Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Bone tissue also called (osseous tissue) is a type of specialized dense connective tissue.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
detail notes on connective tissue..
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue.
All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers), ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
What is cartilage? Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout your body. Cartilage at the end of your bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joints
General surgery; aneurysm and abdominal aortic aneurysm.
An aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall, usually where it branches. As blood passes through the weakened blood vessel, the blood pressure causes a small area to bulge outwards like a balloon.
What is extracranial/intracranial vascular disease? Extracranial vascular disease refers to carotid or vertebral stenosis outside the skull. Intracranial vascular disease involves the arteries within the skull or at the base of the skull.
Hyperaldosteronism is a disorder in which the adrenal gland releases too much of the hormone aldosterone into the blood. Hyperaldosteronism can be primary or secondary.
Acute coronary syndrome is a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.
One such condition is a heart attack (myocardial infarction) — when cell death results in damaged or destroyed heart tissue. Even when acute coronary syndrome causes no cell death, the reduced blood flow changes how your heart works and is a sign of a high risk of heart attack.
Acute coronary syndrome often causes severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and care. The goals of treatment include improving blood flow, treating complications and preventing future problems.
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is bleeding from the uterus that is longer than usual or that occurs at an irregular time. Bleeding may be heavier or lighter than usual and occur often or randomly. AUB can occur: As spotting or bleeding between your periods.
Cervical cancer is usually a squamous cell carcinoma; less often, it is an adenocarcinoma. The cause of most cervical cancers is human papillomavirus infection. Cervical neoplasia is often asymptomatic; the first symptom of cervical cancer is usually irregular, often postcoital vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is by a cervical Papanicolaou test and biopsy. Staging is clinical, combined with imaging and pathology results when available. Treatment usually involves surgical resection for early-stage disease or radiation therapy plus chemotherapy for locally advanced disease. If the cancer has widely metastasized, chemotherapy is often used alone.
Problem solving is the process of working through the details of a problem, to arrive at a solution that may involve mathematical or systematic operations and can be a measure of an individual's critical thinking skills.
Colorectal cancer is extremely common. Symptoms include blood in the stool and change in bowel habits. Screening using one of several methods is recommended for appropriate populations. Diagnosis is by colonoscopy. Treatment is surgical resection and chemotherapy for nodal involvement.
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then removed in your urine. Advanced chronic kidney disease can cause dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes to build up in your body.
Psycho-neuro-immunology (PNI) is the Inter-relationship of Mental Health and the Immune System.
Psychoneuroimmunology is a new area of research looking into: 1) how mental health (stress, depression, etc.) impacts the immune system, and 2) how changes in the immune system (due to sickness) can impact mental health and lead to depression.
Mental health professions
Mental health providers are professionals who diagnose mental health conditions and provide treatment. Most have at least a master's degree or more-advanced education, training and credentials.
what you can do to prevent Alzheimer’s?
Hello, I am Mohammad Seder from Hebron in Palestine, I’m going to talk about what you can do to prevent Alzheimer’s. This scary disease, despite decades of research, scientists still have no cure of this disease. Firstly, let’s begin by looking at what the scientists currently understand about the neuroscience of Alzheimer's, and we will then talk about how to prevent it.
Here’s a picture of two neurons connecting, the point of connection the space circled in red is called the synapse. The synapses where neurotransmitters are released, this where signals are transmitted or communication happens, this is where we think, feel, see, desire, and remember. But in the synapses where the Alzheimer happen, during the business of communicating information, Neurons released small peptide called amyloid-beta. And most scientists believe that, the disease begins when amyloid-beta begins to accumulate, and when this happens it binds to itself forming sticky aggregates called amyloid-beta plaques.
Scientists think it takes at least 15 to 20 years of amyloid plaque accumulation before it causes the clinical symptoms of Alzheimer.
High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, smoking have all been shown to increase our risk of developing Alzheimer's. In deep sleep, spinal fluid throughout our brains clearing away metabolic waste that accumulated in our synapses while we were awake.
Aerobic exercises has been many studies to decrease amyloid-beta.
But there's one more thing you can do to protect yourself from experiencing the symptoms of Alzheimer's. Remember the experience of having Alzheimer's is due to a result of losing synapses. Let's imagine a simplified example, let's say you only know one thing about a subject, let's say it's about me, you know that, Mohmmad studies at PPU, and that's the only thing you know about me. You have that single neural connection that one synapse. now imagine you have Alzheimer's plaques. you can't remember because you forgotten me forever.
But what if you have learned more about me, let’s say you also know that’ I am study medicine, I live in Hebron, I am study at PPU, and I am a neuroscientist for example. Alzheimer's in three of these synapses are damaged, but you still have a way to bypass the remain information, so you can still remember my name.
So, in short, we can be resistant to the presence of Alzheimer's pathology through the employment of undamaged pathways. You want to pave new neural roads building. So, in my opinion Alzheimer's resistant brain means keeping your brain learning and learning about new experiences , such as learning to speak a new language, meeting new friends, or reading a book or deeply thinking in the Holy Qur'an.
And THANK YOU
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
3. Introduction
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic
connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that
covers and protects the ends of long bones at
the joints, and is a structural component of the rib
cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the
intervertebral discs, and many other body
components.
4. Cartilage is found in many areas of the body
including:
Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles
Ends of the ribs
Between the vertebrae in the spine
Ears and nose
Bronchial tubes or airways
5.
6.
7. Cartilage:
Important for:
Support to softer tissues
Formation and growth of long bones
Consists of:
Extracellular matrix containing mainly,
Collagen and/or elastin fibers
Proteoglycans
Water
8.
9. Cartilage is characterized by:
An (ECM) with high concentrations of GAGs
and proteoglycans, interacting with collagen
and elastic fibers.
Structural features of its matrix make cartilage
ideal for a variety of mechanical and protective
roles within the adult skeleton and elsewhere.
Cartilage is mainly (~80%) water.
Cartilage is made up of specialized cells called
chondrocytes.
12. Unlike connective tissue proper, cartilage contains
only chondrocyte and no other cell types.
These chondrocytes produce large amounts of
extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibres,
proteoglycan, and elastin fibers.
13. The cartilage cells or chondrocytes are contained in
cavities in the matrix, called cartilage lacunae.
14.
15. All types of cartilage lack vascular supplies; and
chondrocytes receive nutrients by diffusion from
capillaries in surrounding connective tissue.
18. The perichondrium is a sheath of dense CT that
surrounds cartilage in most places (except articular
cartilage of joints), forming an interface between the
cartilage and the tissues supported by the cartilage.
Perichondrium contains blood supply, nerves,
lymphatics.
Perichondrium contains collagen fibers, fibroblasts,
chondroblasts.
19.
20.
21.
22. Types of cartilages
Variations in the composition of the matrix
characterize three main types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
27. Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline (Gr. hyalos, glass) cartilage, the most
common of the three types.
Is homogeneous and semitransparent in the fresh
state.
28. In adults hyaline cartilage is located in:
Epiphyseal plate (bone growth plate)
Articulate cartilage (cartilage of the joints)
Costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum)
Respiratory Cartilages (larynx, reinforces air passageways)
Nasal Cartilage (supports external structure of the nose)
29.
30. In the embryo, hyaline cartilage forms the temporary
skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone.
31. Matrix of Hyaline Cartilage
The dry weight of hyaline cartilage is nearly 40%
collagen embedded in a firm, hydrated gel of
proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins.
In routine histology preparations, the
proteoglycans make the matrix generally
basophilic and the thin collagen fibrils are barely
discernible.
Most of the collagen in hyaline cartilage is type II,
although small amounts of minor collagens are
32. Aggrecan is the most abundant proteoglycan of
hyaline cartilage.
Another important component of cartilage matrix is
the structural multiadhesive glycoprotein
chondronectin.
33. Chondrocytes cells in Hyaline cartilage matrix:
Chondrocytes cells occupy relatively little of the hyaline
cartilage mass.
At the periphery of the cartilage, young chondrocytes or
chondroblasts have an elliptic shape, with the long axes
parallel to the surface.
Deeper in the cartilage, they are round and may appear in
groups of up to eight cells that originate from mitotic divisions
of a single chondroblast and are called isogenous
aggregates.
As the chondrocytes become more active in secreting
collagens and other ECM components, the aggregated cells
are pushed apart and occupy separate lacunae.
34. Isogenous Group
Are located in the mature
cartilage zone.
Contains from 4 to 8 mature
chondrocytes.
Result from successive
mitotic division.
Are surrounded by cartilage
matrix.
35. Territorial matrix vs. Interterritorial matrix
The territorial matrix is the tissue surrounding chondrocytes
(cells which produce cartilage) in cartilage.
36.
37. Staining variations within the matrix reflect local
differences in its molecular composition.
Immediately surrounding each chondrocyte, the
ECM is relatively richer in GAGs than collagen,
often causing these areas of territorial matrix to
stain differently from the intervening areas of
interterritorial matrix
38. Except in the articular cartilage of joints, all hyaline
cartilage is covered by a layer of dense connective
tissue, the perichondrium, which is essential for
the growth and maintenance of cartilage. The outer
region of the perichondrium consists largely of
collagen type I fibers and fibroblasts, but an inner
layer adjoining the cartilage matrix also contains
mesenchymal stem cells which provide a source for
new chondroblasts that divide and differentiate into
chondrocytes.
41. Elastic cartilage
Is a type of cartilage that provides
both strength and elasticity to
certain parts of the body, such as
the ears. Within the outer ear, it
provides the skeletal basis of the
pinna, as well as the lateral
region of the external auditory
meatus.
42. Elastic cartilage is essentially similar to hyaline
cartilage except that it contains an abundant
network of elastic fibers in addition to a meshwork
of collagen type II fibrils, which give fresh elastic
cartilage a yellowish color.
With appropriate staining the elastic fibers usually
appear as dark bundles distributed unevenly
through the matrix.
44. Elastic Cartilage is more flexible than hyaline
cartilage, elastic cartilage is found in the auricle of
the ear, the walls of the external auditory canals,
the auditory (Eustachian) tubes, the epiglottis, and
the upper respiratory tract.
45.
46. Elastic cartilage function is two-fold: to change
cartilage shape in response to tension,
compression, and bending before returning to an
at-rest state, and to provide a strong but flexible
structure.
47. Hyaline vs. Elastic Cartilige
Elastic cartilage looks very similar to hyaline
cartilage under a microscope, and special stains
must be used to show the otherwise invisible elastic
fibers that give this particular cartilage type its
name. Like hyaline, elastic cartilage also has single
or multiple chondrocytes housed within spaces
called lacunae. The extracellular matrix of elastic
cartilage contains higher levels of type II collagen.
49. Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage is the tough, very strong tissue
found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and
at the insertions of ligaments and tendons.
Fibrocartilage takes various forms in different
structures but is essentially a mingling of hyaline
cartilage and dense CT.
51. Chondrocytes of fibrocartilage occur singly and often
in aligned isogenous aggregates, producing type II
collagen and other ECM components, although the
matrix around these chondrocytes is typically sparse.
Areas with chondrocytes and hyaline matrix are
separated by other regions with fibroblasts and dense
bundles of type I collagen which confer extra tensile
strength to this tissue.
53. Intervertebral discs of the spinal column are
composed primarily of fibrocartilage and act as
lubricated cushions and shock absorbers preventing
damage to adjacent vertebrae from abrasive forces
or impacts.
59. Cartilage formation, growth,
and prepair
All cartilage forms from embryonic mesenchyme in
the process of chondrogenesis.
The first indication of cell differentiation is the
rounding up of the mesenchymal cells, which retract
their extensions, multiply rapidly, and become more
densely packed together.
62. In general the terms “chondroblasts” and
“chondrocytes” respectively refer to the
cartilage cells during and after the period of rapid
proliferation.
At both stages the cells have basophilic
cytoplasm rich in RER for collagen synthesis.
Chondrocytes in growing cartilage
63. Cartilaginous structures grow by mitosis of existing
chondroblasts in lacunae (interstitial growth) or
formation of new chondroblasts peripherally from
progenitor cells in the perichondrium (appositional
growth).
Repair or replacement of injured cartilage is very
slow and ineffective, due in part to the tissue’s
avascularity and low metabolic rate.
The perichondrium harbors the blood supply serving the cartilage and a small neural component.
Articular cartilage, which covers the ends of bones in movable joints lacks perichondrium and is sustained by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the synovial fluid.