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Animal biodiversity
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- 3. Biodiversity ATHS Science forGrade 8 Sir Rowel P. David
- 7. The Kingdoms ofLife Biologists have organized living things into large groups called Kingdoms. Biologists group organisms into six Kingdoms based on RNA and DNA sequencing and similarities: Cell Type Organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Cell Walls Body Type Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular. Nutrition Organisms are either autotrophs or heterotrophs.
- 8. The 6 Kingdomsof Life
- 9. The 3 Domainsof Life The domain thought to be the oldest is Bacteria, which is composed of the organisms in the Kingdom Eubacteria. Archaea is the second prokaryotic domain and is also composed of single kingdom Archaebacteria. The third domain, Eukarya, contains all four of the eukaryotic kingdoms: Animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi), Plantae (plants), and Protista (protists).
- 10. Each animal phylumhas a unique body plan. Vertebrates have an internal segmented backbone. Invertebrates do not have a backbone. Invertebrates encompass most animal groups.
- 11. Differences inbody plans result from differences in the expression of Hox genes. – Hox genes tell embryonic cells which body part to become. – Mutations in Hox genes led to the vast diversity of animal species. head tail head tail fruit fly genes human HOX-B genes
- 12. Animals are groupedusing a variety of criteria. Three criteria are used to categorize animals. body plan symmetry – tissue layers – developmental patterns gastrovascular cavity mouth mesoglea oral arms tentacles blood vessels brain hearts muscle segment nerve cord mouth digestive track
- 13. There aretwo types of body plan symmetry. – bilateral symmetry: body divides equally along one plane Animals with bilateral symmetry can be divided equally along only one plane, which splits an animal into mirror-image sides.
- 14. – radial symmetry:body arranged in circle around a central axis • There are two types of body plan symmetry. – bilateral symmetry: body divides equally along one plane Animals with radial symmetry have body parts arranged in a circle around a central axis.
- 15. The currentorganization of the animal kingdom shows some unexpected relationships. • Technological advancements help to clarify evolutionary relationships.
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- 17. Kingdom Animalia Animalsare complex multicellular heterotrophs. Their cells are mostly diploid, lack a cell wall, and are organized as tissues. Animals are able to move rapidly in complex ways. Movement enables animals to avoid predators and to look for food and mates.
- 18. Kingdom Animalia Mostanimals reproduce sexually. Almost all animals (99%) are invertebrates; they lack a backbone. Of more than 1 million living species, only about 42,500 have a backbone; they are referred to as vertebrates. The animal kingdom includes about 35 phyla, most of which live in the sea.
- 19. Kingdom Animalia Characteristics Heterotrophs Eukaryotic Multicellular No cell wall, no chloroplasts Motile Sense Organs
- 20. 9 phyla wewill mention Porifera—sponges Cnidaria—jellyfish, sea anemones, coral Platyhelminthes—flatworms Nematoda—roundworms Annelida—earthworms Mollusca—shelled animals Arthropoda—insects, spiders Echinodermata—spiny-skinned Chordata—vertebrates (and others)
- 21. A comparison ofstructure and genetics reveals the evolutionary history of animals. Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major radiations on the animal phylogenetic tree. Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Nematoda Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata RADIAL NO TISSUES PROTOSTOMES DUETEROSTOMES jellyfish,coral, anemones sponges flatworms Segmented worms clams,snails, octopuses roundworms crustaceans, insects,spiders seastars, seaurchins lancelets, vertebrates
- 22. Phylum Porifera (sponges) Asymmetrical Pores—filter feeders Not motile (sessile) Provide habitat for other animals Eaten by starfish and some fish Most primitive animal
- 23. Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, seaanemones, coral) Digestive cavity called a coelenteron Radial symmetry Predators-feed on crustaceans Corals provide important habitat for fish Coral used for decoration and threatened by pollution All have stinging cells
- 24. Phylum Platyhelminthes (planarians, tapeworms,flukes) Bilateral symmetry Cephalization- head and brain Acoelomate- no body cavity Incomplete digestive system (one opening) Some are parasites in digestive tract In early 1900’s models ate them to be thin—YUK!
- 25. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Alsocalled nematodes Complete digestive system- separate mouth and anus (2 openings) Pseudocoelomate Decomposers, predators (bacteria, inverts) Eaten by insects, mice Beneficial to garden by eating insects
- 26. Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) i.e. earthworms, leeches True coelom Sensitive to vibrations on ground- rain Prey for robins, shrews, jays, snakes Leeches have cornified knobs to break skin, anticoagulant and anesthetic
- 27. Phylum Mollusca (shelled…sometimes) i.e.snails, slugs, clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, octopus and squid Variety in form Giant squid = sea serpent Introduction of garden snails
- 28. Phylum Arthropoda (jointed leggedanimals) i.e. insects, spiders and scorpions, shellfish (crustaceans), centipedes (1 pr legs per segment), millipedes (2 pr) Exoskeleton Metamorphosis Pheromones Molting
- 29. Phylum Echinodermata (spiny-skinned) i.e.sea stars = starfish, sea urchins Water vascular system Tube feet Important predators
- 30. Phylum Chordata (includes thevertebrates) i.e. fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Notochord, nerve cord, gill slits, tail
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- 32. Kingdom Animalia Animalsare complex multicellular heterotrophs. Their cells are mostly diploid, lack a cell wall, and are organized as tissues. Animals are able to move rapidly in complex ways. Movement enables animals to avoid predators and to look for food and mates.
- 33. Kingdom Animalia Mostanimals reproduce sexually. Almost all animals (99%) are invertebrates; they lack a backbone. Of more than 1 million living species, only about 42,500 have a backbone; they are referred to as vertebrates. The animal kingdom includes about 35 phyla, most of which live in the sea.
- 34. Kinds of Animals Sponges Theonly animals that do not have tissues, but they do have specialized cells. Cnidarians Mostly marine animals; they include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.
- 35. Kinds of Animals Flatworms Have flat, ribbon-like bodies. Some are parasitic and live inside the bodies of animals. Others are free-living and may live in soil or water.
- 36. Kinds of Animals Roundworms Nematodesare small worms that have long, very slender bodies. Some are free-living in soil or water, while others are parasites of animals and plants.
- 37. Kinds of Animals SegmentedWorms Annelids live in both water and soil and include the familiar earthworm. Bristled marine worms are segmented worms, as are leeches, which can be blood-sucking parasites.
- 38. Kinds of Animals Mollusks Havea saclike cavity called a coelom that encloses internal organs. Are very diverse aquatic and terrestrial animals. They include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids. Most have a hard external skeleton (a shell).
- 39. Kinds of Animals Arthropods Themost diverse of all animals. They have an external skeleton, jointed appendages with antennae and jaws.
- 40. Kinds of Animals Echinoderms Includessea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. Many are able to regenerate a lost limb.
- 41. Kinds of Animals InvertebrateChordates Aquatic animals that have much in common with vertebrates, though they do not have a backbone. Some are swimmers that resemble fish, while others live attached to a rock or other object.
- 42. Kinds of Animals Vertebrates Havean internal skeleton made of bone, a vertebral column (backbone) that surrounds and protects the spinal cord, and a head with a brain contained in a body skull. Includes mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
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