1. Basic Concept
2. Nature of SOUND
3. Sources of SOUND
4. Propagation of SOUND
5. Types of SOUND: INFRASONIC, SONIC/AUDIBLE, ULTRASONIC
6. Characteristics of SOUND
7. Speed of SOUND in different medium.
Notes 2: Phase Change
• Phase change is a change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.
• Phase changes are physical changes because it only affects physical appearance, not chemical make-up and its reversible
• Water exists on our planet in three states: Ice, water, and water vapor
• Water is different from other substances because it is less dense as a solid than liquid
• When temperature changes, molecules speed up/slow down resulting in a change in the average kinetic energy of molecules.
• During a phase change, heat energy is either absorbed or released. Heat energy is released as molecules move closer together. Heat energy is absorbed as molecules move farther apart.
• During phase changes, temperature does not change. Molecules move closer together or farther apart, resulting in a change in the potential energy of the molecules.
• Types of phase changes: Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition
• Melting - Phase change from a solid to a liquid
• Freezing- Phase Change from a liquid to a solid
• Vaporization - Phase change from a solid or liquid to gas. It occurs at the boiling point of matter or sublimation process. (Water - 100° C, Table salt - 1413° C, Diamond - 4200° C)
• Evaporation-type of vaporization in which a liquid turns to a gas on the surface of a liquid (occurs at all temperatures).
• Evaporation- a Cooling Process. As water in the perspiration evaporates from your skin it absorbs and carries away heat energy from your body.
• Condensation - Phase change from a gas to a liquid.
• Water vapor in surrounding air loses heat energy when it comes in contact with the cold glass. Water vapor condenses and becomes liquid drops of water.
• Sublimation - Phase change from a solid to a gas.
• Deposition - Phase change from a gas to a solid.
• Boiling Point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas. 212 F or 100 C
• Melting Point - The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point and melting point of a substance are the same temperature.
1. Basic Concept
2. Nature of SOUND
3. Sources of SOUND
4. Propagation of SOUND
5. Types of SOUND: INFRASONIC, SONIC/AUDIBLE, ULTRASONIC
6. Characteristics of SOUND
7. Speed of SOUND in different medium.
Notes 2: Phase Change
• Phase change is a change from one state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another.
• Phase changes are physical changes because it only affects physical appearance, not chemical make-up and its reversible
• Water exists on our planet in three states: Ice, water, and water vapor
• Water is different from other substances because it is less dense as a solid than liquid
• When temperature changes, molecules speed up/slow down resulting in a change in the average kinetic energy of molecules.
• During a phase change, heat energy is either absorbed or released. Heat energy is released as molecules move closer together. Heat energy is absorbed as molecules move farther apart.
• During phase changes, temperature does not change. Molecules move closer together or farther apart, resulting in a change in the potential energy of the molecules.
• Types of phase changes: Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition
• Melting - Phase change from a solid to a liquid
• Freezing- Phase Change from a liquid to a solid
• Vaporization - Phase change from a solid or liquid to gas. It occurs at the boiling point of matter or sublimation process. (Water - 100° C, Table salt - 1413° C, Diamond - 4200° C)
• Evaporation-type of vaporization in which a liquid turns to a gas on the surface of a liquid (occurs at all temperatures).
• Evaporation- a Cooling Process. As water in the perspiration evaporates from your skin it absorbs and carries away heat energy from your body.
• Condensation - Phase change from a gas to a liquid.
• Water vapor in surrounding air loses heat energy when it comes in contact with the cold glass. Water vapor condenses and becomes liquid drops of water.
• Sublimation - Phase change from a solid to a gas.
• Deposition - Phase change from a gas to a solid.
• Boiling Point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas. 212 F or 100 C
• Melting Point - The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point - The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. 32 F or 0 C
• Freezing point and melting point of a substance are the same temperature.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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2. The
particle
theory of
matter
• The particle theory states that matter is made
from particles.
• The particles are s tiny that they cannot be seen
with the naked eye.
• Different substances are made from different
particles and the particles have different sizes.
• The particles are made from atoms and
molecules.
3. The properties of
matter and the particle
theory
There are 3 states of matter and each one has its own special
properties
4. Strong attraction forces
hold the particles together
in a 3 dimensional
structure .
The orderly arrangement
is called lattice.
Particles can move a little
(do not change position),
they vibrate.
Solids
Particles in a solid Properties of solids
Solids have a definite
mass.
They have a definite
volume.
They are hard to
compress.
They do not flow.
5. Forces that hold the
particles together are
weaker than solids.
Particles in a liquid can
change position by
moving around each
other.
Liquids
Particles in a liquid Properties of liquids
Liquids have a definite
mass.
They have a definite
volume.
They are hard to
compress.
They flow.
They take the shape of
the container.
6. Forces that hold the
particles together are very
small.
Particles can move away
from each other and travel
in all directions.
When they hit each other
or the walls of the
container they bounce and
change direction
Gases
Particles in a gas Properties of gases
Gases have indefinite
mass.
They have indefinite
volume.
They are easy to
compress.
They flow and spread.
They take the shape of
the container.
7.
8. When states of matter
change.
This type of change is a physical change and is reversible.
Melting, freezing, evaporating, boiling, condensing and
sublimation are all examples.
9. Melting
(solid changing into
a liquid)
When solid is heated to its melting point it
loses shape and starts to flow.
The heat energy supplied makes the particles
vibrate more strongly so they push each other
away.
This weakens the forces of attraction between
the particles and allows them to move around
each other.
10. Freezing
(Liquid changing into
a solid)
When liquid is cooled to its freezing point the
particles lose energy and can no longer move
around each other.
The particles vibrate in one position in a
lattice.
11. Evaporation
(liquid changing into
a gas)
A liquid can change into gas over a range of
temperatures without boiling.
Some of the liquid at the surface changes into
gas and mixes with the air as it has more
energy than the rest of the particles in the
liquid.
12. Boiling
When the liquid reaches its boiling point
bubbles of gas form in it which rise to the
surface and burst into the air.
If the boiling liquid is heated strongly, its
temperature does not rise, it just boils quickly.
13. Condensing
(gas changes into
liquid)
When a gas is cooled it condenses to form a
liquid.
The particles in the gas lose some of the
energy which allows them to move so quickly
and they slow down so much that they cannot
bounce off each other.They stay close to each
other and form a liquid.
14. Sublimation
(solid changes into
gas or gas into
solid)
Few substances can change from solid to gas
or from gas to solid without forming a liquid.
The forces are quickly lost or formed when the
particles quickly gain or lose energy.
15. Dissolving
(solid dissolves in a
liquid)
When a solid dissolves in a liquid it seems to
disappear into it.
If it is a coloured substance it may colour the
liquid.
It does not disappear, the particles separate
and spread through the liquid.
This is possible because the liquid has gaps
between its particles, so the particles of the
dissolving substances pass into them.
16. Gas pressure
Solids can generate pressure, example: a
brick on your toes.
Liquids and gases can generate pressure too.
Example:The dam
You can see from the diagram that the dam is much thicker at
the bottom than it is at the top.This is because the pressure
of the water is much greater deeper down and the dam needs
to be thick at the bottom so that it is strong enough to
withstand this larger pressure
17. If there is a hole in the container’s
surface then liquid will flow
out, at greater depths.... force &
pressure are greater.... escaping liquid is
greater
18.
19. Atmospheric
pressure
The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that
covers the surface of the earth (1000 km
thick).
It pushes on every cm² of earth’s surface.
The unit of atmospheric pressure is N/cm²
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is called the
standard pressure (1o N/cm²)
This is the pressure at which the boiling point
of any substance is measured
20. Boiling and
low pressure
If a flask containing a liquid is connected to a
vacuum pump and some of the air above the
liquid is sucked out, there is less air inside the
flask to push on the surface of the liquid
(smaller air pressure).
The reduced air pressure allows evaporation
to take place more quickly (less heat needed),
so the boiling point is lowered.
21. Boiling and
high pressure
When a gas gets hot it expands and increases
its pressure on the surfaces around it.
If water is boiled in a pan with a lid, the steam
escaping from the water pushes on the lid and
makes it rise (allowing the gas to escape).