The document discusses the organization of the human body into compartments and tissues. It begins by describing the three major body cavities - the dorsal cavity, the cranial cavity, and the ventral cavity. It then discusses the different tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides information on the structure and functions of cells and their membranes. The key body tissues and organs are organized into functional compartments to carry out essential processes.

1. POWERPOINT®
LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
UNIT 1UNIT 1
PART A
3 Compartmentation:
Cells and Tissues

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Three Major Body Cavities
Figure 3-1
The body is
divided into
various cavities
but not all
compartments
have walls or
are completely
enclosed

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Lumens of Hollow Organs
 Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something
other than the organ’s tissue.
 Heart
 Lungs
 Blood vessels
 Intestines
 Lumen – interior of a hollow organ
 Fluid-filled interior
 Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract

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Functional Compartments
 Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue
 Plasma-fluid of blood
 Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and
tissue cells
 Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells

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Body Fluid Compartments

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Cell Membrane: Overview
Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or
microscopic and serve different functions

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Cell Membrane: Function
 Physical barrier- separates intracellular and
extracellular fluid
 Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and
leaves the cell
 Communication- surface proteins respond and
recognize other molecules which can change cell
activity
 Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by
cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins.
Membrane proteins also form cell junctions
 Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids
and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions assist in controlling transport.

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Cell Membrane: Structure
The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane

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Cell Membrane: Composition
 Lipids
 Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty
acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.
 Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and
reduces it’s freezing point.
 Proteins
 Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel
 Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton
anchors
 Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that
may attract other proteins or enzymes
 Carbohydrates
 Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids
 Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins

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Cell Membrane: Formation
Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid
chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group

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Cell Membrane: Formation
Figure 3-5b

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Cell Membrane: Proteins
The three types of membrane proteins: integral,
peripheral, and lipid-anchored

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Cell Membrane
Concept Map of cell membrane components

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The cell membrane covers cells of
various sizes, shapes, and functions

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Cell Compartments
 Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
 Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the
organelles
 Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble
particles
 Organelles - cell structures with specific function-
“small organs”
 Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell
as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.

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Cell Compartments
A map for the
study of cell
structure

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Organelle “Factory” and summary chart
 See board drawing and table on board
 Review on your own the functions and structures of
the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):
 Inclusions (3-types)
 Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella
 Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)
 Cytoskeleton
 Mitochondria
 Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Cytoplasmic Vesicles
 Nucleus

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Primary Tissue Types
 Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange,
and lining cavities.
 Connective- major functions are: support, storage,
communication, immunity.
 Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat
production, support and protection.
 Nerve- major function is communication and control,
information processing.

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Epithelial Tissue: Structure
 Basal lamina
 Basement membrane

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Epithelial Tissue: Function
 Exchange – quick
movement of molecules
 Transport – move from
one side to another and
process
 Ciliated – move substances
in the extracellular matrix
 Protective – multiple
layers, quickly regenerates
 Secretory – produces
substances secreted into the
extracellular matrix or
outside the body.

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Exchange Epithelia
 Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates,
increase surface area with microvilli.
 Rapid transport -
 Oxygen -
 Carbon dioxide -
 Ions and fluids -
 Capillaries and lung alveoli -

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Transporting Epithelia
 single layer or cuboidal or
columnar cells, take in a molecule
from a lumen and transport it into
the blood stream.
 Exchange of ions and
nutrients -
 Tight junctions -
 Intestine and kidney -

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Ciliated and Protective Epithelia
 apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the
cell, like the ovum or mucus
 Ciliated epithelium -
 Trachea -
 Sweep mucous out -
 Protective epithelium -
 multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high
regenerative ability.
 Skin -
 Prevent exchange -

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Secretory Epithelia
 contain goblet cells and
cells that form the different
endocrine or exocrine
glands in the body
 Exocrine tissues
 Mucous glands
 Goblet cells
 Secreted externally via
ducts
 Endocrine tissues
 Hormones
 Secreted to ECF and blood

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Secretory Epithelia
Development of endocrine and exocrine glands
from epithelium

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Connective Tissues: Structure
 Support and barriers – strong high collagen content
allow to withstand forces
 Ground substance – varies in amount of water and
changes the consistency of the type of connecitve
tissue
 Cells – have a wide variety of functions
 Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance
 Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground
substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the
blood stream.

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Connective Tissues: Structure
 Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the
different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their
unique characteristics.
 Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance
 Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are
12 variations, is most abundant in the body.
 Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues
 Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic
organs.
 Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in
forming blood clots
 Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells
composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and
lymphnodes

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Connective Tissues: Types

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Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue
Figure 3-29 (1 of 2)

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Various Connective Tissue Types
 Strength or flexibility
 Tendons and ligaments
 Collagen dominates
 Adipose connective tissue
 White
 Single droplet
 Brown
 Multiple droplets
 Blood
 Plasma matrix
 Free blood cells
 Cartilage
 Light and flexible
 Trachea and ears
 Bone
 Calcified
 Rigid

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Muscle Tissues
 Contractile
 Force and movement
 Signal conduction
 Types
 Cardiac
 Smooth
 Skeletal

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Nervous Tissues
 Neurons send signals
 Excitable
 Electrical
 Chemical
 Glial cells support

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Cell Death and Replacement
 Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other
external reasons
 Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in
normal body function cells reach a life limit and die
 Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without
disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”
 Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become
any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and
mulitpotent
 Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have
multipotent stem cells that can replace cells
 Research uses and potential – need to find a good
source of stem cells, face many ethical issues

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Organs
 Groups of tissues with related function – each
contains the four types of tissues in various ratios
 Epidermal tissue (skin) -
 Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis,
hypodermis
 Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective,
muscular, nervous
 Multiple functions – protection, metabolism,
temperature regulation, water proofing, blood
storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ

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Integument System Functions
1. Protection
2. Insulation
3. Water proofing
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion
6. Cutaneous Sensory organ
7. Metabolism
8. Blood reservoir