30.3 imperial china collapses
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After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, nationalist and communist movements struggled for power in China. The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) overthrew the Qing and established a new republic led by Sun Yixian, but the government was unstable. In the 1920s, the Communist Party of China was formed under Mao Zedong and began gaining support from peasants dissatisfied with the nationalist government's corruption. A civil war then broke out between the nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi and the communists led by Mao, which was still raging in the late 1930s when Japan invaded China and suspended the civil war as the two Chinese factions allied against the common enemy.
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30 1 revolutions in-russia
The Russian Revolution was sparked by over a century of oppressive rule under the czars. Reforms under Alexander II were rolled back after his assassination in 1881. Nicholas II continued autocratic ways as industrialization increased unrest. World War I losses and food shortages led to the March Revolution of 1917, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. Bolsheviks under Lenin seized power that November, establishing the Soviet Union and signing a separate peace with Germany. A civil war ensued as the Bolsheviks fought opposition groups, establishing communist rule by 1921.
32 4 the allied victory
The Allies turned the tide of war in 1942-1943 on two fronts. In North Africa, the British defeated Rommel's forces at El Alamein and took control of North Africa. Meanwhile, the Soviets stopped the German advance and won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In 1943, the Allies invaded Italy and took Sicily, but fighting in Italy continued. The Allies also began preparing for D-Day in 1944, when they launched an invasion of German-occupied France and eventually liberated Paris. Germany surrendered unconditionally in 1945 after the Soviets captured Berlin. The war in the Pacific ended after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender in September
Chapters 30 & 31
After Lenin's death, Stalin seized power in the Soviet Union and transformed it into a totalitarian state. He established an all-powerful police state, conducted the Great Purge which killed millions, and imposed rigid control over every aspect of society from education to culture. Meanwhile, fascism rose in Europe as totalitarian dictators Mussolini and Hitler took control of Italy and Germany. They aggressively expanded their territories while Britain and France pursued a policy of appeasement, and the world moved closer to global war.
31 4 aggressors-invade_nations
1) In the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and Japan aggressively expanded their territories through military force as the major democracies pursued appeasement policies hoping to maintain peace.
2) Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and all of China by 1937, committing atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre. Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and annexed Austria in 1938.
3) At the 1938 Munich Conference, Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in hopes of appeasing Hitler, but this emboldened further German expansion including seizing all of Czechoslovakia in early 1939.
29 2 europe plunges-into_war
The document summarizes the start of World War 1 in Europe, beginning with Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and setting off a chain reaction of countries honoring their alliance treaties. By mid-August 1914, the two sides were the Allied powers of Britain, France and Russia against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The war quickly resulted in trench warfare along the Western Front in northern France, with new weapons like tanks, planes and chemical weapons leading to massive casualties but little movement in the battle lines.
32.3 the holocaust new slides
The document provides information about the Holocaust and the Nazi persecution of Jews. It describes how the Nazis viewed Jews and other groups as inferior races. It outlines the increasing restrictions and violence against Jews in the 1930s, culminating in Kristallnacht. The systematic mass murder in death camps began in 1941 with the "Final Solution" to eliminate Jews from Europe. Over six million European Jews were killed by 1945 through ghettos, mass shootings, starvation, and gas chambers. Some Jews resisted or were helped by non-Jews, but the vast majority of Jewish population in Nazi controlled areas were murdered in the Holocaust.
30.4 nationalism in india and southwest asia
Indian nationalism grew in the early 20th century led by the Indian National Congress and Muslim League. The Amritsar Massacre in 1919, where British troops fired on unarmed Indian protesters without warning killing hundreds, radicalized many Indians and turned them towards nationalism. Mohandas Gandhi emerged as a leader advocating nonviolence and civil disobedience. His tactics including boycotts and marches put economic pressure on Britain and increased calls for independence, though Britain only granted limited self-rule in 1935. Nationalism also grew in Southwest Asia after World War 1 as the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Western nations tried to dominate the oil-rich region, leading to the formation of the modern republics of Turkey, Iran, and the
32.2 japan’s pacific campaign new
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30 1 revolutions in-russia
The Russian Revolution was sparked by over a century of oppressive rule under the czars. Reforms under Alexander II were rolled back after his assassination in 1881. Nicholas II continued autocratic ways as industrialization increased unrest. World War I losses and food shortages led to the March Revolution of 1917, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. Bolsheviks under Lenin seized power that November, establishing the Soviet Union and signing a separate peace with Germany. A civil war ensued as the Bolsheviks fought opposition groups, establishing communist rule by 1921.
32 4 the allied victory
The Allies turned the tide of war in 1942-1943 on two fronts. In North Africa, the British defeated Rommel's forces at El Alamein and took control of North Africa. Meanwhile, the Soviets stopped the German advance and won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In 1943, the Allies invaded Italy and took Sicily, but fighting in Italy continued. The Allies also began preparing for D-Day in 1944, when they launched an invasion of German-occupied France and eventually liberated Paris. Germany surrendered unconditionally in 1945 after the Soviets captured Berlin. The war in the Pacific ended after the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender in September
Chapters 30 & 31
After Lenin's death, Stalin seized power in the Soviet Union and transformed it into a totalitarian state. He established an all-powerful police state, conducted the Great Purge which killed millions, and imposed rigid control over every aspect of society from education to culture. Meanwhile, fascism rose in Europe as totalitarian dictators Mussolini and Hitler took control of Italy and Germany. They aggressively expanded their territories while Britain and France pursued a policy of appeasement, and the world moved closer to global war.
31 4 aggressors-invade_nations
1) In the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and Japan aggressively expanded their territories through military force as the major democracies pursued appeasement policies hoping to maintain peace.
2) Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and all of China by 1937, committing atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre. Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and annexed Austria in 1938.
3) At the 1938 Munich Conference, Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in hopes of appeasing Hitler, but this emboldened further German expansion including seizing all of Czechoslovakia in early 1939.
29 2 europe plunges-into_war
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32.3 the holocaust new slides
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30.4 nationalism in india and southwest asia
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32.2 japan’s pacific campaign new
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in 1941, bringing the United States into World War II. Japan had developed a plan to attack European colonies and U.S. bases in the Pacific. In late 1941, Japan launched surprise attacks at Pearl Harbor and other locations like the Philippines. The U.S. suffered major losses but began to turn the tide with victories at the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in 1942. The grueling Battle of Guadalcanal ended in an Allied victory, though fighting in the Pacific Campaign continued for several more years.
32.1 hitler's lightning war
Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, starting World War 2 in Europe. Using their new blitzkrieg strategy of coordinated air and land attacks, Germany quickly conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France in 1940. Britain resisted a German invasion attempt. In North Africa, Italy invaded Egypt while Germany sent troops led by Rommel to aid Italy against the British. By April 1941, Germany had also conquered Yugoslavia and Greece to secure its southern flank before invading the Soviet Union. Though initially successful, the German invasion of the Soviet Union eventually stalled at Moscow and Leningrad. The US aided the Allies through the Lend-Lease program and the Atlantic Charter between Roosevelt and Churchill outlined democratic principles
31.1 postwar uncertainty
The postwar period brought major changes and uncertainties as new ideas emerged in science, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. Albert Einstein introduced his theory of relativity, which disrupted traditional views of space and time. Sigmund Freud developed new theories of the unconscious mind. Writers like Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Eliot captured the disillusionment of the "Lost Generation" after World War I. In the arts, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism rebelled against tradition in their depictions of the inner mind. Women gained new freedoms through fashion, careers, and the right to vote. Technologies like cars, airplanes, radio, and movies transformed society and entertainment.
29 3 a global-conflict
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29 4 a flawed-peace
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29.1 marching toward war
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26.5 revolution and civil war in russia
Two revolutions and a subsequent civil war brought about Communist control in Russia. The first revolution in 1917 overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government, but widespread dissatisfaction allowed the Bolsheviks to seize power in the second revolution. A brutal civil war then broke out between the Communist Red Army and opposing White forces. By 1920, the Red Army had defeated the Whites, allowing the Bolsheviks to consolidate control and establish the Soviet Union with a Communist political and economic system led by Lenin.
World War II
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1) The Great Purges eliminated Stalin's political opponents through executions and imprisonments, instilling fear in the population.
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3) Stalin had complete control over the Soviet economy through five-year plans that dictated industrial and agricultural production.
War with Japan
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29 3 a global-conflict
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31 3 fascism-rises_in_europe
After World War I, many Europeans lost faith in democracy and turned to fascism instead. Fascist leaders in Italy and Germany rose to power by promising to revive their economies and restore national pride. Benito Mussolini became the fascist dictator of Italy in 1922 and abolished democracy, while Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, establishing a totalitarian Nazi state that aggressively persecuted Jews and others. Fascism's militarism and extreme nationalism posed a threat to democracy in Europe in the 1930s.
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STALIN PART 2: Economic ChangeS Under Stalin
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Soviet union and stalin
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
The axis advances wwii section 2
The Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered much of Europe and Asia in the early 1940s. Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and quickly defeated its military. In 1940, Germany occupied France and bombed Britain but could not defeat it. Germany then invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The Nazis also operated concentration camps where they systematically murdered millions of Jews and others. The United States initially remained neutral but entered the war after Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1941.
USSR Control
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
Chapter 20 World War I Powerpoint
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The Nazi-Soviet Pact signed in August 1939 was a turning point that made Hitler's plans for invasion more achievable. It ensured Germany would avoid a two-front war by allying with the Soviet Union and allowing them to divide up Poland between them. This removed a major strategic concern for Hitler and made it difficult for him to change course once the pact was signed, opening the door for Germany to invade Poland on September 1st and precipitating Britain and France's declaration of war against Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
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Russian revolution ppt
The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. It discusses the pre-revolutionary conditions in Russia, the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 that overthrew the Tsar, and Lenin taking power and establishing a communist government. It then summarizes how Stalin consolidated power after Lenin's death and created a totalitarian state through policies like collectivization, industrialization, propaganda, repression of religion, and purges of enemies.
28.1 china resists outside influence
The document summarizes China's rejection of trade with the West in the late 18th century due to its self-sufficiency. It then discusses how the British pushed the sale of opium in China, leading to the Opium Wars and Britain gaining control of Hong Kong. Overpopulation and food shortages contributed to rebellions against the Qing dynasty. Despite reform attempts, foreign powers maintained growing control over China through the late 19th century, culminating in the Boxer Rebellion.
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32.1 hitler's lightning war
Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, starting World War 2 in Europe. Using their new blitzkrieg strategy of coordinated air and land attacks, Germany quickly conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France in 1940. Britain resisted a German invasion attempt. In North Africa, Italy invaded Egypt while Germany sent troops led by Rommel to aid Italy against the British. By April 1941, Germany had also conquered Yugoslavia and Greece to secure its southern flank before invading the Soviet Union. Though initially successful, the German invasion of the Soviet Union eventually stalled at Moscow and Leningrad. The US aided the Allies through the Lend-Lease program and the Atlantic Charter between Roosevelt and Churchill outlined democratic principles
31.1 postwar uncertainty
The postwar period brought major changes and uncertainties as new ideas emerged in science, psychology, philosophy, and the arts. Albert Einstein introduced his theory of relativity, which disrupted traditional views of space and time. Sigmund Freud developed new theories of the unconscious mind. Writers like Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Eliot captured the disillusionment of the "Lost Generation" after World War I. In the arts, Cubism, Dadaism, and Surrealism rebelled against tradition in their depictions of the inner mind. Women gained new freedoms through fashion, careers, and the right to vote. Technologies like cars, airplanes, radio, and movies transformed society and entertainment.
29 3 a global-conflict
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29 4 a flawed-peace
The document summarizes the key events of the Paris Peace Conference following World War I. The Big Four leaders (Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Orlando) debated the peace terms. Wilson proposed the Fourteen Points plan for lasting peace, but Britain and France wanted to punish Germany. The resulting Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for the war, took territory, and imposed heavy reparations. It also redrew borders in Europe and divided former Ottoman lands into mandates. However, the treaty left bitterness on both sides and failed to achieve a stable peace in Europe.
29.1 marching toward war
Rising nationalism and imperialism in Europe led to the formation of military alliances that divided the major powers into two opposing camps. Tensions escalated in the Balkans, a volatile region with many ethnic groups. On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia and declared war on July 28th when most of its demands were not met, risking a broader European conflict due to the system of opposing alliances.
26.5 revolution and civil war in russia
Two revolutions and a subsequent civil war brought about Communist control in Russia. The first revolution in 1917 overthrew the Tsar and established a provisional government, but widespread dissatisfaction allowed the Bolsheviks to seize power in the second revolution. A brutal civil war then broke out between the Communist Red Army and opposing White forces. By 1920, the Red Army had defeated the Whites, allowing the Bolsheviks to consolidate control and establish the Soviet Union with a Communist political and economic system led by Lenin.
World War II
In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland starting World War 2 in Europe. Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to quickly defeat Poland. In 1940, Germany invaded Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France, pushing the British forces back to Dunkirk. Italy then joined Germany in invading France, leading to France's defeat in June 1940. Britain stood alone against Germany until June 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Japan, seeking resources, attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in December 1941, bringing the US into the war. The US and allied forces began to turn the tide against Germany and Japan in major battles like Stalingrad, North Africa, and the Coral Sea in 1942.
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Stalin imposed totalitarianism on the USSR through several key methods:
1) The Great Purges eliminated Stalin's political opponents through executions and imprisonments, instilling fear in the population.
2) Stalin cultivated a cult of personality through propaganda and censorship that portrayed him as the hero and guide of the nation.
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29 3 a global-conflict
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31 3 fascism-rises_in_europe
After World War I, many Europeans lost faith in democracy and turned to fascism instead. Fascist leaders in Italy and Germany rose to power by promising to revive their economies and restore national pride. Benito Mussolini became the fascist dictator of Italy in 1922 and abolished democracy, while Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933, establishing a totalitarian Nazi state that aggressively persecuted Jews and others. Fascism's militarism and extreme nationalism posed a threat to democracy in Europe in the 1930s.
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STALIN PART 2: Economic ChangeS Under Stalin
Stalin enforced collectivization in the 1930s to transform traditional agriculture and reduce the power of wealthy landowners known as kulaks. This involved forcing peasants to join large collective farms, causing widespread resistance as peasants destroyed their farms and killed livestock. Collectivization led to famine and millions of deaths, but did modernize and mechanize Soviet agriculture. The Five Year Plans rapidly industrialized Russia through focus on heavy industry and use of forced labor, but living standards declined and later plans faced challenges meeting production goals due to shortages and war. Overall, the Russian people suffered enormous hardships and loss of life from Stalin's policies of forced collectivization and rapid industrialization.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SPANISH CIVIL WAR
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SPANISH CIVIL WAR. Contains: polarization, widespread conflict, military uprising, nationalists and republicans, general Franco, revolutionary struggle, help from abroad, Madrid, victims and significance of Spanish Civil War.
Soviet union and stalin
Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state through five-year plans, forced collectivization, and brutal repression. He imposed a command economy, rapidly industrialized the country, and forcibly collectivized agriculture, causing millions to die in famines and purges. Stalin created a cult of personality, tightly controlled all aspects of society, and purged millions of perceived opponents through executions and the Gulag system of labor camps.
The axis advances wwii section 2
The Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered much of Europe and Asia in the early 1940s. Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and quickly defeated its military. In 1940, Germany occupied France and bombed Britain but could not defeat it. Germany then invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The Nazis also operated concentration camps where they systematically murdered millions of Jews and others. The United States initially remained neutral but entered the war after Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1941.
USSR Control
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
Chapter 20 World War I Powerpoint
World War I began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. This caused countries to take sides and enter the war through a series of alliances, with the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire fighting against the Allied Powers including Britain, France, Russia and later the United States. Major battles included the Battle of the Marne in 1914 where Germany failed to capture Paris, and the Battle of the Somme in 1916 which was the bloodiest day for Britain. The United States entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats attacked American ships, and launched a major offensive in 1918 that helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies
THE ROAD TO WAR 1939 - NAZI-SOVIET PACT
The Nazi-Soviet Pact signed in August 1939 was a turning point that made Hitler's plans for invasion more achievable. It ensured Germany would avoid a two-front war by allying with the Soviet Union and allowing them to divide up Poland between them. This removed a major strategic concern for Hitler and made it difficult for him to change course once the pact was signed, opening the door for Germany to invade Poland on September 1st and precipitating Britain and France's declaration of war against Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 04. WEIMAR TURMOIL YEARS 1919-1923
Weimar had faced a series of problems between 1919 and 1923 (hyperinflation, Munich Putsch, Kapp Putsch) but despite the odds had managed to survive.
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The document summarizes China's rejection of trade with the West in the late 18th century due to its self-sufficiency. It then discusses how the British pushed the sale of opium in China, leading to the Opium Wars and Britain gaining control of Hong Kong. Overpopulation and food shortages contributed to rebellions against the Qing dynasty. Despite reform attempts, foreign powers maintained growing control over China through the late 19th century, culminating in the Boxer Rebellion.
Hinduism and buddhism
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14 3 imperial china collapses cause-effect
1) After overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, Sun's Revolutionary Alliance turned over the presidency to Yuan Shikai, beginning nationalist and communist movements in China.
2) The May Fourth Movement began as nationalist forces moved into Shanghai and communists began the Long March, while Japan invaded Manchuria.
3) Mao Zedong established his concept of communism which focused on peasant revolution.
Chap 3 soc
This document defines culture and its basic elements. It discusses that culture encompasses the ideas, values, and objects that allow groups to live in order and harmony. The basic elements of culture include values, norms, material culture, and symbolic culture/language. It also discusses cultural differences such as subcultures, countercultures, and identity politics. Emerging issues discussed include globalization, consumer culture, and cyberculture.
Industrialization nationalism- imperialism
The document provides an overview of the Industrial Revolution and its impacts. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread across Europe and the United States, aided by government policies. It also examines the social impacts of industrialization, including rapid urban growth, new social classes like the industrial middle class and working class, and the emergence of socialism as an ideology. The document notes both the benefits and costs of capitalism that arose from the Industrial Revolution.
Demand ch. 4
The document discusses the law of demand and factors that can cause a shift in demand. It explains that according to the law of demand, as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, and as price decreases, quantity demanded increases. It then lists several factors that can cause the entire demand curve to shift, representing a change in demand: consumer income, substitutes, expectations about the future, consumer tastes, complements to the product, and changes in the number of consumers or market size.
30.1 the cold war unfolds
After WWII, tensions grew between the US and Soviet Union as they led opposing military alliances in Europe - NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This started the Cold War, where both sides built up nuclear weapons and proxy wars broke out globally between powers aligned with each side. In Europe, Eastern nations were dominated by the Soviet Union while the US led Western Europe. Germany was divided between democratic West Berlin and communist East Berlin, controlled by the Soviet Union.
Lesson 30: Duality In Linear Programming
Every linear programming problem has a dual problem, which in many cases has an interesting interpretation. The original ("primal") problem and the dual problem have the same extreme value.
Freedom struggle
The document summarizes the key events and movements in India's path to independence from British rule between 1600-1947. It describes how the East India Company ruled from 1600-1858 before the British Raj from 1858-1947. It lists important freedom fighters like Gandhi, Nehru, and Bose who led movements such as the Dandi March, Noncooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Satyagraha, and Quit India Movement to achieve independence. Finally, it notes that India gained independence on August 15, 1947 according to the Indian Independence Act.
NATIONALISM IN INDIA
Nationalism in India 1920-1947 focuses on the period between 1920-1931. Some key developments include:
- The Indian National Congress was transformed under Gandhi's leadership in 1920, becoming more representative and gaining an effective executive arm. This allowed it to better direct a mass movement.
- The Noncooperation Movement was launched in 1920-1922, involving strikes, boycotts of British goods, and civil disobedience. Wearing homespun khadi cloth became a symbol of resistance.
- Peasant movements and protests emerged across India, often involving tenants refusing to pay taxes or break forest laws. However, some movements turned violent as peasants misunderstood Gandhi's philosophy of nonviol
The Russian Revolutions
The document discusses Russia during different periods of history including under the Romanovs, in 1866, and in modern times. It provides maps and images from these eras with translations. Several images depict the hardships of World War I for Russian soldiers and civilians, including overcrowded field hospitals and refugees displaced from their homes. Additional images show propaganda posters with messages about choosing sides in the war and portraying Trotsky and the tsar in a positive light.
The Russian Revolutions
- Russia under the Tsars was an immense but backwards empire ruled by an absolute monarch with no democratic institutions. Growing unrest led to the 1905 revolution in response to the Russo-Japanese War and Bloody Sunday massacre.
- World War I was a disaster for Russia that further increased unrest, leading to the February Revolution of 1917 which overthrew the Tsar. However, the provisional government continued the unpopular war, leading Lenin and the Bolsheviks to seize power in the October Revolution.
- The Bolsheviks consolidated power through the Russian Civil War, establishing a one-party totalitarian Soviet state based on communist ideology. Stalin came to power in 1927 and instituted collectivization and rapid industrialization, leading to famine and mass repression through
Fotos Almoco Networking Lisboa 7 Maio 2010
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Why your health is the most important thing you will ignore all day
This document contains links to photos on Flickr related to obesity as well as links to external websites that provide data and analysis on obesity rates and policies. The links suggest that the document examines the obesity epidemic through photos and statistics from sources studying obesity trends and interventions.
Mithoefer Iftpovertyzw Regionalsustainableusebiodiversityws2006
1) Indigenous fruit trees play an important role in reducing vulnerability to food insecurity and poverty during critical seasonal periods in Zimbabwe and Malawi.
2) While indigenous fruit use cannot lift rural households out of poverty on its own, conservation of indigenous fruit trees provides food security benefits.
3) Market-based incentives may exist for conserving indigenous fruit tree biodiversity, though clear policies and responsibilities are still needed, and domesticated tree planting is currently not economically viable in Zimbabwe.
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Why your health is the most important thing you will ignore all day
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30.3 communism s pread in east asia
Mao Zedong led the Communist forces to victory in China's civil war in 1949, establishing communist rule. His leadership brought major changes like collectivization of farms and the disastrous Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution programs. Communism also spread to North Korea, with the country dividing after WWII and Kim Il Sung establishing a communist dictatorship in the North. This led to the Korean War as the North invaded the South in 1950, which ended in a stalemate but firmly established communist rule in North Korea and capitalist influences in the recovering South Korea. Overall, communist victory in China and North Korea's division increased tensions between the US and Soviet-backed states in East Asia during the Cold War.
Chinese Revolution
The document summarizes the history of modern China from the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 to the rule of Mao Zedong and the Communist Party. It discusses the overthrow of the Qing by revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen and the establishment of the Republic of China. However, the republic faced many challenges including warlords, foreign imperialism, and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Japan also invaded China in the 1930s and 1940s until being defeated by the Allies in World War II. The Communists then took control of mainland China in 1949 while the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. Under Mao's leadership, China underwent land reform, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural
grudic_mao___china1.pptx
Mao Zedong consolidated authoritarian control over China after 1949 through mass mobilization campaigns and propaganda that promoted his cult of personality. Campaigns like the Three Antis and Five Antis targeted private businesses and government officials to eliminate opposition. Strict censorship and thought reform ensured people supported Mao's policies. The Hundred Flowers Campaign briefly allowed criticism but was followed by a crackdown. Mao maintained power through the Communist Party and Cultural Revolution until his death in 1976.
powerpoint.8
The Chinese Revolution overthrew the last Qing emperor in 1911 and was led by Sun Yixian and the Nationalists with the goals of ending foreign control, establishing democracy, and ensuring economic security. However, local warlords seized power and a civil war erupted. Meanwhile, the Communists formed under Mao Zedong and allied with the Nationalists against the warlords, but the alliance broke down after the Nationalists turned on the Communists. This led to the Long March where 100,000 Communists fled westward to escape the Nationalists. After Japan invaded China in 1937, another alliance was formed to fight Japan, but the Nationalists were unpopular and corrupt while the Communists gained support from peasants, and ultimately the Communists
1919 - 1935
This document provides a timeline of important events in China from 1919 to 1935:
1) In 1919, Chinese students protested at the Paris Peace Conference's decisions, known as the May Fourth Movement.
2) In 1921, Mao Zedong helped establish the Chinese Communist Party after studying communism at Beijing University.
3) In the mid-1920s, the Guomindang and Communists allied to defeat warlords, but split in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek killed communists in Shanghai.
4) From 1933-1934, Chiang launched extermination campaigns against the communist-controlled Jiangxi Soviet, finally defeating them and forcing their Long March retreat to Yanan in 1935.
The russian revolution
The document summarizes the key events of the Russian Revolution, beginning with the socioeconomic causes in the late 19th century and continuing through the establishment of the USSR. It describes the 1905 revolution, World War I, the February and October revolutions of 1917 that overthrew the tsar and brought the Bolsheviks to power led by Lenin. Lenin then established communist rule and took Russia out of WWI, sparking a civil war that the Bolsheviks eventually won.
Potsdam ConferenceJuly 16 – August 2, 1945• Leaders agre.docx
Potsdam Conference
July 16 – August 2, 1945
• Leaders agreed that
Germany must be
defeated and de - Nazified
• Leaders disagreed over
post – war Germany and
Eastern Europe
• Britain and United States
wanted free elections
• Stalin feared anti – Soviet
governments in Eastern
Europe
Expansion of Communism
• Russia in 1917 due to revolution
• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland and Romania following World War II
in 1945
• North Korea following World War II in 1945
• China in 1949 following World War II and civil war
• Cuba in 1959 following a revolution
• Vietnam in 1975 following the Vietnam War
Prelude to Russian Revolution
• By 1900, withdrawal of European investments in
Russia weakened industrial and economic
development
• Defeat in the Russo – Japanese War in 1905
devastated the Russian economy
• Worker strikes, peasant uprisings and military
mutinies spread across Russia in 1905
• Struggling industrial class resented the lack of
government action against unions and strikes
Bloody Sunday
• On January 22, 1905, in
St. Petersburg, around
3,000 workers marched
on the Winter Palace
• Imperial guards fired
upon and kill nearly 200
people
• Tsar Nicholas II was
blamed for the incident
• Initiated widespread
strikes and protest
Russia to World War I
• By 1907, political unrest led to the rise of new
political groups, including the Bolsheviks
• Widespread worker strikes stagnated industrial and
economic growth
• Unprepared for the outbreak of World War I
• Russian military was poorly led, armed, supplied
and trained
• By 1916, failures on the battlefield led to low
morale in the military and the populace
The Russian Revolution
• On February 23, 1917,
protest over food
rationing erupted in St.
Petersburg
• On March 15, 1917, Tsar
Nicholas II was forced to
abdicate and a
provisional government is
installed
• In July 1917, Bolsheviks
under Lenin rose in revolt
and gained power by
October
Vladimir Lenin
• Born on April 22, 1870,
in south central Russia
• Trained as a lawyer
• Execution of his brother
in 1887 made him anti-
tsarists
• Became involved with a
Marxist group in St.
Petersburg in 1893
Vladimir Lenin
• Arrested in 1894 for illegal political activities
• Exiled for three years to Siberia in 1897
• Lived abroad in Munich and London after exile
• Continued to print Marxist publications
• Fled to Switzerland at the outbreak of World War I
• Returned to Russia after the February Revolution to
take control of the Bolsheviks
Lenin and Russia
• Established the Russian
Communist Party in
March 1918
• Established the Politburo
as the governing body of
the party
• Made reforms to gain
worker and military
support
• Ended involvement in
World War
Reforms of Lenin
• In October 1917, issued Decree on Workers Rights,
establishing an 8 hour work day
• Issued Decree on Popular Education
• On November 8, issued Decree on ...
Communist take power in china
1) In the early 20th century, China was in turmoil following the fall of the last emperor. Sun Yat-sen led the nationalist Kuomintang party and established a government in southern China.
2) In the 1920s-1930s, the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party formed an alliance against their common enemies, but later had a falling out and fought in a civil war.
3) By 1949, Mao Zedong had led the Communist Party to victory over the nationalists. Mao established the People's Republic of China, while the nationalists retreated to Taiwan. China was then divided between communist mainland China and nationalist Taiwan.
Chinese Communist Revolution Timeline
The document summarizes the Chinese Communist Revolution from 1899 to 1949. It describes the rise of Chinese nationalism in response to foreign influence, the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty by the Nationalist Party led by Sun Yixian, and the subsequent civil war between the Nationalists and Communists led by Mao Zedong. After years of conflict, including fighting together against Japanese invasion, Mao and the Communists emerged victorious in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China with Mao as its leader.
Global_II_-_The_Collapse_of_Imperial_China.ppt
The document summarizes the collapse of Imperial China and the rise of nationalism and calls for democracy and economic reforms led by Sun Yixian. Though he helped overthrow the Qing dynasty in 1911, Sun was unable to unite China under democratic rule. After his death, Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists rose to power with support from foreign powers, while Mao Zedong established the Communist Party with support from rural peasants. This led to a civil war between the Nationalists and Communists, which was suspended when Japan invaded China in 1931.
Communist China Origins
The document summarizes the history of communist China, beginning with the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 and end of imperial rule. This led to a civil war between the Chinese nationalists and communists from 1927-1950, with the communists prevailing in 1949 led by Mao Zedong. Mao established the People's Republic of China and implemented economic programs like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution that led to millions of deaths from starvation and violence. China aligned with the USSR until the 1950s when tensions grew between the two communist nations.
Communist triumph in china
After World War 2 and the Chinese Civil War between Communists and Nationalists, the Communists under Mao Zedong defeated the Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi. The Nationalists retreated to Taiwan while Mao proclaimed the People's Republic of China on the mainland. China was then split into two, intensifying tensions of the Cold War between the Western-aligned Nationalists and Soviet-aligned Communists. Mao instituted wide-ranging socialist reforms, including collectivization of agriculture, but his Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution led to economic problems and social upheaval, killing millions. China remains under Communist rule today with a growing market-based economy.
23 2
The document discusses the history of communist China and its influence:
- Mao Zedong led the communists to victory over the nationalists in 1949 and established the People's Republic of China.
- Under Mao's rule, China underwent rapid industrialization and reforms like land redistribution, but programs like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution led to famine and social upheaval.
- After Mao's death, moderate leader Deng Xiaoping instituted economic reforms while still maintaining a communist system. The document then discusses China's foreign relations and the division of Korea after World War II.
23 2
The document discusses the history of communist China and its influence. It describes how Mao Zedong established communist rule in China in 1949 and his attempts to modernize and reform China through policies like the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in famine and millions of deaths. It also discusses China's foreign relations, the division of Korea after WWII, and the nationalist movement in Taiwan.
Ch14.3 ch15
The postwar years from 1919 to 1939 saw a surge of nationalism and independence movements around the world. In the Middle East, European powers divided up the former Ottoman lands into mandates over Arab opposition, fueling Arab nationalism. The British mandate of Palestine in particular caused tensions as Jews immigrated seeking a homeland, while Arabs already lived there. Conflict grew between Arab and Jewish nationalists over control of the land.
Intro chinese communist 2014
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 due to protests, leading to a period of warlordism and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Mao Zedong led the Communist army using guerrilla tactics against the Nationalists and Japanese. After World War 2, the civil war resumed and the Communists declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 under Mao. Key events included land redistribution, industrialization, oppression of dissidents, and the Great Leap Forward which led to a devastating famine.
Intro chinese communist 2014
The document summarizes the revolution in China and the establishment of Communist China. It describes how the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 due to protests, leading to a period of warlordism and civil war between the Nationalists and Communists. Mao Zedong led the Communist army using guerrilla tactics against the Nationalists and Japanese. After World War 2, the civil war resumed and the Communists declared the People's Republic of China in 1949 under Mao. Key events included land redistribution, industrialization, oppression of dissidents, and the Great Leap Forward which led to a devastating famine.
Chinese Revolution
The document summarizes major events in modern Chinese history from the late 19th century to present day. It describes the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and establishment of the Republic of China led by Sun Yat-sen. However, the republic faced weaknesses like disunity and foreign imperialism. Communist ideas grew under Mao Zedong, and civil war broke out between Nationalists and Communists. They temporarily united to fight the Japanese invasion from 1937-1945. The Communists emerged victorious in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's rule. His economic policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution had major impacts, though issues in China continue today around balancing reforms with communist ideals.
China’s recent history
The document summarizes major events in China's recent history from the 19th century Opium Wars to imperialism and conflicts with Western and Japanese forces. It then covers the establishment of the Chinese republic, rise of the Communist party, the Long March, World War 2, and the Communist revolution in 1949. It discusses the socialist period under Mao with a focus on agriculture, education, and healthcare reforms. It concludes with Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms from 1978 onward, the opening of China, and its recent leadership under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.
H12 ch 14_china_2013
The document provides an overview of international interest in China after World War 2 and the establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Key events summarized include:
1) After defeating Japanese occupation, Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces prepared for civil war against Mao's communists while receiving aid from the US.
2) Despite American efforts to avert civil war, fighting broke out in 1946 and the communists gained control of China by 1949, forcing Jiang and nationalist leaders to flee to Taiwan.
3) Diplomatic recognition of communist China was slow, with the USSR providing early recognition while the US withheld it due to Mao's support for revolution abroad and involvement in
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The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the American Revolution, including Britain passing taxes on the colonies without representation which angered colonists and led to protests. The Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts further increased tensions, leading to the first battles of the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord. After gaining independence, Americans faced challenges in governance under the Articles of Confederation and ultimately created a new Constitution with checks and balances and protections for individual rights in the form of the Bill of Rights.
American Revolution with timeline.pptx
The document summarizes key events leading up to and during the American Revolution. It describes Britain passing new taxes on the colonies through acts like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, sparking colonial protests over "no taxation without representation." This growing tension erupted into violence at the Boston Massacre and culminated in the Boston Tea Party. In response, Britain passed the Intolerable Acts, leading the colonies to form the Continental Congress. The Revolutionary War began with battles at Lexington and Concord in 1775. After declaring independence in 1776, the Americans defeated Britain with the help of Enlightenment ideas. They then established a new democratic republic with the Articles of Confederation and later the U.S. Constitution.
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1. The document describes the early civilizations and geography of India, including the Indus River Valley cultures from around 7000 BCE. 2. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization, also called the Harappan civilization, which had advanced city planning with a grid system and plumbing. 3. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India and their languages and cultural influences mixed with the local Harappan peoples, establishing social hierarchies and religious traditions that still influence Indian society today.
The renaissance
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy as a period of cultural and intellectual revival following the Middle Ages. It spread across Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Renaissance sought to revive ideas and values from classical antiquity, with a focus on human potential and achievements. Notable Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci developed new techniques like linear perspective and studied human anatomy to portray figures in unprecedented realism and detail. Their works, including Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel and David, and da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Last Supper, had a profound influence on Western art and culture.
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The document provides a brief overview of the Plantagenet and Tudor dynasties in England. It describes the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of the throne. Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field, becoming King Henry VII and uniting the houses. His son, Henry VIII, breaks with the Catholic Church and establishes himself as head of the Church of England due to disputes over annulments of his marriages. Henry VIII had six wives, two of whom he divorced and two he had executed. His three children, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I, each succeeded him as monarch and shaped the English Reformation and England's global expansion.
Feudalism in europe
Feudalism developed in medieval Europe due to instability following the fall of the Carolingian Empire. As the empire fragmented, kings were unable to defend their lands from invaders like the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims. People turned to local lords for protection, leading to the rise of feudalism. Under feudalism, lords granted land to vassals in exchange for military service. Peasants were tied as serfs to manors, working the land in exchange for protection. Feudalism structured medieval European society around relationships of loyalty between lords and vassals and between lords and serfs.
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The document discusses the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD. It identifies several key factors that contributed to Rome's decline, including economic troubles, political instability, social changes, and military weaknesses. Constantine's conversion to Christianity and establishment of Constantinople helped the Eastern Empire thrive even as the West collapsed. Ultimately, the Western Empire disintegrated in 476 AD due to worsening internal problems and invasions by Germanic tribes like the Huns and Vandals.
1 greece geography &
The geography of Greece, consisting of a mountainous peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean Sea, helped shape Greek culture in several ways. The terrain led to the development of independent city-states rather than a unified empire, allowing Greek culture to flourish while politics and military affairs differed between cities. Early cultures like the Minoans, Mycenaeans, and Phoenicians influenced Greek architecture, religion, shipbuilding, and literature. The isolation of the city-states also drove the Greeks to become masters of seafaring.
2 Athenian golden age
During the period from 477 to 431 BC, Athens experienced a cultural and intellectual golden age under the leadership of Pericles. Pericles strengthened Athenian democracy and used the wealth of the Athenian Empire to fund magnificent architecture projects, such as the Parthenon. However, the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BC weakened Athens and ended the Golden Age. After the war, Athenian philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle sought philosophical truths through logic and reason.
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This document provides an overview of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenistic culture. It discusses how Philip II united Macedonia and conquered Greece, paving the way for his son Alexander to expand the empire. Alexander then conquered the Persian Empire and continued eastward until his army grew tired. When Alexander died at age 32, his empire broke into three territories between his generals. This resulted in the blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and other cultures into Hellenistic civilization.
5 rome becomes empire
Here are the key differences between the Roman Republic and Roman Empire:
- The Roman Republic (509 BC - 27 BC) had a senate and elected officials, while the Roman Empire (27 BC - 476 AD) was ruled by an emperor who had supreme autocratic power.
- The Roman Republic expanded through alliances and adding client kingdoms, while the Empire aggressively expanded its borders through military conquests.
- Socially, the Republic had a strong sense of civic duty and equality under the law for citizens. The Empire had more social stratification with emperors, aristocracy, merchants, freedmen, slaves.
- Economically, the Republic used conquests to gain wealth, resources and tribute.
4 early roman republic
1. The document provides an overview of the origins and early history of Rome, including its transition from kingdom to republic. It discusses the influence of the Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans on early Roman culture.
2. It then focuses on the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage, in which the brilliant Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps into Italy but was ultimately defeated by Rome.
3. Rome went on to defeat Carthage in the Third Punic War, extending its power and territory across the Mediterranean and marking its emergence as an early empire that made significant contributions to architecture, democracy, philosophy, and other areas of culture around the world.
Hinduism and budhhism
This document provides an overview of Hinduism and Buddhism, two major religions that originated in ancient India. It discusses key concepts in Hinduism like reincarnation, karma, and dharma. It explains that Hinduism does not have a single founder and incorporates beliefs from various groups over 3,500 years. Buddhism is described as founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who taught that suffering can be eliminated by following the Noble Eightfold Path and achieving enlightenment through meditation. The document contrasts some differences between Hinduism and Buddhism and notes how Buddhism spread across Asia while declining in India over time.
Judaism
Judaism originated from the ancient Hebrews who lived in Canaan, now known as Palestine. According to the Torah, God chose Abraham and promised the land of Canaan to his descendants. Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt in an event known as the Exodus. The Ten Commandments given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai formed the basis of Jewish religious law. The Kingdom of Israel was established but divided into the northern kingdom of Israel and southern kingdom of Judah. Both kingdoms were later conquered and the first temple was destroyed, though the Hebrews were allowed to return and rebuild the second temple under Persian rule.
Egypt
Ancient Egypt and Nubia were connected along the Nile River. Egypt was united into a kingdom around 3000 BC and entered its Old Kingdom period where many pyramids were built. Egyptian culture was centered around the pharaohs and polytheistic religions. Hieroglyphics developed for writing. The New Kingdom expanded Egypt's power and wealth along the Nile and into surrounding regions until invasions caused the empire to decline. Meanwhile, the Kushite kingdom in Nubia grew powerful, conquering Egypt at times and establishing the city of Meroe as a trade center until declining after 350 AD.
China
This document provides an overview of ancient Chinese civilization, including its geography, earliest dynasties, and cultural developments. It describes how China's isolation due to natural barriers like deserts and mountains allowed civilization to develop independently. The earliest dynasties, like the Xia and Shang, established many cultural traditions still present today, such as respect for ancestors and a unified writing system. The Zhou dynasty expanded on these foundations and established the concept of "Mandate of Heaven" to justify changes in ruling dynasties.
Mesopotamia
The document discusses the rise of civilization in Mesopotamia and Sumer. It describes how villages grew into cities as advances in technology allowed for larger harvests and populations. Civilization is defined as having five characteristics: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. The Sumerians exemplified these characteristics through their creation of city-states with temples, priests, ziggurats, social classes, and a writing system. Their cities like Ur flourished over 5,000 years ago and influenced later empires through cultural diffusion.
Human migration & beginning of agriculture
Early humans first evolved in Africa between 3-3.5 million years ago, as evidenced by fossils like "Lucy" and footprints found at Laetoli. Starting around 125,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began migrating out of Africa, eventually settling in locations around the world like Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Approximately 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution began, marking the start of agriculture. Permanent settlements developed as farming produced more food than hunting and gathering, eventually leading to the rise of early civilizations like Sumer in Mesopotamia.
Economic systems
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30.3 imperial china collapses
- 1. 30.3 Imperial China Collapses After the fall of the Qing dynasty, nationalist and Communist movements struggled for power.
- 2. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty • The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) pushed for modernization and nationalization. • Their first great leader was Sun Yixian • In 1911, the Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Kuomintang) overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.
- 3. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty • Shaky Start for the New Republic • 1912 Sun became president of the Republic of China • “Three Principles of the People” • nationalism—an end to foreign control • people’s rights—democracy • people’s livelihood—economic security for all Chinese
- 4. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty • General Yuan Skikai takes over presidency. • Shikai betrays democratic ideals. • Local revolts break out. • In 1916 civil war breaks out after Shikai’s death. • Provincial warlords held real authority
- 5. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty • World War I Spells More Problems • In 1917, the Beijing government declared war against Germany. • They believed the Allies would return Chinese territories controlled by Germany to China. • Allies gave Japan those territories under Treaty of Versailles. • Treaty of Versailles outrages Chinese. • 3,000 angry students gather in Beijing May 4, 1919. • “May Fourth Movement” spreads to other cities in China. • Sun Yixian and Kuomintang share aims of the movement. • Many Chinese intellectuals reject Sun Yixian’s belief in western democracy in favor of Soviet communism.
- 6. Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement.
- 7. Protestors dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles for China
- 8. Tsinghua University students burn Japanese goods.
- 9. The Communist Party in China • In 1921 a group in Shanghai (including Mao Zedong) organizes the Chinese Communist Party. • Mao Zedong develops his own brand of communism • Lenin based his in the organization of Russia’s cities. • Mao brought the revolution to the rural country.
- 10. The Communist Party in China • Lenin Befriends China • Sun Yixian’s government is in south China. • He becomes disillusioned with Western democracies. • The Kuomantang ally with the Communist Party. • Lenin seized opportunity and sends military advisors and equipment to China in 1923.
- 11. The Communist Party in China • Peasants Align with the Communists • Sun Yixian died in 1925, and Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) heads the Kuomantang. • Jaing (son of a middle-class merchant) feared communist goal of forming a socialist government. • Jaing promised democracy, but his government became corrupt. • As a result peasants threw their support toward the Chinese Communist Party.
- 12. The Communist Party in China • Nationalists and Communists Clash • Briefly Jaing set aside differences and fought warlords alongside the Communists, but later turned against the Communists. • April 1927 Nationalists groups moved on Shanghai and killed many Communists • In 1928 Jiang became president of the Nationalist Republic of China • Great Britain and the United States recognized his government. • The Soviet Union did NOT recognize his government • Civil War breaks out which lasts until 1949.
- 13. Civil War Rages in China • In 1930 a bloody civil war was raging. • Mao and Communists established themselves in south-central China. • Taking his revolution to the countryside was called “swimming in the peasant sea.” • Mao recruited peasants into the Red Army and trained them in guerilla warfare. • Nationalists attacked communists but failed to drive them out.
- 14. Civil War Rages in China • The Long March • 1933 Jiang gathered an army of 700,000 to surround the Communist stronghold. • In a daring move, 100,000 Communist forces fled 6,000 miles on the Long March to northern China between 1934 and 1935. • Mao and survivors settle in caves in northern China. • During this civil war, Japan invades China.
- 16. • Civil War Suspended • Japan took advantage of China’s weakened situation during the civil war and invaded Manchuria, an industrial province in northeastern China. • In 1937, Japan launched an all-out invasion of China, and held large parts of China by 1938. • The Japanese threat forced an uneasy truce between the Jiang’s and Mao’s forces, and they united to fight the Japanese. • The National Assembly further agreed to promote changes outlined in Sun Yixians’ “Three Principles of the People”