This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
this is an essential originally power point created notes in section view of engineering graphics and drawing hope you enjoy this and take its benefits....
This lecture contains the detail of isometric projections of an object. This will improve your skills to draw isometric views which is the major part of engineering drawings.
this is an essential originally power point created notes in section view of engineering graphics and drawing hope you enjoy this and take its benefits....
These are the basics of Linear circuit analysis that will help you to strong your basics in this subject.Guideline for this book is 'Electric Circuits, by Nilsson & Riedel 2009'.
Hope this will help you.
These are the basics of Linear circuit analysis that will help you to strong your basics in this subject.Guideline for this book is 'Electric Circuits, by Nilsson & Riedel 2009'.
Hope this will help you.
These are the basics of Linear circuit analysis that will help you to strong your basics in this subject.Guideline for this book is 'Electric Circuits, by Nilsson & Riedel 2009'.
Hope this will help you.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
4. Purpose
To graphically represent a 3-D object on 2-D media
(paper, screen etc.).
Object (3D) placing
on the paper (2D)
Transparent plate is placed
between object and
observer’s eyes.
Object’s features are transferred
through projection.
Inconvenient to
communicate
A view of an object on
2D media
Convenient to
communicate
5. Concept
A projection theory is based on 2 variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image or picture plane)
Plane of projection
is an imaginary flat plane upon
which the image created by the
LOS is projected.
Line of sight (LOS)
is an imaginary ray of light
between an observer’s eye
and an object.
6. Line of sight
Lines of sight can be parallel or converge.
Converge projectionParallel projection
Play Play
7. Line of sight
The parallel projection lines can be normal (orthogonal)
or oblique to the plane of projection.
ObliqueOrthogonal
Play Play
In this course, we consider only a parallel and orthogonal
projection, i.e. orthographic projection.
8. Image on a projection plane.
Rotate
Tilt
Multiview drawing
shows a 2D view of
an object.
Axonometric drawing
shows a virtual 3D
view of an object.
View
View depends on a relative orientation between an
object and a plane.
10. View comparison
Pictorial drawing
Perspective drawing
Multiview drawing
Difficult to create
Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion
Object looks more
like what our eyes
perceive.
Size and shape
distortion
Right angle becomes
obtuse angle.
Circular hole
becomes ellipse
Distorted
width
Accurately presents
object’s details, i.e.
size and shape.
Require training
to visualization.
Advantage DisadvantageType
12. Multiview drawing is a set of related images that are created
by viewing the object from a different direction.
Definition
Width Depth
Height
Width
Height
Depth
Depth
Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the object
description.
13. 1. Revolve the object with respect to observer
Methods
2. The observer moves around the object.
Front view Right side view
Top view
Right side
view
Top view
play play
Front
view
Glass box concept
14. Glass box : Revolution of the planes of projection
Bottom view
Left side view
Rear view
17. Object features
Edge is a line that represent the boundary between two
faces of an object.
Surface limit is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Prism Cylinder Sphere
No edges!
Surface is an area that are bounded by edges or surface
limit. Surface can be plane or curve.
These features will appear as lines in a multiview drawing.Note
18. Class activity : Object’s features
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Identify name of the features
denoted by a NO. 1 to 9?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Edge Surface
limit
Surface
Skip test Next slideReset all
20. Projection of a normal plane
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
21. Projection of an object
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
Do the same procedures for
all remaining edges (or planes)
Hidden line is used
to show existence of
a hidden edge.
22. Projection of an inclined line
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
AF
BF
AF
B
A
BF
AR
BR
AR
BR
AT
BT
AT
BT
23. Projection of an inclined plane
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
24. Projection of an obliqued line
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
AF
B
A
BF
AR
BR
AT
BT
AF
BF
AR
BR
AT
BT
25. Projection of an obliqued plane
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
26. Projection of a curve line
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
AFBF
CF
BR
AT
BT
CT
AR
CR
B
A
C
AFBF CF BRAR CR
AT
BT
CT
27. Projection of a curve surface
Play
Glass box concept Multiview drawing
28. Transferring a depth : Direct measurement
0123
27
0 1 2 3
Prefer space between
front and side views
27
29. Transferring a depth : miter line
Prefer space between
front and side views
miter line
45o
30. Projection of an object having
curved surface and plane
In the case of intersection, an edge exists and becomes a line
in a multiview drawing
Curved surface can either tangent or intersect with an
adjacent plane or curve surface.
In the case of tangential, there is no edge and line in a multiview
drawing
I
I
T
T
T
I
34. 3D representation
of an object
Suggestion for practicing 1
Given
Choose lines
(or areas)
Multiview
drawingRepresent
each features
by a line
2Choose
features
1
12 Match
each lines
(or areas)
to features
Identify line
(or plane) types,
i.e. normal,
inclined, and
obliqued.
3
Try to relate the object’s features to the lines in a multiview
drawing, i.e. interpret the meaning of lines.
35. Suggestion for practicing 2
Modify the object’s features of a given object, then observe
what’s changed on a multiview drawing.
Given
3D representation of a simple
object
Modified object
36. Self study : Type of planes
Normal plane
Click on any area
of a given object.
You will get the
type of plane.
Inclined plane
Curve surface
Skip
39. Precedence of line
When lines coincide with
each other, the more
important lines cover up
the other lines.
Order of importance
(highest to lowest)
- visible line
- hidden line
- center line
- construction line.
Line convention
Play
40. What is an appropriate line
type to replace the lines NO.
1-4?
1
2
3
V H C
Skip test Next slideReset all
“V” denotes visible line
“H” denotes hidden line
“C” denotes center line
Class activity : Precedence of lines
1
2 3
4
4
41. Hidden line drawing
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extends
from a visible line.
join
space
join
space
space
space
43. A curve hidden line should start on a center line.
Hidden line drawing
Line convention
44. Center line drawing
In a circular view, short dash of a center line should cross
at the center of the circle or arc.
Center line should always start and end with long dash.
Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space Leave space
Play Play
3~4 mm
3~4 mm
45. Center line drawing
For a small hole, a center line is presented as a thin
continuous line.
Leave a gap when centerline forms a continuation with a
visible or a hidden line.
Play
Leave space Leave space Leave space
Line convention
46. Class activity : Hidden line drawing
correct wrong
correct wrong
Skip test Next slideReset all
