DNA replication is the process where DNA separates into two strands and uses free nucleotides to form an exact copy of each strand, resulting in two complete DNA molecules. Transcription is where one strand of DNA is copied into a similar strand of RNA, with some differences in RNA. There are three types of RNA: mRNA which acts as a pattern for protein amino acids, tRNA which carries amino acids to ribosomes, and rRNA found in ribosomes. Translation is where the bases on mRNA act as a code read by ribosomes to bring the correct amino acids carried by tRNA, building a protein chain.

1. CHAPTER 9 & 10 NOTES PART 2 DNA PROCESSES

2. I. REPLICATION The DNA molecule can build an exact copy of itself. DNA separates into two strands exposing the bases. The exposed bases combine with free nucleotides. This process is repeated until two whole DNA molecules are formed.

4. Website This is a website showing the process of replication. http:// www.dnai.org/a/index.html

5. II. TRANSCRIPTION The information contained in the DNA must be delivered to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized (made). The information on one strand of DNA is copied almost exactly in a process called transcription . This near copy of DNA is called ribonucleic acid – RNA. When nitrogen bases do not copy correctly, a mutation happens.

6. What is RNA? RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways: 1. The sugar in RNA is called ribose . 2. In RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine. 3. RNA is a single strand.

7. What are the types of RNA? There are 3 types of RNA: 1. mRNA (messenger RNA) – acts as a pattern for the order of amino acids in the protein. 2. tRNA (transfer RNA) – carries amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribosomes. 3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) – found in the ribosomes.

8. Website This is a website showing the process of transcription.

9. III. TRANSLATION The bases on the mRNA act as a code for each amino acid . Groups of 3 bases, called codons , act as a specific code for each amino acid. The ribosomes move along the mRNA reading the codons. The tRNA picks up the correct amino acid and brings it to the mRNA . A chain of amino acids builds up a protein .

10. Website This is a website showing the process of translation.