The postwar years from 1919 to 1939 saw a surge of nationalism and independence movements around the world. In the Middle East, European powers divided up the former Ottoman lands into mandates over Arab opposition, fueling Arab nationalism. The British mandate of Palestine in particular caused tensions as Jews immigrated seeking a homeland, while Arabs already lived there. Conflict grew between Arab and Jewish nationalists over control of the land.

2. Effects of World War I

3. Chapter 14: Revolution and Nationalism
Chapter Objective
Analyze the evolution of conflict between revolutionaries
and nationalists before, during, and after World War I.
• SECTION 3 Imperial China Collapses
Summarize the collapse of Imperial China and the
struggle between the Nationalists and Communists for
control over China.
• SECTION 4 Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia
Trace the nationalist movement in India that resulted
in limited self-rule and describe the independence
movements in Southwest Asia.

4. Chapter 15: Years of Crisis
Chapter Objective
Analyze the economic, political, social, and scientific changes
that brought the world to the brink of a second world war.
• SECTION 1 Postwar Uncertainty
Identify the scientific, artistic, social, and technological changes
that took place during the 1920s and the impact they had on
the world.
• SECTION 2 A Worldwide Depression
Describe postwar Europe, the Weimar Republic, and the causes
and effects of the Great Depression.
• SECTION 3 Fascism Rises in Europe
Trace the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany and describe its
impact.
• SECTION 4 Aggressors Invade Nations
Compare the attempts by fascist nations to gain power with the
efforts of democratic nations to preserve peace.

7. 4
What were the key challenges to the Chinese republic?
What leaders emerged in the “new” China?
How did invasion by Japan affect China?
Chinese currency
showing Jiang Jieshi,
the next leader of
Sun Yixian’s A family of refugees
Guomindang party. flee a conflict
between warlords
in 1926.

14. Challenges to the Chinese Republic
• When Yuan Shikai tried to make himself emperor, the
military objected, and opposition divided the nation.
• In the provinces, warlords seized power.
• During the upheaval, foreign powers were able to increase
their influence over Chinese affairs.
• Student protests set off a cultural and intellectual ferment
known as the May Fourth Movement.
• Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx
and Lenin.

15. One Strong Leader Jiang Jieshi, Leader of the Guomindang,
The most important point of fascism is absolute the Nationalist Party
trust in a sagely able leader. Aside from complete
trust in one person, there is no other leader or
ism. Therefore, with the organization, although
there are cadre, council members, and executives,
there is no conflict among them, there is only the
trust in the one leader. The leader has final
decision in all matters.
—Jiang Jieshi, 1933
Mao Zedong, Leader of the Communists
Peasant Masses
The broad peasant masses have risen to fulfill their historic
mission . . . the democratic forces in the rural areas have risen to
overthrow the rural feudal power. . . . To overthrow this feudal
power is the real objective of the national revolution. What Dr.
Sun Yat-sen [Yixian] wanted to do . . . but failed to accomplish, the
peasants have accomplished in a few months.
—Mao Zedong, 1927

16. 4
Jiang Jieshi Mao Zedong
Revolutionary of peasant
Took over the Guomindang, or origins.
Nationalist party, after Sun’s
death. Believed the Communists
Led the Guomindang in a series of should seek support among
“extermination campaigns” the large peasant masses.
against the Communists.
Leaders for a New China

17. 4
Civil War in
China, 1925
– 1935

18. 4
Japanese Invasion
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, adding it to the growing
Japanese empire.
In the face of Japanese aggression, Jiang was forced to form a
united front with the Communists against Japan.
In 1937, Japanese troops attacked again, overrunning eastern
China, including Beijing and Guangzhou.
Jiang retreated to the interior and set up his capital at Chongqing.
Japanese troops marched into Nanjing.
After the city’s surrender, the Japanese killed hundreds of
thousands of soldiers and civilians in what came to be known as
the “rape of Nanjing.”

19. 4
Section 4 Assessment
Who led a series of extermination marches against the Communists?
a) Mao Zedong
b) Jiang Jieshi
c) Sun Yixian
d) the Japanese
During the 1930s, Japan invaded and overran all of the following except
a) Beijing.
b) Nanjing.
c) Chongqing.
d) Manchuria.

20. 4
Section 4 Assessment
Who led a series of extermination marches against the Communists?
a) Mao Zedong
b) Jiang Jieshi
c) Sun Yixian
d) the Japanese
During the 1930s, Japan invaded and overran all of the following
except
a) Beijing.
b) Nanjing.
c) Chongqing.
d) Manchuria.

22. Nationalism and Revolution Around the World (1910–1939)
India Seeks Self-Rule
Mohandas Gandhi and the Congress
party led the drive for independence
in India.
Summary
The postwar years from 1919 to 1939 saw a surge of
hope around the world. They also brought great
turmoil as a desire for democracy and self-
determination sparked explosive struggles in many
regions. In Africa, Latin America, and Asia, new
leaders forged liberation movements that would
change the face of the world.

24. What Sparked the Indian Independence
Movement After World War I?
• The Amritsar massacre was a turning point for many Indians. It
convinced them of the evils of British rule. In 1919, in Amritsar,
India's holy city of the Sikh religion, British and Gurkha troops
massacre at least 379 unarmed demonstrators meeting at the
Jallianwala Bagh, a city park. Most of those killed were Indian
nationalists meeting to protest the British government's forced
conscription of Indian soldiers and the heavy war tax imposed
against the Indian people.
• The British had promised India greater self-rule in exchange for
sending more than a million troops to fight in World War I.
• However, after the war, Britain proposed only a few minor
changes.
• In the 1920s, a new leader, Mohandas Gandhi, emerged and
united all Indians.

25. 3
Mohandas
Gandhi
Gandhi adopted the weapon of nonviolent
(passive) resistance and embraced Hindu traditions.
During the 1920s and 1930s, Gandhi launched a series of
nonviolent actions against British rule.
• He called for boycotts of British goods, especially textiles.
• He urged Indians to wear only cotton grown and woven in India.
• He worked to restore pride in India’s traditional industries.
• He inspired Indians to “get rid of helplessness.”
•Satyagraha = Truth Force
•He earned the title of Mahatma = Great Soul

26. Gandhi’s ideas inspired Indians of all religious and ethnic backgrounds. His
nonviolent protests caught the attention of the British government and the
world.
Gandhi’s theories embraced Hindu traditions. He preached the ancient
doctrine of ahimsa, or nonviolence and reverence for all life. By using the
power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer
to the right course of action. To fight against injustice, he advocated the use
of nonviolent resistance.
Gandhi’s philosophy reflected Western as well as Indian influences. He
admired Christian teachings about love. He believed in the American
philosopher Henry David Thoreau’s ideas about civil disobedience, the refusal
to obey unjust laws. Gandhi was also influenced by Western ideas of
democracy and nationalism. He urged equal rights for all Indians, women as
well as men. He fought hard to end the harsh treatment of untouchables,
who were members of the lowest caste, or class.
Gandhi Sets an Example
During the 1920s and 1930s, Gandhi launched a series of nonviolent actions
against British rule. He called for Indians to boycott, or refuse to buy, British
goods, especially cotton textiles. He worked to restore pride in India’s
traditional industries, making the spinning wheel a symbol of the nationalist
movement. Gandhi’s campaigns of civil disobedience attracted wide support.

27. 3
The Salt March
While natural salt was available in the
sea, Indians were forced by the British
to buy salt sold by the British
government.
To Gandhi, the British salt monopoly
was a symbol of British oppression. To
mobilize mass support, Gandhi set out
to end the British salt monopoly.
During the Salt March, Gandhi picked
up a lump of the forbidden salt and
declared, “With this, I am shaking the
foundations of the British empire.”

28. The Salt March Gandhi’s march to the sea to collect forbidden
salt started out with Gandhi and 78 followers, but gathered
strength as it progressed. As he picked up the first lump of salt,
he declared, “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the
British empire.”
How do you think people in other countries would have reacted
to British authorities using violence against this group?
Gandhi picking up salt at the coastal village of Dandi in India, April 6, 1930

29. Since 1885, the Indian National Breaking the Law
Congress party, called the Congress On March 12, 1930, Gandhi
party, had pressed for self-rule within set out with 78 followers on a
the British empire. After Amritsar, it 240-mile march to the sea. As
began to call for full independence. the tiny band passed through
But party members were mostly villages, crowds responded to Gandhi’s
middle-class, Western-educated elite message. By the time they reached the sea, the
who had little in common with the marchers numbered in the thousands. On April
masses of Indian peasants. In the 6, Gandhi waded into the surf and picked up a
1920s, a new leader named Mohandas lump of sea salt. He was soon arrested and
Gandhi emerged and united Indians jailed. Still, Indians followed his lead. Coastal
across class lines. villages started collecting salt. Indians sold salt
Gandhi came from a middle-class on city streets. As Gandhi’s campaign gained
Hindu family. At age 19, he went to force, tens of thousands of Indians were
England to study law. Then, like many imprisoned.
Indians, Gandhi went to South Africa. Steps Toward Freedom
For 20 years, Gandhi fought laws All around the world, newspapers criticized
that discriminated against Indians in Britain’s harsh reaction to the protests. Stories
South Africa. In 1914, Gandhi returned revealed how police brutally clubbed peaceful
to India. Soon, he became the leader marchers who tried to occupy a government
of the Congress party. saltworks. Slowly, Gandhi’s campaign forced
Britain to hand over some power to Indians.
Britain also agreed to meet other demands of
Satyagraha the Congress party.

31. “The odd thing about assassins,
Dr. King, is that they think they’ve
killed you”

32. 3
Section 3 Assessment
Why was the Amritsar massacre a turning point?
a) It gave the British more power in India.
b) It convinced many Indians of the evil of British rule.
c) It resulted in the expulsion of the British from India.
d) It cemented good relations between Britain and India.
What did the British salt monopoly symbolize to Gandhi?
a) poor health
b) British oppression
c) big business
d) Indian weakness

33. 3
Section 3 Assessment
Why was the Amritsar massacre a turning point?
a) It gave the British more power in India.
b) It convinced many Indians of the evil of British rule.
c) It resulted in the expulsion of the British from India.
d) It cemented good relations between Britain and India.
What did the British salt monopoly symbolize to Gandhi?
a) poor health
b) British oppression
c) big business
d) Indian weakness

34. 2

37. Modernization in Turkey and Iran
TURKEY IRAN/PERSIA
(Mustafa Kemal) Atatürk forced through
an ambitious program of radical reforms. Shah Reza Khan rushed to modernize
His goals were to modernize Turkey along Iran and make it fully independent. He:
western lines and separate religion from built factories, roads, and railroads and
government. strengthened the army
He: adopted the western alphabet
replaced Islamic law with a forced Iranians to wear western clothing
European-style law code
set up modern, secular schools.
replaced the Muslim calendar with the
western calendar replaced Islamic law with secular law
forced people to wear western dress—no encouraged women to
more fez take part in public life
opened state schools
encouraged industrial
expansion
outlawed polygamy and gave rights to
women

38. Atatürk (1881–1938)
“Atatürk” is the name that Mustafa Kemal gave himself when he ordered all
Turkish people to take on surnames, or last names. It means “Father of the Turks.”
In 1920, he led Turkish nationalists in the fight against Greek forces trying to
enforce the Treaty of Sèvres, establishing the borders of the modern Republic of
Turkey. Once in power, he passed many reforms to modernize, Westernize, and
secularize Turkey. Atatürk is still honored throughout Turkey today—his portrait
appears on postage and all currency.
Why is Atatürk considered the “Father of the Turks”?
Atatürk’s Reforms in Turkey
Replaced Islamic law with European model
Replaced Muslim calendar with Western (Christian)
calendar
Moved day of rest from Friday to Sunday
Closed religious schools and opened state schools
Forced people to wear Western-style clothes
Replaced Arabic alphabet with Latin alphabet
Gave women the right to vote and to work outside
the home.

41. 2
European Mandates and Arab Nationalism
During World War I, Arabs had been promised independence in
exchange for helping the Allies against the Central Powers.
Instead, the Paris Peace Conference had set up mandates —
territories administered by European nations, which outraged the
Arabs.
In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration, which
supported the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Palestine was already the home to many Arab communities. This
set the stage for conflict between Arab and Jewish nationalists.
Arabs felt betrayed by the West — a feeling that has endured to
this day. During the 1920s and 1930s, their anger erupted in
frequent protests and revolts against western imperialism.

42. 

43. After 1900, the efforts of the Zionist movement, under
pressure from the effects of anti-Semitism in Europe,
increased Jewish emigration to Palestine. Despite great
hardships, Jewish settlers set up factories, built new
towns, and established farming communities. The Jewish
population, which was less than 60,000 in 1919, grew to
about 400,000 in 1936. Meanwhile, the Muslim
population had almost doubled, from about 568,000 in
1919 to about 1 million in 1940.
At first, some Arabs welcomed the money and modern
technical skills that the newcomers brought with them.
But as more Jews moved to Palestine, tensions between
the two groups developed. Jewish organizations tried to
purchase as much land as they could, while Arabs sought
to slow down or stop Jewish immigration. Religious
differences between Jews and Arabs heightened
tensions. Arabs attacked Jewish settlements, hoping to
discourage settlers. The Jewish settlers established their
own military defense force. For the rest of the century,
Arab and Jews fought over the land that Arabs called
Palestine and Jews called Israel.

44. Betrayal at the Peace Conference
Arabs were outraged by the European-controlled mandates set up at
the Paris Peace Conference. During World War I, Arabs had helped the
Allies against the Central Powers, especially the Ottoman empire. In
return for their help, the Allies led the Arabs to believe that they
would gain independence after the war. Instead, the Allies carved up
the Ottoman lands, giving France mandates in Syria and Lebanon and
Britain mandates in Palestine and Iraq. Later, Trans-Jordan was added
to the British mandate.
Arabs felt betrayed by the West—a feeling that has endured to this
day. During the 1920s and 1930s, their anger erupted in frequent
protests and revolts against Western imperialism. A major center of
turmoil was the British mandate of Palestine. There, Arab nationalists
faced European Zionists, or Jewish nationalists, with dreams of a
homeland of their own.
During World War I, the Allies made two conflicting sets of promises. First, they promised
Arabs their own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine. Then, in 1917, the
British attempted to win the support of European Jews by issuing the Balfour Declaration.
In it, the British advocated the idea of setting up “a national home for the Jewish people” in
Palestine. The declaration noted, however, that “nothing shall be done which may
prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.”
Those communities were Arab. The stage was thus set for conflict between Arab and Jewish
nationalists.

45. Japanese soldiers
occupying a Chinese
city in 1938

47. Empire of the Rising Sun
5
The Nationalist Reaction
In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking
Japan with devastating force.
• Economic disaster fed the discontent of the leading military
officials and ultranationalists, or extreme nationalists. They
condemned politicians for agreeing to western demands to stop
overseas expansion.
• Japanese nationalists were further outraged by racial policies in
the United States, Canada, and Australia that shut out Japanese
immigrants.
• As the economic crisis worsened, nationalists demanded
renewed expansion in search of raw resources.
• In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident
that would provide an excuse to seize Manchuria from China.

48. 5
Liberal Changes of the 1920s
During the 1920s, Japan moved toward greater
democracy:
• Political parties grew stronger.
• Elected members of the Diet — the Japanese
parliament — exerted their power.
• All adult men won the right to vote.
• Western ideas about women’s rights had brought few
changes.
• Japan signed agreement with western powers to limit
the size of its navy.
• The government reduced military spending.

49. 5
Serious Problems
Behind the seeming well-being, Japan faced
some grave problems.
• The economy grew more slowly in the 1920s than at any time
since Japan modernized.
• Rural peasants enjoyed none of the prosperity of city dwellers.
• Factory workers earning low wages were attracted to the socialist
ideas of Marx and Lenin.
• Members of the younger generation were in revolt against
tradition.
• Tension between the government and the military simmered
below the surface.

50. A Combination of the Old and the New
Japan on the Rise in the 1920s
Hirohito reigned from 1926 to 1989—an
astonishing 63 years. During those
decades, Japan experienced remarkable
successes and appalling tragedies. In
this section, we will focus on the 1920s
and 1930s, when the pressures of
extreme nationalism and economic
upheaval set Japan on a militaristic and
expansionist path that would engulf all
of Asia.
Although the economy grew throughout the 1920s, it experienced many highs and
lows. One low point occurred when a devastating earthquake, one of the most
destructive quakes in history, struck the Tokyo area in 1923. The earthquake and the
widespread fires it caused resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 people and
damaged more than 650,000 buildings. As many as 45 percent of surviving workers
lost their jobs because so many businesses were destroyed. With help from the
government, the Tokyo area gradually recovered—just as Japan faced a worldwide
economic crisis.

51. 5
Japan’s
Expanding
Empire to
1934

53. Biography: Hirohito
Traditional Values Revived
Civilian government survived, but the unrest forced the
government to accept military domination in 1937. To please
the ultranationalists, the government cracked down on
socialists and suppressed most democratic freedoms.
It revived ancient warrior values and built a cult around
Emperor Hirohito, whom many believed was descended from
the sun goddess. To spread its nationalist message, the
government used schools to teach students absolute
obedience to the emperor and service to the state.
Hirohito (1901–1989) became emperor of Japan in 1926. As
emperor, according to Japanese tradition, he was the nation’s
supreme authority and a living god—no one could look at his
face or even mention his name. In practice, however, he merely
approved the policies that his ministers formulated.
Hirohito was a private man who preferred marine biology to
power politics. As a result, his role in Japan’s move toward
aggression is unclear. Some historians believe that Hirohito did
not encourage Japanese military leaders. Others assert that he
was actively involved in expansionist policies.
Why was Hirohito given great respect?

54. 5
How Did Militarists Use Their Power?
By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular
support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against
western powers.
Civilian government survived, but by 1937 it had been
forced to accept military domination. To please the
ultranationalists, it:
• cracked down on socialists
• ended most democratic freedoms
• revived ancient warrior values
• built a cult around the emperor
• focused on spreading the nationalist message in schools
• renewed efforts at expansion

55. 5
Assessment
Which of the following did Japanese nationalists demand?
a) increased rights for workers
b) renewed expansion
c) the return of Manchuria to China
d) increased power for the zaibatsu
By 1934, Japan had added all of the following territory to its
empire except a) Taiwan.
b) Korea.
c) Manchuria.
d) Mongolia.

56. 5
Assessment
Which of the following did Japanese nationalists demand?
a) increased rights for workers
b) renewed expansion
c) the return of Manchuria to China
d) increased power for the zaibatsu
By 1934, Japan had added all of the following territory to its
empire except
a) Taiwan.
b) Korea.
c) Manchuria.
d) Mongolia.

61. 1
Postwar Issues in Europe
Postwar Europe faced grave problems:
• Returning veterans needed jobs.
• War-ravaged lands needed to be rebuilt.
• Many nations owed huge debts because they
had borrowed heavily to pay for the war.
• Economic problems fed social unrest and made
radical ideas more popular.
• The peace settlements dissatisfied many
Europeans, especially in Germany and Eastern
Europe.
• Europe lacked strong leaders just when they
were most needed.

62. The Great Depression
1
Long-Term Causes Immediate Causes
Worldwide interrelationship of governments New York stock market crash
and economies Farmers unable to repay loans
Huge war debts Banks demand repayment of loans
American loans to Europe American loans to other countries dry up
Widespread use of credit Without capital, businesses and factories fail
Overproduction of goods
Industrial wages rise as farm earnings fall
Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects
Vast unemployment and misery Rise of fascism and Nazism
Protective tariffs imposed Governments experiment with social
Loss of faith in capitalism and democracy programs
Authoritarian leaders emerge People blame scapegoats
World War II begins

64. 1

65. 1
Britain and France in the Postwar Era
BRITAIN FRANCE
The Great Depression intensified The French economy recovered
existing economic problems. fairly quickly.
Britain set up a coalition Many political parties competed
for power and France was ruled by
government made up of leaders
a series of coalition governments.
from all three major parties.
France created the Maginot Line
The government provided some to secure its borders against
unemployment benefits. Germany.
British leaders wanted to relax the The government strengthened the
Versailles treaty’s harsh treatment military and sought alliances with
of Germany. other countries, including the
Soviet Union.

68. 1
The United States in the Postwar Era
The country emerged from World War I in excellent shape.
The United States stayed out of the League of Nations.
However, the nation took a leading role in international
diplomacy during the 1920s.
During a “Red Scare” in 1919 and 1920, police rounded up
suspected foreign-born radicals and expelled a number of
them from the United States.
Congress passed laws limiting immigration from Europe.
The 1929 stock market crash shattered American prosperity.
President Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal, a
massive package of economic and social programs, to help
combat the Great Depression.

69. 2
A Culture in
Conflict
• How did new views revolutionize modern science and
thought?
• What artistic and literary trends emerged in the 1920s?
• How did western society change after World War I?

70. New Views of the Universe
2
New ideas and scientific discoveries challenged long-held ideas about the nature
of the world.
RADIOACTIVITY RELATIVITY PSYCHOLOGY
Enrico Fermi was an Italian Sigmund Freud
Nobel Prize winning Albert Einstein advanced suggested that the
physicist who is known as his theories of relativity: subconscious mind
the Father of Nuclear Measurements of space drives much human
Energy. He immigrated and time are not behavior.
to the US and was absolute. Freud pioneered
the first to produce
psychoanalysis, a
A nuclear reactor,
method of studying how
produced the first
the mind works and
controlled nuclear chain
treating mental
reaction, which is fission.
disorders.
Without him, the atomic
bomb would not have been
made in US.

71. 2
Artistic and Literary Trends
ART ARCHITECTURE LITERATURE
In the early 1900s, many Architects rejected Writers exposed the grim horrors
classical traditions and of modern warfare.
western artists rejected
To many postwar writers, the war
traditional styles. developed new styles to
symbolized the breakdown of
match an industrial, western civilization.
Instead of trying to
urbanized world. Some writers experimented with
reproduce the real world,
The Bauhaus school stream of consciousness,
they explored other which reveals the
blended science and
dimensions of color, line, character’s
technology with design. innermost thought processes
and shape.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s work
Cubism, abstract art, and
reflected the belief that
surrealism were some of
the function of a building
the styles that developed.
should determine its
form.

72. Surrealism

73. 2
A Changing Society
After World War I, many people yearned to return to life as it had been before
1914. But rapid social changes would make it hard to turn back the clock.
New technologies helped
create a mass culture shared by
millions in the world’s
developed countries.
Affordable cars gave middle- The war changed social values and
class people greater mobility. the class system itself.
Rebellious young people rejected
the moral values of the Victorian
age and chased excitement.
Labor-saving devices freed women from Radios brought news, music, and sports
many time-consuming household chores. into homes throughout the western
Women pursued careers in many arenas. world.

74. Salvador Dali

76. 2
Section 2 Assessment
What scientist experimented with radioactivity?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Salvador Dali
d) Enrico Fermi
To many postwar writers, the war symbolized
a) the inner strength of mankind.
b) the breakdown of civilization.
c) the power and strength of nations and individuals.
d) hard work and dedication.

77. 2
Section 2 Assessment
What scientist experimented with radioactivity?
a) Albert Einstein
b) Sigmund Freud
c) Salvador Dali
d) Enrico Fermi
To many postwar writers, the war symbolized
a) the inner strength of mankind.
b) the breakdown of civilization.
c) the power and strength of nations and individuals.
d) hard work and dedication.

95. 4
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
• What problems did the Weimar
Republic face?
• How did Hitler come to power?
• What political, social, economic, and
cultural policies did Hitler pursue?
• How did Hitler take action against
German Jews?

96. 4
Hitler fought in the German army in World War I.
In 1919, he joined a small group of right-wing
extremists.
Adolf
Within a year, he was the leader of the National
Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party.
Hitler’s Rise
In 1923, he made a failed attempt to seize power in to Power
Munich. He was imprisoned for treason.
In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”). It
would later become the basic book of Nazi goals and
ideology.
Nazi membership grew to almost a million.
In 1933, Hitler was made chancellor of Germany.
Within a year, Hitler was master of Germany. He made
Germany a one-party state and purged his own party.

97. 4
The Third Reich
POLITICAL POLICIES ECONOMIC POLICIES
Hitler repudiated, or rejected, the Hitler launched a large public works
hated Treaty of Versailles. program.
Hitler organized a system of terror,
repression, and totalitarian rule. Hitler began to rearm Germany, in
violation of the Versailles treaty.
SOCIAL POLICIES CULTURAL POLICIES
The Nazis indoctrinated young School courses and textbooks were
people with their ideology. written to reflect Nazi racial views.
The Nazis sought to purge, or purify,
Hitler spread his message of racism. German culture.
The Nazis sought to limit women’s
Hitler sought to replace religion with
roles.
his racial creed.

98. 4
Hitler’s Campaign Against the Jews
Hitler set out to drive Jews from Germany.
In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws placed severe restrictions on Jews.
Many German Jews fled Germany and sought refuge in other
countries.
The Secret police or Gestapo ferreted out “enemies of the State”.
In 1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over
Germany in what came to be called Kristallnacht, or the “Night of
Broken Glass.”
Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to concentration camps,
detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state.
Hitler planned the “final solution”—the extermination of all Jews.

99. 4
Section 4 Assessment
What was Hitler’s policy on religion?
a) He tolerated all religions except Judaism.
b) He sought to replace it with his racial creed.
c) He believed religious piety strengthened the German nation.
d) He banned all religions except Judaism.
The Nuremberg laws
a) called for Hitler to assume absolute power in Germany.
b) authorized Hitler to rearm Germany.
c) forced Germany to pay war reparations.
d) placed severe restrictions on Jews.

100. 4
Section 4 Assessment
What was Hitler’s policy on religion?
a) He tolerated all religions except Judaism.
b) He sought to replace it with his racial creed.
c) He believed religious piety strengthened the German nation.
d) He banned all religions except Judaism.
The Nuremberg laws
a) called for Hitler to assume absolute power in Germany.
b) authorized Hitler to rearm Germany.
c) forced Germany to pay war reparations.
d) placed severe restrictions on Jews.

101. Hitler/Soviet Pact

102. Revolution in Russia
(1917–1939)

103. 1
Two Revolutions in Russia
• Why did revolution occur in Russia in March 1917?
• Why did Lenin and the Bolsheviks launch the November
revolution?
• How did the Communists defeat their opponents in
Russia’s civil war?

105. 2
The Communist State
Under Lenin
The Communists produced a new constitution that:
• set up an elected legislature, later called the Supreme Soviet
• gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote
• placed all political power, resources, and means of production in the
hands of the workers and peasants
The new government united much of the old Russian
empire in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),
or Soviet Union.
Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy, or NEP.
• It allowed some capitalist ventures.
• The state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries.
Small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit.

106. 2
From Lenin to Stalin
• How did the Communist state develop under Lenin?
• What were the effects of Stalin’s five-year plans?
• How did Soviet foreign policy affect relations with
the western powers?

107. 2

109. In this propaganda image, children surround a On the occasion of Stalin’s
gentle Stalin. sixtieth birthday, the
Communist party newspaper,
Pravda, or “Truth,” printed
this praise of Stalin:
“There is no similar name on
the planet like the name of
Stalin. It shines like a bright
torch of freedom, it flies like
a battle standard for millions
of laborers around the world.
. . . Stalin is today’s Lenin!
Stalin is the brain and heart
of the party! Stalin is the
banner of millions of people
in their fight for a better life.”
Far from helping people fight for a better life, Stalin’s ruthless policies brought
suffering and death to millions of Soviets.

110. Food as a Weapon
In 1932, when peasants failed to meet
unrealistic crop quotas, Stalin retaliated by
seizing all of their grain to sell on the market,
leaving millions to starve. Below, a woman and
her son search for food during the famine.
Describe the effects of Stalin’s ruthless policies on the production of oats, wheat, &
potatoes.

111. 2
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
Once in power, Stalin set out to make the Soviet Union a modern industrial power.
He put into place several “five-year plans” aimed at building heavy industry,
improving transportation, and increasing farm output.
• Stalin brought all economic activity under
government control. The Soviet Union developed
a command economy, in which government
officials made all basic economic decisions.
• Stalin also brought agriculture under government
control. He forced peasants to give up their land
and live on either state-owned farms or
collectives, large farms owned and operated by
peasants as a group.
• Overall, standards of living remained poor. Wages
were low, and consumer goods were scarce.

112. 2
The Great Purge
Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party leaders were
plotting against him. In 1934, he launched the Great Purge.
• At least four million people were purged during the Stalin years.
• The purges increased Stalin’s power.
• The victims of the purges included most of the nation’s military
leadership. This loss of military leadership would weigh heavily
on Stalin in 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

113. Leon Trotsky was a close friend of Lenin and shared idealistic ideas
about the Communist state. He can be seen with Lenin in both photos.
But Trotsky was deported in1929 and declared “an enemy of the State”, as a threat to Stalin’s
power, so Stalin had Trotsky airbrushed out of the pix.
Many
others
will be
“erased”.
Some
for real!

114. The Case of the
Vanishing
Commissar
Stalin’s enemies just seem to
disappear!
Nikolai Yezhov, chief of the
Soviet secret police knew
where too many bodies were
buried, so he is made to
vanish.

115. 2
Soviet Foreign Policy
Between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued two very different
goals in foreign policy.
As Communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to bring about the
worldwide revolution that Marx had predicted.
• Lenin formed the Communist International, or Comintern, which aided
revolutionary groups around the world.
As Russians, they wanted to guarantee their nation’s security by
winning the support of other countries.
•The Soviet Union sought to join the League of Nations.
The Comintern’s propaganda against capitalism made western
powers highly suspicious of the Soviet Union.

116. 3
A Totalitarian State
Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. In
this form of government, a one-party dictatorship
attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its
citizens.
• To ensure obedience, Stalin used secret police (the
KGB), censorship, violent purges, and terror.
• The party bombarded the public with relentless
propaganda.
• The Communists replaced religion with their own
ideology.

117. 3
Changes in Soviet Society, Comrade!
The Communists transformed Russian life.
• They created a society where a few elite groups
emerged as a new ruling class.
• The state provided free education, free medical
care, day care for children, inexpensive housing, and
public recreation. But quality of everything was
poor and the average person had no choices.
• Women were granted equality under the law.
• There was no place for the Church
in the regime.

118. The Party Versus the Church
To weaken the power of the Russian
Orthodox Church, the party seized
church property and converted churches
into offices and museums. Here, Red
Army soldiers carry off religious relics
from a Russian church.
How might the policy of destroying
churches in such a public way have
backfired on the party?
Atheism—the belief that there is no God
became an official State policy.

119. 3
State Control and the Arts
Stalin forced artists and writers to conform to a style called socialist
realism. Its goal was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a
positive light. Lots of statues of himself were evident.
Government controlled what books were published, what music was
heard, and which works of art were displayed. Censorship and
propaganda were rampant and the State controlled all news,
information, and media.
Writers, artists, and composers faced government persecution. They
were killed or sent to Siberia, or imprisoned in a gulag.
Few people were allowed to emigrate and fewer people were
allowed in.

120. 3
Section 3 Assessment
Stalin used all of the following to create a totalitarian state
except a) secret police.
b) propaganda.
c) religion.
d) censorship.
In Soviet society, women were
a) considered second-class citizens.
b) stripped of all past freedoms.
c) granted equality under the law.
d) only allowed to hold certain jobs.

121. 3
Section 3 Assessment
Stalin used all of the following to create a totalitarian state
except a) secret police.
b) propaganda.
c) religion.
d) censorship.
In Soviet society, women were
a) considered second-class citizens.
b) stripped of all past freedoms.
c) granted equality under the law.
d) only allowed to hold certain jobs.

127. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War/Second Italo-Ethiopian
War was a brief colonial war that started in October 1935 and ended in May
1936. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy
(Regno d'Italia) and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as
Abyssinia). The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its
annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa (AOI). However,
Ethiopia never capitulated or surrendered.
Politically, the war is best remembered for exposing the inherent weakness of the
League of Nations. The Abyssinia Crisis in 1934 is often seen as a clear example
of the ineffectiveness of the League. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member
nations and yet the League was unable to control Italy or to protect Ethiopia
when Italy clearly violated the League's own Article X. The war is also
remembered for the illegal use of mustard gas and phosgene by the Italian armed
forces.
The positive outcome of the war for the Italians coincided with the zenith of the
international popularity of dictator Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, in a phase
called "the age of consensus" during which foreign leaders, including Winston
Churchill, praised him for his achievements, it must not be ignored that during
the fascist period slavery was abolished in Ethiopia.

128. On 3 October 1935, Italian soldiers commanded by General
Emilio De Bono invaded Ethiopia from Eritrea and started the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The war lasted seven months
before Haile Selassie I went into exile and the Italians declared
victory. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations,
Italy was named as the aggressor, and some sanctions were
imposed. However, not much was ever done to end hostilities. In
May 1936, Ethiopia became part of Italian East Africa and
remained as part of the colony until World War II.
In 1941, the Ethiopian Empire was liberated by a combination of
Ethiopian partisans and British and Commonwealth forces. The
major offensives launched against the Italian colonial forces
came from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and from British East
Africa. Haile Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa five years to the
day from when he was forced into exile.
After World War II, Eritrea was incorporated into the Ethiopian
Empire. Eritrea remained a part of Ethiopia even after the
dissolution of the monarchy. In 1993, Eritrea won its
independence from Ethiopia.
International Fascism:
The Italian Empire in 1939.

129. Haile Selassie, Ras Tafari
• In 1936, with the Italian conquest of Ethiopia,
Mussolini proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III to be
the Emperor of Ethiopia - a title considered
illegitimate by parts of the international
community, and lasted only five years.
• Haile Selassie returned to power with the British
conquest of the Italian East Africa during WWII.
• In January 1942 he was officially reinstated to
power in Ethiopia by the British government.

130. 1
The Spanish Civil War
Although the Spanish Civil War was a local
struggle, it drew other European powers
into the fighting.
• Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and
forces to help Franco. Dress rehearsal!
• Volunteers from Germany, Italy, the
Soviet Union, and the western
democracies joined the International
Brigade and fought alongside the
Loyalists against fascism.
By 1939, Franco had triumphed.
Once in power, he created a fascist
dictatorship like those of Hitler and
Mussolini, but remained “neutral” during
WWII.

131. The Abraham Lincoln Brigade
The Abraham Lincoln "No man ever entered
Brigade were a group of the earth more
volunteers who went to honorably than those
Spain to fight in the who died in Spain."
Spanish Civil War. It Ernest Hemingway
was not their war, but it
was their fight—to save
the world from fascism
and communism.

133. The Spanish Civil War 1936-37
• In 1931 the Spanish king, King Alfonso XII, was forced to stand
down and retreat into exile, and a republic was established.
The next five years saw the balance of power swing between
the conservative reactionaries of the Spanish establishment
and the progressive working class movement.
• The rulers of Spain could see their power (and property)
slipping away and on the 17th July 1936, a group of extreme
right-wing Nationalist generals made their move, starting with
a military rising in Morocco, led by Franco, a fascist, which
spread immediately to the mainland. Working class militants
armed themselves and the military coup was smashed in
Barcelona and Madrid, although the generals' troops did seize
large areas.
• General Francisco Franco called upon Hitler and Mussolini to
help him gain military supremacy in Spain. This included the
infamous destruction of Guernica in April '37 by German
planes.
• The Spanish Republican army unconditionally surrendered to
Franco's fascist forces on 1st April 1939.
• Everyone seemed happy that the communists had not won,
Picasso, Guernica and so Franco remained in power until his death in 1975.
8th - 23rd November 1936 Prince Juan Carlos became king upon Franco’s death.

134. Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco (1892-1975), was dictator of Spain from 1939 until
his death in 1975. He came to power at the end of the Spanish Civil
War. In that war, he led the rebel Nationalist Army to victory over
the Republican forces. After the war ended in 1939, Franco held
complete control of Spain. His regime was similar to a Fascist
dictatorship. He carried out the functions of chief of state, prime
minister, commander in chief, and leader of the Falange Espanola,
the only political party permitted. He adopted the title of El Caudillo
(The Leader). In the early years of his regime, Franco tried to
eliminate all opposition. He later eased restrictions.
http://youtu.be/3m-7J3dtEBw

135. Francisco Franco
• As dictator, Franco kept Spain officially neutral during World War II. But he sent
"volunteers" to help Germany fight the Soviet Union. After the war, the victorious
Allies would have little to do with Spain because of Franco's pro-Fascist policies.
• The Western powers became more friendly toward Franco during the Cold War
with the Soviet Union, because he was against Communism. In 1953, Franco
signed an agreement with the United States. He permitted the United States to
build air and naval bases in Spain in exchange for economic and military aid. This
aid helped bring about industrial expansion. Spain's living standard rose
dramatically during the 1960's. By the mid-1970's, Spain had become a relatively
modern, industrialized country.
• In the early 1960's, opposition to Franco became more outspoken. Miners and
other workers went on strike, though strikes were illegal. Opposition groups
organized in secret. Franco relaxed police controls and economic restriction
somewhat. In 1966, strict press censorship was relaxed.
• Franco declared, in 1947, that Spain would be ruled by a king after he left office.
In 1969, Franco named Prince Juan Carlos to be king and head of state after
Franco's death or retirement. Juan Carlos is the grandson of King Alfonso XIII,
who left Spain in 1931. Franco died on Nov. 20,1975, and Juan Carlos became
king.

136. Update—Kim Jong Un,
youngest son and successor
to deceased North Korean
leader Kim Jong Il,
has taken over since 12/11,
and we
don’t know if
he’s a good ‘un
or a bad ‘un!