10th std Social Science - History Ch. 2. Nationalism in IndiaNavya Rai
10th std Social Science - History Ch. 2. Nationalism in India
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a Nation.
Modern nationalism was associated with the formation of nation-states.
In India like many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti- colonial movement.
Grade 10 Social Science - Political Science- ch- 1 -Power SharingNavya Rai
Grade 10 Social Science - Political Science- ch- 1 -Power Sharing
Power sharing is technique to share the power at different levels. It is an idea inculcated in democracy so that the power is not concentrated at one hand only and that different forms can keep a check on each other. India is an example of 'holding together' federations, where the power is shared between central government and different constituent states.
fedralism of civics chapter 2 class 10 cbse sonia gupta
it is the ppt about fedralism in india and others
please see this and if you think it gives you knowledge then like it
thankyou friend hfor seeing it dont forget to like it
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
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Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
10th std Social Science - History Ch. 2. Nationalism in IndiaNavya Rai
10th std Social Science - History Ch. 2. Nationalism in India
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a Nation.
Modern nationalism was associated with the formation of nation-states.
In India like many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is connected to the anti- colonial movement.
Grade 10 Social Science - Political Science- ch- 1 -Power SharingNavya Rai
Grade 10 Social Science - Political Science- ch- 1 -Power Sharing
Power sharing is technique to share the power at different levels. It is an idea inculcated in democracy so that the power is not concentrated at one hand only and that different forms can keep a check on each other. India is an example of 'holding together' federations, where the power is shared between central government and different constituent states.
fedralism of civics chapter 2 class 10 cbse sonia gupta
it is the ppt about fedralism in india and others
please see this and if you think it gives you knowledge then like it
thankyou friend hfor seeing it dont forget to like it
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 2, Nationalism in India, History, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT, AND NON COOPERATION
EVENTS LEADING: TOWARDS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Nationalism In India Class 10 (History chapter 2)VJLEARNING
This document explains the chapter 2 of history class-10 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
This document will also help teachers in teaching their students, especially in their online classes.
Hope you like it
A PPT presentation on Indian National Movement, keeping in view the syllabus given for Class X, NCERT. In this PPT we have talked about how Gandhi turned the Movement into Mass Movement, and what were the different expectations of people from different part of society form Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. Finally how the culture played an important role in developing Nationalism in India.
Indian nationalism refers to the many underlying forces that defined the principles of the Indian independence movement, and strongly continue to influence the politics of India, as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society. Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broader Indian subcontinent and influenced a part of Asia, known as Greater India.
Grade 10th Social Science Civics - Chapter . 2. FederalismNavya Rai
Grade 10th Social Science Civics - Chapter . 2. Federalism
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
A federation has two levels of government. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.
One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
Governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.
Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Sci...Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
GENDER AND POLITICS
RELIGION, COMMUNALISM, AND POLITICS
CASTE AND POLITICS
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY OF INDIA
CASTE INEQUALITY TODAY
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
OPPOSITION OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Grade 10 Social Science Economics Ch. 1 Development
The process in which someone or something grows, progress or changes and becomes more advance is called development.
A project on Nationalism In India made by me for my school project. The project has been made by collecting contents from different sources. But I forgot to mention the sources, I'm sorry about that.
Nationalism In India Class 10 (History chapter 2)VJLEARNING
This document explains the chapter 2 of history class-10 NATIONALISM IN INDIA
This document will also help teachers in teaching their students, especially in their online classes.
Hope you like it
A PPT presentation on Indian National Movement, keeping in view the syllabus given for Class X, NCERT. In this PPT we have talked about how Gandhi turned the Movement into Mass Movement, and what were the different expectations of people from different part of society form Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. Finally how the culture played an important role in developing Nationalism in India.
Indian nationalism refers to the many underlying forces that defined the principles of the Indian independence movement, and strongly continue to influence the politics of India, as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society. Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broader Indian subcontinent and influenced a part of Asia, known as Greater India.
Grade 10th Social Science Civics - Chapter . 2. FederalismNavya Rai
Grade 10th Social Science Civics - Chapter . 2. Federalism
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.
A federation has two levels of government. Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independent of the other.
One is the government for the entire country that is usually responsible for a few subjects of common national interest.
Governments at the level of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state.
Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Sci...Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 4, Gender Religion and Cast, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
GENDER AND POLITICS
RELIGION, COMMUNALISM, AND POLITICS
CASTE AND POLITICS
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY OF INDIA
CASTE INEQUALITY TODAY
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
OPPOSITION OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Grade 10 Social Science Economics Ch. 1 Development
The process in which someone or something grows, progress or changes and becomes more advance is called development.
A project on Nationalism In India made by me for my school project. The project has been made by collecting contents from different sources. But I forgot to mention the sources, I'm sorry about that.
Class 10, Social Science (History), Nationalism in India PPT/Slide Rajibkonwar
This PPT/Slide will help the students greatly to understand the chapter very easily. All important points are included here so that the students can easily answer the questions generally asked in Examination.
Indian Freedom Struggle.
nationalism, Mass Mobilisation, Awakening, Gandhi Ji's Leadership, Martardoms, Mass movements, Divide and Rule, Hindu Muslim Clash, Division of India, India Pakistan, India as an independent nation, Chains of slavey broke, leadership in our own hands.
The First World War played an important role in shaping India’s freedom struggle and developing new modes of struggle in the following ways :o Increase in Defense expenditure due to the war led to the increase in taxes, custom duties, prices and the introduction of war loans.o During the war, prices increased dramatically (almost doubled) which led to extreme hardships,o Poverty and forced recruitments in the army made people hostile to the British rule.o During 1918–19 and 1920–21, food shortages due to the failure of crops and famines and epidemics, that took a heavy toll of life, created resentment among the people of India against the foreign rule.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Subtopics
• First World War, khilafat and Non-Cooperation
• The Idea of Satyagraha
• The Rawlatt act
• Different Standards within the Movement
• Towards Civil Disobedience
• How Participants saw the Movement
• The Sense of Collective Belonging
3. Introduction
• In India, the concept of Nationalism was connected to the anti-colonial movement.
• The Struggle for colonialism united people of India.
• The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to unite local people within one movement.
• This Chapter deals with the movement of Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement
and how these movements unite the local people for nation.
4. • National Movement was spreading in new areas in
1919 and incorporating new social groups and
developing new modes of struggle.
• Mahatma Gandhi came to India and The Idea of
Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the
need to search for truth.
• He advocated that physical force was not necessary
to fight the oppressor.
• In 1916, He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire
the peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
5. The Idea of Satyagraha
• Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January, 1915. His
heroic fight for the Indians in South Africa was well-known. His
novel method of mass agitation known as Satyagraha had yielded
good results.
• The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth
and the need to search for truth.
• In 1916, Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire
the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• In 1917, crops field in Kheda district of Gujrat, but the
government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full
collection.
• In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute between
workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad. He advised to workers to
go on strike and to demand a 35% increase in wages.
• Satyagraha brought Gandhiji into close touch with the
workers in the urban areas.
Champaran Satyagraha movement
6. The Rawlatt act
• When the Rawlatt act 1919, was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative
Council inspire of unanimous opposition of the Indian members, Gandhiji’s patience comes to an
end.
• Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would
start with a hartal on 6th April.
• 6th April 1919 was observed as Satyagraha Day when people all over the country
observed fast and hartal.
• In 1919, the country witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India.
• Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from
entering Delhi.
• On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking
widespread attacks on banks.
7. Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre
• A large crowd gathered in the enclosed
ground of Jalliawalla Bagh.
• People came to protest against government’s
repressive measure while some came to
attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
• General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the
exit points and opened fire on the crowd,
killing hundreds.
• The government responded with brutal
repression seeking to humiliate and terrorise
people.
• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on
the ground, crawl on the streets and do
Salaam (salute) to all Sahibs. Pictorial View of Jallianwalla Baagh Massacre
8. Khilafat movement
• • Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and
towns.
• • Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad based movement in India.
• • But he was certain that no such movement could be organized without bringing the Hindus
and Muslims closer together.
• • The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a
harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman Emperor, who was the spiritual head
(Khalifa) of the Islamic world.
• • The Muslims of India decided to force Britain to change her Turkish policy.
• • A Khalifa Committee was formed under the leadership of Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and
Hasrat Mohani.
• • A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began
discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue
9. Why Non-Cooperation?
• Gandhiji realised that British Raj was established due to cooperation of Indians, if Indian people
did not cooperate with them they total administrative system would collapse and Swaraj would
come.
• For this movement the boycott of civil service, army, police, courts and legislative councils,
schools and use of foreign goods was began first and then a full civil disobedience campaign
would be launched.
• In 1920, congress also supported this movement.
10. Different Standards within the
Movement: The Movement in the Towns
It started with middle class participation in cities.
• Students, teachers, lawyers gave up studies, jobs, legal practices and joined movements.
• Council elections were boycotted.
• Foreign goods were boycotted.
• Liquor shops were picketed.
11. Different Standards within the
Movement: Movement in the
Countryside
• Peasants and tribals took over the struggle which turned violent gradually. Peasant Movement in
Awadh
• • The peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against landlords and talukdars.
• • In 1920, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few
others. Movement of Tribals in Andhra Pradesh
• • Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
• • The rebels attacked police stations.
• • Raju was captured and executed in 1924. Swaraj in the Plantations
• • For the plantation workers, Swaraj means moving freely.
• • They protested against the Inland Emigration Act (1859) which prevented them from leaving the
plantation without permission.
• • Each group interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways.
12. Towards Civil Disobedience
• In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Many leaders such as C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress
to argue for a return to council politics.
• Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed for more radical mass
agitation and for full independence.
13. The Worldwide Economic Depression
• Agricultural prices collapsed after 1930 as the demand for agricultural goods fell and
exports declined.
• Simon Commission It was constituted by the Tory government of Britain to look into the
demands of the nationalists and suggest changes in the constitutional structure of India. The
Commission arrived in India in 1928. The Congress protested against this commission.
• In December, 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore session of
Congress formalized the demand of “Purna Swaraj”.
14. The Salt March and the Civil
Disobedience Movement
• Gandhiji chose salt as the medium that could unite the nation as it is consumed
by all the sections of the society.
• Salt or Dandi March began on March 12, 1930. On 6th April 1930, Gandhiji
reached Dandi, a village in Gujarat and broke the Salt Law by boiling water and
manufacturing salt. Thus, it began the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• It was different from Non-Cooperation Movement as people were now asked
not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws. Boycott of foreign goods,
non-payment of taxes, breaking forest laws were its main features.
• The British Government followed a policy of brutal repression.
• British government arrested all the leaders including Gandhiji and Nehru.
• Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.
• On 5 March, 1931, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, signed a pact with Gandhi. In
December, 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference but
returned disappointed.
• Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement but by 1934 it lost its
momentum.
During Salt March
15. How Participants saw the Movement
• Rich peasant communities expected the revenue tax to be reduced, when the British refused
to do so, they did join the movement
• The poor peasants wanted rents of lands to be remitted. The Congress was unwilling to
support the “no rent” campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants and landlords.
• After the war, their huge profits were reduced, wanted protection against import of foreign
goods. The spread of militant activities, worries of prolonged business disruptions, growing influences
of socialism amongst the young Congress forced them not to join the movement.
• Women also participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth
and liquor shops. Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the
organization.
The Dalits or the Untouchables did not actively participate in the movement, they demanded
reservation of seats, separate electorates.
16. The Sense of Collective Belonging
• It came partly through the experience of united struggles.
• History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the
making of nationalism.
• By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white)
and had a spinning wheel in the centre.