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The document summarizes classical encryption techniques, including: - Symmetric encryption uses a shared key between sender and receiver for encryption/decryption. - Early techniques included the Caesar cipher (shifting letters), monoalphabetic cipher (mapping each letter to another), and Playfair cipher (encrypting letter pairs). - The Vigenère cipher improved security by using a keyword to select different Caesar ciphers for successive letters, making it a polyalphabetic cipher.

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Cryptography and Network Security Chapter 2 Fourth Edition by William Stallings Lecture slides by Vijay Katta
Chapter 2 – Classical Encryption Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object]
Symmetric Encryption ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Some Basic Terminology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Symmetric Cipher Model
Basic Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Encryption and Decryption Plaintext ciphertext Encipher C = E (K1) (P) Decipher P = D (K2) (C) K1, K2: from keyspace These two keys could be different; could be difficult to get one from the other
What is Security? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Requirements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cryptography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cryptanalysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cryptanalytic Attacks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Brute Force Search ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],6.4  10 6 years 2  10 26 µs = 6.4  10 12 years 26! = 4  10 26 26 characters (permutation) 5.9  10 30 years 2 167 µs = 5.9  10 36 years 2 168 = 3.7  10 50 168 5.4  10 18 years 2 127 µs = 5.4  10 24 years 2 128 = 3.4  10 38 128 10.01 hours 2 55 µs = 1142 years 2 56 = 7.2  10 16 56 2.15 milliseconds 2 31 µs = 35.8 minutes 2 32 = 4.3  10 9 32 Time required at 10 6 decryptions/µs Time required at 1 decryption/µs Number of Alternative Keys Key Size (bits)
Classical Substitution Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object]
Caesar Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Caesar Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cryptanalysis of Caesar Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monoalphabetic Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Monoalphabetic Cipher Security ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Language Redundancy and Cryptanalysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
English Letter Frequencies
Use in Cryptanalysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example Cryptanalysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Playfair Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Playfair Key Matrix ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Z X W V U T S Q P L K I/J G F E D B Y H C R A N O M
Encrypting and Decrypting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Security of Playfair Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polyalphabetic Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vigenère Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Vigenère Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Security of Vigenère Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kasiski Method ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autokey Cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
One-Time Pad ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transposition Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rail Fence cipher ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Row Transposition Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Product Ciphers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Rotor Machines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hagelin Rotor Machine
Steganography ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Ch02...1

Editor's Notes

  1. Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown for “Cryptography and Network Security”, 4/e, by William Stallings, Chapter 2 – “ Classical Encryption Techniques ”.