities whereby the totality of cane was processed in lesser and lesser number of sugar
8. 8
factories whose cane crushing capacity was increased. The centralised mill invested in
the power plants.
Funding and the fiscal framework
21. The energy projects require a relatively huge investment cost that made it not
attractive. Hence Government introduced several enactments which allowed investors to
raise tax free debentures for the generation of electricity from bagasse and the
modernization of sugar factory; to enable them in cases of segregated activities, growing
companies to offset losses incurred by millers in respect to the capital expenditure in
energy production from bagasse and in the revamp of sugar factories. Furthermore, the
performance- linked rebate on export duty was extended to producers of firm electricity
who saved and used their own bagasse and also to millers selling bagasse to continuous
power stations. A proportion of capital expenditure incurred in the installation of
efficient equipment used to enhance bagasse saving and energy generation therefrom was
entitled to a refund of export duty payable.
22. Two distinct companies undertake cane growing and cane milling and in most
cases the majority shareholder of the milling company is the growing company. Hence
the milling company undertaking a cogeneration project is allowed to transfer in any
income year any unrelieved loss to the growing company. Moreover, accumulated
unrelieved losses attributable to investment, initial and annual allowances in respect of
qualified plant and machinery acquired after the effectiveness of the SIE Act 1988 could
be transferred to a related planter. Production of electricity from bagasse is one of
eligible plant and machinery.
23. Any amount of bagasse used for purposes other than manufacture of sugar is
priced at Rs100 (or US$3.7) per tonne and this money is credited by the CEB mainly to a
bagasse transfer price fund. The distribution of the proceeds from that fund was modified
wherein millers or sugar factory based power companies exporting electricity to the CEB
became entitled to benefit from the Fund. This Fund had previously been accruing to
growers only.
24. In 1994, the export duty was abolished and concurrently the sugar companies had,
as per a Memorandum of Agreement with Government, to segregate growing and milling
activities and set up public milling companies. A Sugar Investment Trust (SIT) was
created and 20% of the equity shares in the milling companies were sold to planters and
workers. Two directors on the Board of the Milling Company would be from the SIT.
25. In 1995, provisions in the new Income Tax Act which were in favour of bagasse
energy were retained and, in addition, tax on milling companies was brought down to
15%. The foreign exchange control was removed. All these fiscal measures created
investment friendly environment and the decision to invest was left to individual
operators.
9. 9
Centralization of Cane Milling Activities
26. Consolidation of cane milling activities through centralization is one of the means
of reducing cost of production. 19 sugar factories were in operation in 1993 and their
cane crushing capacity ranged between 55 to 250 TCH.
27. In 1997, Government came up with a Blue Print on Centralization of Cane
Milling Activities (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1997) . This Blue
Print, besides setting guidelines and conditions to be adhered to in any request and
implementation of such closures, emphasizes the need to link such closures with energy
generation from bagasse. Eight requests for closures were approved subsequent to the
publication of this Blue Print and were generally in conformity with the provisions of this
document, where bagasse energy generation, inter alia, occupied a prominent position.
The kWh price
28. Issues related to the kWh price and the Power Purchase Agreement were
addressed by a Technical Committee was at the Ministry of Energy. In the price setting
mechanism, the Committee worked on the basis of the cost of diesel plant of 22 MW
capacity proposed by the CEB to arrive at the avoided cost for the firm power plant. The
World Bank provided support to the Committee to work out the principles and the
guidelines. This Committee determined the avoided costs and recommended the kWh
price for coal and bagasse.
Evolution of Project Implementation
29. The activities related to project implementation were undertaken as planned but
there was a delay in its date of completion. It was mainly due to the fact that the
investors to finance the Union St Aubin plant decided not to go ahead with their project.
At the initial stage, an in-house feasibility was carried which indicated that a 22 MW
plant would be economically justified and its cost would be US$23 million.
Subsequently the services of a design firm was hired using the investor’s own fund. The
firm presented a design and its cost was twice that of the initial proposal (about US$51
million or US$2318 per kW installed). This was on the high side for a steam power
plant. The consulting firm was requested to improve the viability of the plant and , in
1994 it came with a proposal for a 30 MW capacity plant at a cost of US$59 million.
This was equivalent to US$1967 per kW installed. In 1995 the design firm recommended
re-designing major components such as the boiler and the turboalternator, to take account
of future capacity of the factory and improvements in the thermodynamic cycle of the
plant. This new design brought about 30% increase in cost of the previous 30 MW plant
design. Under these circumstances, the overseas bank, which was interested in funding
the foreign exchange, decided not to fund the project. The promoters of the project
decided not to go ahead with the project.
30. Almost immediately after, another company in the North of the island drawing
itself on the experience and studies undertaken at Union St Aubin started negociations for
10. 10
the erection of a 70 MW (2 units of 35 MW each) for firm power export to the grid.
After successful negociations for a power purchase agreement with the utility and funds
from foreign banks, the company, Centrale Thermique de Belle Vue (CTBV) erected and
commissioned the power plant in April 2000. This plant required an investment of
US$90 million.
31. The other component of the project related to improvements in mill efficiency
thereby to produce surplus bagasse that could be provided to the planned power plant. At
the time when the loan was negotiated foreign exchange was a constraint but
subsequently Government lifted exchange control thus decreasing the need for World
Bank funds right from the start of implementation. At the request of Government, the
World Bank cancelled US$9 million of the US$15 million.
Bagasse Energy Projects
32. Table 1 shows the status of the energy projects and it includes technical details on
the 10 bagasse-based power plants. The 3 “firm” power plants operate year round using
bagasse during crop season and coal during the off-crop period. The so-called
“continuous” power plants operate on bagasse during the crop season only.
Table 1: Bagasse based Power Plants in Mauritius up to year 2000
Factory
Tonnes
cane per
hour
Power Start Date
Units from
Bagasse
(GWh)
Units
from Coal
(GWh)
Total Units
from
Bagasse &
Coal (GWh)
FUEL 270 F Oct 1998 60 115 175
Deep River Beau Champ 270 F April 1998 50 60 110
Belle Vue 210 F April 2000 105 220 325
Médine 190 C 1980 20 - 20
Mon Tresor Mon Desert 105 C July 1998 14 - 14
Union St Aubin 150 C July 1997 16 - 16
Riche en Eau 130 C July 1998 17 - 17
Savannah 135 C July 1998 20 - 20
Mon Loisir 165 C July 1998 20 - 20
Mon Desert Alma 170 C Nov 1997 18 - 18
Total 3 F 340 GWh 395 GWh 735 GWh
7C 215 GWh F
125 GWh C
F = Firm or Bagasse during crop and Coal during intercrop
C = Continuous or Bagasse during crop season only
11. 11
Progress on Bagasse Energy Evolution
33. Bagasse energy development projects successfully attained the key objectives,
which were to set up an investment plan, the institutional framework and the policies to
encourage private investment in bagasse/coal power plants. As at the year 2000, the
bagasse cum coal power plants accounted for 240 MW installed or more than 50% of the
total (425 MW). An additional firm power plant project (2- 41.5 MW) is currently being
erected in the south. This plant located next to a sugar factory with an hourly cane
crushing capacity of 350 tonnes (1.2 million tonnes cane) will export 136 GWh of
electricity from bagasse and 200 GWh from coal. Depending on evolution of baseload
over the next decade, another 30 MW plant will come on line.
Table 3: Evolution of Cogeneration (1988-2000)
Cogeneration
Year Bagasse Coal Total
Bagasse
%
Bagasse
+ Coal
IC GWh GWh IC GWh IC GWh %Total
1995 43 84 41 332 1047 13.0 8,0 11,9
1996 43 119 - 332 1151 13.0 10,3 10,3
1997 53 125 23 370 1252 14.3 10,0 11,8
1998 90 225 62 397 1365 22.7 14,2 18,7
1999 90 184 155 425 1424 21.2 12,9 23,8
2000 160 274 327 478 1527 33.5 17,0 39,4
2001 246 300 411 660 1657 37.3 18,1 42,9
2002 242 299 447 656 1715 36.9 17,4 43,5
2003 242 296 433 729 1840 37.0 16,1 39,6
2004 242 318 407 725 1923 37.0 16,5 37,7
34. It can be seen from Table 3 that in the year 1995, 84 GWh of electricity was
exported from bagasse. This was achieved through investment mostly by private sugar
mills using cogeneration technology with their own private fund. By the year 2004,
cogenerated energy increased significantly with investment in more efficieny bagasse-to-
electricity processes and in a greater number of units so much so that the electricity
exported to the grid from bagasse increased to 318 GWh from the 242 MW (or 37%) firm
installed capacity.
Factors Inducing Bagasse Energy Development
35. The sugar industry future is at stake. In the local context, the cost of production is
increasing and in the international scene, sugar prices are decreasing due to trade
liberalisation and commitments at the WTO. These factors will impact negatively on the
industry if measures are not taken to mitigate these effects. Factory modernisation,
12. 12
centralisation and exploitation of the by-products for more value added products are
measures that will ensure long-term viability of the industry.
36. Bagasse energy projects are linked with sugar factory modernisation in that
boilers, turbo alternators and other energy efficient equipment represent a major
proportion (up to 50%) of the cost of a sugar factory. Investing in an energy project
ensures that this part of the investment (useful life of 25 years) crucial to sugar
processing, is financed independently of sugar activities. In addition, the sale electricity
adds to the revenue of sugar companies. Furthermore, linking energy projects to
centralisation brings about reduction in cost of production. In 1985, 21 sugar factories
were in operation and the number has decreased to 14 in year 2000. 10 of these factories
export energy to the grid and only 3 of them are firm power plants. It has been projected
that by year 2008, only 6 sugar factories will be in operation through the process of
centralisation and each one of them will be equipped with a firm power plant such plants
are generally more efficient in energy cogeneration and export to the grid.
Replication Opportunities and Sustainability of Bagasse Energy
37. With the successful demonstration of the bagasse energy projects in Mauritius,
opportunities are now offered to other cane sugar producing countries to replicate or
adapt such projects that Mauritius is well positioned to share its experience given the
wide range of technical options available. These options include continuous power plants,
seven in number, using boilers operating at pressures between 24-31 bars to generate
steam fed to condensing-extraction turboalternators in a variety of set-up taking into
consideration energy requirement of sugar cane processing and existing infrastructure,
the efficiency of energy use and energy generation in the most financially beneficial
manner. In addition, there is a wide range of firm power plants (3 in number) based on
boilers generating steam at pressures of 44 bars and 83 bars and equipped with matching
condensing-extraction turboalternators. All these plants are located within an area of
around 1,850 km2
and are thus easily accessible.
38. The average kWh/tonne cane processed in 1988 was 13 and even after
implementation of the projects up to the year 2000, the value has reached 60 kWh per
tonne of cane. This is well below the 125 kWh/tonne cane obtained at CTBV which is
equipped with a 2x35 MW power plant operating at around 82 bars.
39. With further centralization of cane milling activities, improvement in exhaust
steam in cane processing, upgrading the efficiency of the power plants with the adoption
of operating pressures of 82 bars and use of cane field residues as supplementary fuel3
, it
can be safely said that 800 GWh of electricity can be exported to the grid from sugarcane
biomass. This is more than twice the current amount. There is a significant potential for
additional power generation and export to the grid if current R and D efforts on biomass
gasifier/gas turbine combined cycle become a commercial reality4
.
13. 13
Potential for Replication in the African Continent
40. The success achieved on bagasse energy cogeneration in Mauritius can be
replicated in almost all of the cane sugar producing countries in the African continent.
Sharing of experiences and opportunities for training can be offered given the variety of
power plants in terms of capacities, operating pressures and degrees of sophistication
linked with plant efficiency.
41. Table 4 gives the statistics production of sugar5
and cane in countries in the
African continent. The potential amount of electricity that can be exported to the grid
using two commercially proven technologies (steam pressures of 44 and 82 bars
respectively) have also been worked out on the basis of results obtained in Mauritius. It
must be outright highlighted that such plants require a minimum cane crushing capacity
of 200 to 300 tonnes cane per hour and many of the African countries have cane
production well below these capacities. However, it has been observed that the cane
sugar industry in a number of these countries are being rehabilitated and modernised and
there is merit in coupling these plants with a cogeneration facility. All the cane sugar
factories in Mauritius and Réunion have successfully integrated sugar and electricity
production. The total potential in the countries in Africa is around 9,600 GWh on the
basis of present cane production and only Mauritius and Réunion are exploiting in a
significant manner the sugar cane bagasse for energy6
.
14. 14
Table 4: Production of Sugar and Sugar Cane and Potential for
Cogeneration in Africa (2002)
Cogeneration Potential (GWh)African
Countries
Sugar
(x 103
t)
Sugar Cane(a)
(x 103
t) @ 44 bars(b)
@ 82 bars (c)
Angola
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroun
Chad
Congo
Côte d’Ivoire
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gabon
Guinea
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Nigeria
Réunion
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
31
5
40
21
113
33
55
158
1,397
294
18
26
423
32
257
34
552
156
242
20
210
93
6
21
2,755
792
520
190
3
244
75
231
565
282
45
364
191
1,027
300
500
1,436
12,700
2,672
164
236
3,845
291
2,336
309
5,018
1,418
2,200
182
1,909
845
55
191
25,045
7,200
4,727
1,727
27
2,218
682
2,100
5,136
20
3
25
13
72
21
35
101
889
187
11
17
269
20
164
22
351
99
154
13
134
59
4
13
1,753
504
331
121
2
155
48
147
360
31
5
40
21
113
33
55
158
1,397
294
18
26
423
32
257
34
552
156
242
20
210
93
6
21
2,755
792
520
190
3
244
75
231
565
Total 9,612 87,378 6,117 9,612
(a)
Estimated at sugar recovered % cane of 11%
(b)
Based on 70 kWh/tonne cane
(c)
Based on 110 kWh/tonne cane
42. Implementation of cogeneration will bring additional revenue to the sugar cane
industry which is facing threats of price and quota reduction in the preferential markets in
15. 15
the context of trade liberalisation. Besides, cogeneration is a climate friendly technology
that can attract GEF funding as well as financing schemes such as Activities
Implemented Jointly and the Prototype Carbon Fund. Most of the cane producing
countries in the African continent could benefit from such funding or schemes.
43. The on-going power sector reforms in the region have enhanced the prospects of
cogeneration in the continent. However the cogeneration industry has to face a number
of policy and institutional challenges in a reformed power sector. The national utility
generally operates in a monopolistic situation in that generation, transmission and
distribution are undertaken as one bundle of activities. In the reform, it has been
envisaged that Independent Power Producers can also undertake generation but the issue
of open access to the grid has to be properly addressed in power purchase agreements.
44. The kWh price of cogenerated electricity is around 6-7 US cents and in many
cases this price is not competitive with that of hydroelectricity which is priced at around
3 US cents/kWh. Furthermore bagasse energy cogeneration is only possible during the
cane harvest season which lasts between 6-9 months and there is need for a
complementary fuel such as coal for 3-6 months.
45. Another issue likely to pose significant challenges to cogeneration development is
the deterioration in the management of the sugar industry, which has led to its near
collapse in many countries and led to closure of a number of sugar factories. This
implies that if a sugar factory is not able to produce sugar, its primary output, it is
unlikely to be a good cogenerator.
46. Unless there is an integrated policy of cogeneration linking sugar and electricity
exports to the grid as a significant source of income to the industry, it is unlikely that
cogeneration can be realised. In addition, most of the sugar factories need to be
completely overhauled and modernised and these activities have to link with energy
cogeneration, which will enhance the financial viability of the facilities. The Mauritian
sugar industry had to face similar situation and sharing of experience gathered on these
issues will prove beneficial to the cane sugar industries in the region.
Lessons leant and Recommendations
47. The main lesson learnt from the BEDP is that development of bagasse based
electricity generation in Mauritius required a stronger linkage between developments in
the sugar industry and those in the power sector, as well as a greater emphasis on
multipurpose benefits of baseload power from bagasse/coal plants.
48. Government’s strong support clearly defining its policy with respect to bagasse
energy development is critical to the successful achievements of set objectives of
substituting bagasse for imported fossil fuels.
49. Conditions must be created to as to enable all the stakeholders to participate fully
in the whole process as well as transparent flow of information among them. In this case
16. 16
the World Bank played a key role in providing the necessary support in areas in which
the local stakeholders had little or no experience and acted as a honest broker between the
stakeholders.
50. Prior to start of a bagasse power plant, it is of utmost importance that a detailed
feasibility including a reliable cost estimate for a bagasse coal plant and an agreement on
a financing plan from the private entrepreneur are made available. This would avoid
delays in project implementation.
51. At the project conception stage, it was envisaged that the bagasse power plants
would be located on a regionwise basis whereby that plant would use its own bagasse and
that obtained from a cluster of sugar factories. This concept was abandoned in favour of
a new approach with centralisation of milling activities through consolidation of
operations in most efficient plants for the dual production of sugar and electricity.
52. The bagasse coal power development has multipurpose benefits in that it is
associated with environmental advantages, offers a diversified alternative and secure
source of power from locally available and renewable resource when compared to
imported fuel oil and finally brings additional revenue to the cane sugar industry.
Concluding Remarks
53. The sugar cane plant is an agricultural crop that is known to have a high
bioconversion efficiency of capture of sunlight as a result of which a high amount of
atmospheric carbon is fixed into biomass. The main interest until recently was to recover
only sugar from this biomass. It can now be considered as a major renewable energy
resource in cane sugar producing countries. The majority of the countries in the African
continent are endowed with agroclimatic conditions that are conducive to sugar cane
production and, with proper investment and management of this resource, high yields are
potentially obtainable.
54. Amongst other energy carriers, electricity from the fibrous fraction of cane known
as bagasse is the one which has been shown to be commercially viable in island states
like Mauritius and Réunion which are devoid of any fossil fuel. In the African continent,
around 10,000 GWh of electricity is potentially exportable to the grid on the basis of
current amount of cane production and using state-of-the-art technology for conversion of
bagasse into electricity. Power sector reforms in the African countries should take on
board this option of cogeneration through inclusion of independent power producers to
undertake power generation. Opportunities for replication of the success achieved in
some countries to others in the region should be looked into.
55. The sugar cane bagasse cogeneration technology is environment friendly and it
can attract funds from international agencies like the GEF, the Prototype Carbon Fund
and Activities Implemented Jointly under the Kyoto Protocol. Exploitation of sugar cane
bagasse as an annually renewable energy resource carries a high priority in the context of
17. 17
global warming and this option, successfully implemented in Mauritius, should be given
serious consideration in other cane sugar producing countries in the African continent.
56. List of References
1. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (1991). Report of the High
Powered Committee on Bagasse Energy Development Programme.
2. AFREPREN (2003) – Opportunities for Cogeneration in a Reforming
African Power Sector. Proceedings of an Energy Training Course. Occ.
paper No 21.
3. Deepchand, K. (1986). Economics of Electricity Production from Sugar
Cane Tops and Leaves, a preliminary study. Int. Sug. Jnl 88 (1055):210-
216.
4. Deepchand, K. (2000). Cogeneration of Bagasse Energy in Mauritus.
Energy for Sustainable Development, V(I): 15 – 22.
5. F.O.Lichts (2004). World Sugar Statistics. 65th
Edn.
6. Deepchand, K. (2004). Sugar Cane Bagasse for Electricity Generation in
Africa. ESI – Africa, 2/2004/44.
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