Classification and variation
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This document provides a classification of the main kingdoms of living things: microorganisms, plant, and animal kingdoms. Microorganisms are divided into four groups - fungi, monera, protoctista, and viruses. The plant kingdom is divided into five groups - algae, liverworts and mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. The animal kingdom is divided into two main groups - invertebrates and vertebrates. Examples are given for major subgroups under each kingdom.
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Diversityinlivingorganisms 130829215931-phpapp02
The document provides information on the classification of living organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It then describes some of the main groups within the plant and animal kingdoms. The plant kingdom is divided into cryptogams and phanerogams. The animal kingdom includes porifera, coelenterata, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata, and vertebrata. Examples are given for important groups like fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, and the five classes of vertebrates.
{Microbiology }Morphology of bacteria
This document discusses the morphology and structure of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria as unicellular microorganisms that can perform all life functions. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), vibrios (comma-shaped), spirilla (helical), and spirochetes (spiral). They can also arrange in groups like diplococci (pairs), streptococci (chains), or staphylococci (grape-like clusters). Bacteria range in size from 1um to 8um and possess cell structures like flagella, cell walls, and DNA/RNA. They multiply through binary fission and can survive in many environments.
introduction to microbiology.pptx
This document provides an introduction to microbiology, including definitions, branches, and a brief history. It discusses the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Key points include:
- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria and viruses. Its branches include bacteriology, virology, and parasitology.
- Important figures who contributed to microbiology include Van Leeuwenhoek, Jenner, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and Ehrlich through discoveries like vaccines, germ theory, and staining techniques.
- Microorganisms are classified based on features like cell structure, morphology, staining, and whether they are prokaryotic or e
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Structure of atom plus one focus area notes
The document discusses the structure of the atom, including:
1) Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom based on alpha particle scattering experiments. This established the atom's small, dense nucleus at the center with electrons in orbits around it.
2) Planck's quantum theory and the photoelectric effect, which demonstrated light behaving as discrete packets of energy called quanta and supported the nuclear model.
3) Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom incorporating Planck's quanta and explaining atomic spectra through electron transitions between discrete energy levels.
4) Later developments including de Broglie's matter waves, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger's wave mechanical model describing electrons as
VITAMINS
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential in small amounts for good health. They are classified as either fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (vitamins B and C). The document defines several vitamins, including vitamin A which supports vision and is found in carrots and sweet potatoes, the B complex vitamins which are important for metabolism and nervous system function, vitamin C which prevents scurvy and is abundant in citrus fruits, vitamin D which regulates calcium and is produced from sun exposure, and vitamin E which supports reproduction.
CHEMICALS IN MEDICINES
This document discusses different types of chemicals used in medicine. It describes analgesics which relieve pain without causing unconsciousness, antipyretics which reduce fever, antiseptics which destroy disease-causing microorganisms, tranquilizers which treat anxiety and fear, antacids which neutralize stomach acidity, and antibiotics which destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms and treat infections. These chemicals are classified and defined according to their uses in treating, curing, preventing, or diagnosing diseases or promoting well-being.
PROTEINS
Proteins are complex organic substances that are the basic building blocks of cytoplasm and found in all living organisms. They are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. There are two main types of proteins: fibrous and globular. Fibrous proteins form fibers and are insoluble in water, serving as structural material. Globular proteins fold into compact shapes, are soluble in water, and function as enzymes. The structure of proteins can be described as primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, secondary structure is folding patterns formed by hydrogen bonds, and tertiary structure is the complete three-dimensional shape of the protein molecule. Proteins perform important functions like energy storage, biological catalysis, blood
Minerals
Minerals provide material for growth and development of bones, teeth, and body cells. They maintain acid balance, regulate heart beat and reaction time, activate digestion, and strengthen muscles. The major minerals discussed are iron, iodine, magnesium, and calcium. Iron carries oxygen through hemoglobin and its sources include meat and eggs. Iodine regulates temperature and supports mental development, sourcing from seafood and iodized salt. Magnesium aids bone and tooth formation and muscle maintenance, sourcing from almonds and cabbage. Calcium builds bones and teeth and regulates several body systems, sourcing from dairy, fish, and oranges.
Solid state and types of solids
This document discusses the classification and properties of solid materials. It describes crystalline solids as having a highly ordered microscopic structure forming a crystal lattice, while amorphous solids lack a definite pattern. Crystalline solids form through close packing of particles to reach maximum density. Close packing can be square or hexagonal, with hexagonal having a coordination number of 6. Interstitial voids are the empty spaces left in close packed structures. Solids also exhibit magnetic properties and are classified as diamagnetic if weakly repelled by magnetic fields or paramagnetic if weakly attracted with unpaired electrons.
Pollution; the threatening realiy
This document discusses the various types of pollution that threaten the environment, including air, water, soil, noise, radioactive, thermal, visual, light, and personal pollution. Air pollution occurs when harmful gases and particulates are introduced into the atmosphere. Water pollution is when pollutants contaminate water bodies. Soil pollution makes the natural soil toxic through chemicals. Noise pollution propagates sound that harms humans and animals. Radioactive pollution contaminates surfaces with unintended radioactive substances. Thermal pollution degrades water quality by changing its temperature. Visual and light pollution impair views and the night environment. Personal pollution pollutes people's bodies and lifestyles through harmful actions like smoking.
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Educational psychology is an applied branch of psychology that deals with applying psychological principles and techniques in education. It aims to understand learners, cater to individual differences, understand developmental characteristics and learning processes, determine effective teaching methods, understand children's problems, and analyze group dynamics and social behavior in the classroom to help teachers maintain discipline, provide guidance, assist with curriculum development, and prepare timetables and instructional materials.
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The Minister of Human Resource Development presented an action plan to Parliament in March 2005 that comprehensively addressed the inclusion of children and youth with disabilities in various sectors of education. The plan aimed to ensure no child is denied admission to mainstream education, that every child has access to preschool and K-12 schooling regardless of disability status, and that teacher training programs facilitate inclusive education practices. It also sought to provide hostel facilities, home learning options, distance education, and job training for people with disabilities.
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Classification and variation
- 1. CLASSIFICATION AND VARIATION A presentation by SARANYA H C Based on ICSE(VIII grade) biology textbook
- 2. The need to classify organisms help us in understanding them easily. The study of a few individuals from each distinct group helps us to understand all the characters of a particular group.
- 3. THE MAIN GROUP OF LIVING THINGS MICROORGANISMS PLANT KINGDOM ANIMAL KINGDOM
- 4. FUNGI KINGDOM MONERA KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA KINGDOM VIRUSES MICROORGANISMS; Divided into four groups
- 5. Fungal spores are microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced, serving a similar purpose to that of seeds in the plant world. Hyphae are the thread-like filaments that helps to absorb nutrients from food sources. Eg: mushroom, yeast
- 6. MONERA KINGDOM One cell body without a nucleus Eg: bacteria Blue green algae
- 7. PROTOCTISTA KINGDOM One cell body with a nucleus Eg: amoeba, ciliates
- 9. ALGAE LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES FERNS CONIFERS FLOWERING PLANTS PLANT KINGDOM; Divided into five groups
- 10. ALGAE Do not have roots, stem or leaves Eg: green slimes, Sea weeds
- 11. LIVERWORTS & MOSSES Do not have true roots, have spores Eg: sphagnum moss, Common umbrella liverwort
- 12. FERNS Roots, stems fronds and spores Eg: fiddle head ferns
- 13. CONIFERS Roots, woody stem, cones, seeds Eg: fir, pine
- 14. FLOWERING PLANTS Roots, stem or leaves, flowers, seeds Some are woody others are non woody Eg:Daisy, mango, oak etc
- 15. VERTIBRATES INVERTIBRATES THE ANIMAL KINGDOM; Divided into TWO groups
- 16. INVERTIBRATES JELLYFISH FLAT WORMS ANNELID WORMS NEMATODE WORMS ANTHROPODES MOLLUSCS ECHINODERMS
- 17. VERTIBRATES FISH AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS
- 18. INVERTIBRATES
- 19. JELLYFISH Soft body, tentacles at one end round the mouth Eg: box jelly fish, sea anemone, coral
- 20. FLAT WORMS Very thin, flat body Eg: flukes, Tape worms
- 21. ANNELID WORMS Cylindrical body divided into rings Eg: earth worm, leech, rag worm, fan worm
- 22. NEMATODE WORMS Small cylindrical body not divided into rings Eg: hook worm, pin worm
- 24. MOLLUSCS Soft body with shell(which might be inside the body) Eg: snails, slugs, octopus, mussels, squid, scallops, limpets
- 25. ECHINODERMS Spiny skin, arms or globe shaped Eg: brittle star, sea cucumber, sea lily
- 26. VERTIBRATES
- 28. AMPHIBIANS Smooth or warty skin, tadpole stage Eg: frogs, toads, salamanders
- 29. REPTILES Skin covered in dry scales Eg: snakes, turtles, lizards
- 31. MAMMALS Fur, give milk to young Eg: mouse, lion