Plants evolved adaptations to survive on land such as developing a waxy cuticle, stomata, and guard cells to regulate water loss. They also evolved vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients, seeds to reproduce, and flowers to attract pollinators. There are four main kinds of plants - nonvascular which rely on water, seedless vascular with spores, gymnosperms with naked seeds, and angiosperms which produce flowers and fruits enclosing seeds. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots. Plants provide essential resources like food, wood, medicines, and fibers and have cellular structures like chloroplasts and vacuoles that allow them to survive on land.

1. Ch. 23 “Introduction to Plants”

2. I. Adaptations of PlantsA. Today’s plants probably evolved from green algae.B. To survive on land, plants had to be able to do three things:1. Absorb nutrients2. Prevent water lossa. Cuticle-waxy protective covering of a plantb. Stomata-pores in the leaves that allow for the exchange of gases.c. Guard cells-specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata.

3. Cross-section of leaf

4. 3. Reproduce on land A. Pollen-contains the sperm and allows it to be carried by wind or animals instead of water.

5. C. Vascular System-internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels for transporting food and water.1. phloem-transports food.2. xylem-transports water.

6. D. Seeds-structure that contains the embryo of the plant.There are 4 advantages of seeds:1. Protection-surrounded by a seed coat.2. Nourishment-contain food for the plant embryo.3. Plant dispersal-can spread by wind, water, animals.4. Delayed growth-seed will not sprout until conditions are favorable for growth.

7. E. Flowers-reproductive structure that produces fruits and seeds.1. Attract birds, animals, and insects to carry pollen.2. Reproductive parts called stamen and pistil.

8. II. Kinds of PlantsA. Nonvascular Plants1. Do not have a vascular system.2. Small size.3. Gametophyte generation is dominant.4. Need water for sexual reproduction.5. Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

9. B. Seedless Vascular Plants1. Have a vascular system2. Sporophyte generation is dominant3. Have spores with thick walls to prevent drying out4. Examples include ferns, club mosses, horsetails

10. C. Gymnosperms1. Seed plants that produce “naked” seeds in cones.2. Have vascular system3. Examples include conifers, cycads, and ginkgos.

11. D. Angiosperms1. Produce flowers2. Produce seeds enclosed within a structure called a fruit.A. provide food, protect the seed, and help disperse the seed.

12. 3. Seeds contain a supply of stored food called the endosperm.

13. 4. Classified into two groups:A. MonocotsProduce seeds with only 1 seed leaf (cotyledon)Flower parts in multiples of 3’sLeaves have parallel veinscrocus, corn, grass, tulips

14. B. Dicots -produce seeds with 2 seed leaves -flower parts in multiples of 4’s or 5’s -leaves with branching veins roses, apples, beans

15. III. Plants in Our LivesA. All plant parts-roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit provide food.B. Wood for paper, lumber and fuelC. MedicinesD. Plant fibers make paper, cloth, and rope

16. The PLANT CellA – Vacuole – holds waterB – Cell wall – protection and supportC – Endoplasmic Reticulum – transport proteinsD – Nucleus – Control cell activities, Hold DNAE – Mitochondria – Make energy into usable ATPF – Chloroplasts – Convert CO2 into C6H12O6G – Golgi Bodies – packages and distributes protein