Chapter 9 & 10 notes part 2
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DNA replication is the process where DNA separates into two strands and uses free nucleotides to form an exact copy of each strand, resulting in two complete DNA molecules. Transcription is where one strand of DNA is copied into a similar strand of RNA, with some differences in RNA. There are three types of RNA: mRNA which acts as a pattern for protein amino acids, tRNA which carries amino acids to ribosomes, and rRNA found in ribosomes. Translation is where the bases on mRNA act as a code read by ribosomes to bring the correct amino acids carried by tRNA, building a protein chain.
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Gene to protein ss
The genetic message of DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. During transcription, the DNA unwinds and mRNA is produced that carries the protein code out of the nucleus. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA codons and join amino acids specified by each codon into proteins via peptide bonds. tRNA molecules match amino acids to codons to enable protein assembly according to the DNA's genetic instructions.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of nucleotides, which contain phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acid chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries protein instructions to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein production, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a catalytic component of ribosomes. Transcription is the process where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a DNA sequence. Translation is where ribosomes use mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
3.a&p i dna.2010
1. DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases.
2. RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription and comes in three types - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
3. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes using mRNA as a template to link amino acids specified by tRNA, forming a polypeptide chain.
Chapter 13 notes
This document contains summaries of several sections from a chapter on genetics:
1. It discusses different types of gene mutations including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal mutations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
2. It notes that most mutations are not harmful and lists mutagens as things that can cause mutations, like chemicals and physical agents.
3. It briefly outlines prokaryotic gene regulation using the example of the lac operon in E. coli, and lists promoters, operators, and transcription factors as aspects of eukaryotic gene regulation.
Types of RNA
mRNA conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins. mRNA is first transcribed from pre-mRNA and then translated into a polymer of amino acids at the ribosome according to the genetic code stored in codons of three nucleotides each. Ribosomes, composed of rRNA and proteins, move along mRNA during translation and assemble the growing polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
12.3 dna, rna, and protein
This document explains how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into proteins. It begins by establishing that DNA contains the genetic instructions, which are passed to RNA and then proteins. It then describes transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus. The document explains how messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes into proteins, using transfer RNA to match mRNA codons to amino acids. In summary, it outlines the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into functional proteins.
12.3 DNA - RNA - Amino Acid - Protein
RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
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Gene to protein ss
The genetic message of DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. During transcription, the DNA unwinds and mRNA is produced that carries the protein code out of the nucleus. There are three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA codons and join amino acids specified by each codon into proteins via peptide bonds. tRNA molecules match amino acids to codons to enable protein assembly according to the DNA's genetic instructions.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of nucleotides, which contain phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acid chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) carries protein instructions to ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein production, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a catalytic component of ribosomes. Transcription is the process where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of a DNA sequence. Translation is where ribosomes use mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
3.a&p i dna.2010
1. DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases.
2. RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription and comes in three types - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
3. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes using mRNA as a template to link amino acids specified by tRNA, forming a polypeptide chain.
Chapter 13 notes
This document contains summaries of several sections from a chapter on genetics:
1. It discusses different types of gene mutations including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and chromosomal mutations like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
2. It notes that most mutations are not harmful and lists mutagens as things that can cause mutations, like chemicals and physical agents.
3. It briefly outlines prokaryotic gene regulation using the example of the lac operon in E. coli, and lists promoters, operators, and transcription factors as aspects of eukaryotic gene regulation.
Types of RNA
mRNA conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where it specifies the amino acid sequence of proteins. mRNA is first transcribed from pre-mRNA and then translated into a polymer of amino acids at the ribosome according to the genetic code stored in codons of three nucleotides each. Ribosomes, composed of rRNA and proteins, move along mRNA during translation and assemble the growing polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
12.3 dna, rna, and protein
This document explains how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and then translated into proteins. It begins by establishing that DNA contains the genetic instructions, which are passed to RNA and then proteins. It then describes transcription, where DNA is copied into messenger RNA in the nucleus. The document explains how messenger RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm to be translated by ribosomes into proteins, using transfer RNA to match mRNA codons to amino acids. In summary, it outlines the central dogma of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into functional proteins.
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RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
Biology 12
Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into messenger RNA using RNA polymerase. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries protein instructions from DNA to ribosomes, ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes, and transfer RNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes during translation. Translation is the process where the cell uses messenger RNA to produce proteins by decoding mRNA codons into amino acids.
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Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and the base uracil replacing thymine. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy from DNA. Translation involves tRNA carrying amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together according to the mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and the base uracil replacing thymine. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries copies of genes' instructions from DNA to the ribosomes for protein production. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons during translation. rRNA makes up part of the ribosome where it helps join amino acids into proteins. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm using tRNA to deliver amino acids.
Lesson 13.1
RNA plays an important role in decoding the genetic instructions contained in DNA and directing protein production. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of gene instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up part of the ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production according to the mRNA instructions. RNA is produced from DNA in a process called transcription, in which RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.
Notes ch13 website
From DNA to Protein
1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation. RNA is produced through transcription and carries the genetic code from DNA. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
3. Mutations in DNA can occur through changes in single nucleotides or the insertion/deletion of nucleotides. This can alter the mRNA and resulting protein sequence produced.
Ribonucleic acid or RNA
Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
B2.10 proteins
Transcription and translation are two processes that make proteins from DNA. During transcription, mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. The DNA unzips and one strand acts as a template for mRNA. During translation, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosome decodes the mRNA codon by codon and tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid, forming a polypeptide chain. The chain folds into the unique 3D structure of a protein.
Life science unit 3
RNA is made up of ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. It exists as single-stranded polymers within cells. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries codes from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation. rRNA helps bind mRNA and proteins within ribosomes. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA within the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
This document discusses the structure and function of RNA and the process of protein synthesis. It begins by describing the basic components of an RNA molecule, including ribose sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. It then explains the three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their roles in protein synthesis. The document concludes by providing a detailed overview of the multi-step process of transcription, where DNA is copied into mRNA, and translation, where the mRNA code is used to synthesize proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
Unit 5 dna etc for moodle 2013
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Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is made up of ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. It exists as single-stranded polymers that can fold upon themselves. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries codes from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA during translation. rRNA makes up 50% of ribosomes and helps attach mRNA for protein synthesis. Protein synthesis involves two stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein with the help of tRNA and rRNA in the ribosomes.
Gene expression
Chromosomes and DNA discusses DNA replication and gene expression. DNA must be replicated before cell division so that each new cell contains the full DNA amount. Replication involves unwinding DNA and using it as a template to produce two new DNA strands. Gene expression includes transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. During translation, mRNA codons are decoded by tRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis protein synthesis notes
This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It defines RNA, its types including mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to amino acids to form a protein. Codons on mRNA pair with anticodons on tRNA to specify which amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Examples are given to demonstrate transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids.
Protein synthesis
This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It describes the three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA - and their functions. mRNA carries instructions from DNA to the cytoplasm, rRNA binds to mRNA and helps assemble amino acids, and tRNA supplies amino acids. The document then explains how RNA is made, compares RNA and DNA structures, and outlines the process of transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
Lesson 13.2
1) Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation.
2) Messenger RNA carries codons that are read by ribosomes to direct the binding of transfer RNA molecules and the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
3) The central dogma of molecular biology is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with DNA containing the genetic instructions and proteins performing most functions in cells.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
DNA is the hereditary material found by scientists like Griffith and Chase. It has a double helix structure with nitrogen bases pairing up (A=T and C=G) proposed by Watson and Crick based on research by Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand pairing with new bases.
RNA is single stranded and has uracil instead of thymine. There are three types: mRNA carries protein synthesis instructions from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and rRNA is part of the ribosome.
Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA, then translation as the ribosome synthesizes proteins using the mRNA and tRNAs. Mut
RNA.pptx
The three nitrogenous bases in mRNA form codons to code for amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The Central Dogma explains the process of DNA being transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Ribosomes are the sites in cells where protein synthesis occurs through the joining of amino acids specified by mRNA.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
The central dogma
The Central Dogma of Biology describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain based on the mRNA codon sequence. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids to the growing protein chain. Eventually a whole protein is produced based on the DNA code provided in the gene.
Protein synthesis
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the DNA code in the nucleus and transports it to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. There are three main types of RNA involved: mRNA carries the DNA code to ribosomes, ribosomal RNA is part of the ribosome and helps decode mRNA, and transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome where they are joined according to the mRNA code to form proteins. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of the mRNA code into a protein chain by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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Transcription is the process where DNA is copied into messenger RNA using RNA polymerase. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries protein instructions from DNA to ribosomes, ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes, and transfer RNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes during translation. Translation is the process where the cell uses messenger RNA to produce proteins by decoding mRNA codons into amino acids.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that plays several roles in protein synthesis. It consists of a phosphate backbone, a ribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries copies of DNA instructions to the ribosome, tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly, and rRNA is a core component of ribosomes. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm using tRNA to add amino acids.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and the base uracil replacing thymine. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy from DNA. Translation involves tRNA carrying amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together according to the mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that differs from DNA in having the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose and the base uracil replacing thymine. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries copies of genes' instructions from DNA to the ribosomes for protein production. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons during translation. rRNA makes up part of the ribosome where it helps join amino acids into proteins. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm using tRNA to deliver amino acids.
Lesson 13.1
RNA plays an important role in decoding the genetic instructions contained in DNA and directing protein production. There are three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries copies of gene instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which makes up part of the ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA), which transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production according to the mRNA instructions. RNA is produced from DNA in a process called transcription, in which RNA polymerase uses a DNA strand as a template to make a complementary RNA molecule.
Notes ch13 website
From DNA to Protein
1. DNA contains genes that provide instructions for building proteins through transcription and translation. RNA is produced through transcription and carries the genetic code from DNA. There are three main types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
2. During translation, mRNA attaches to ribosomes where tRNA brings amino acids to add to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA codons until a stop codon is reached. This process synthesizes proteins using the genetic code stored in DNA.
3. Mutations in DNA can occur through changes in single nucleotides or the insertion/deletion of nucleotides. This can alter the mRNA and resulting protein sequence produced.
Ribonucleic acid or RNA
Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
B2.10 proteins
Transcription and translation are two processes that make proteins from DNA. During transcription, mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus. The DNA unzips and one strand acts as a template for mRNA. During translation, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosome decodes the mRNA codon by codon and tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid, forming a polypeptide chain. The chain folds into the unique 3D structure of a protein.
Life science unit 3
RNA is made up of ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. It exists as single-stranded polymers within cells. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries codes from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during translation. rRNA helps bind mRNA and proteins within ribosomes. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA within the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
This document discusses the structure and function of RNA and the process of protein synthesis. It begins by describing the basic components of an RNA molecule, including ribose sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases. It then explains the three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their roles in protein synthesis. The document concludes by providing a detailed overview of the multi-step process of transcription, where DNA is copied into mRNA, and translation, where the mRNA code is used to synthesize proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
Unit 5 dna etc for moodle 2013
This document provides information about DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes the key components and double helix structure of DNA, including that it is made of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G). The bases pair up in a specific way between strands. RNA is similar but contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then mRNA directs protein synthesis on ribosomes by matching codons to transfer RNA and amino acids. Mutations can occur through changes in the DNA sequence.
Unit 2 genetics nucleic acid rna
RNA is made up of ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. It exists as single-stranded polymers that can fold upon themselves. There are several types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries codes from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA during translation. rRNA makes up 50% of ribosomes and helps attach mRNA for protein synthesis. Protein synthesis involves two stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to protein with the help of tRNA and rRNA in the ribosomes.
Gene expression
Chromosomes and DNA discusses DNA replication and gene expression. DNA must be replicated before cell division so that each new cell contains the full DNA amount. Replication involves unwinding DNA and using it as a template to produce two new DNA strands. Gene expression includes transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm. During translation, mRNA codons are decoded by tRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis protein synthesis notes
This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It defines RNA, its types including mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to amino acids to form a protein. Codons on mRNA pair with anticodons on tRNA to specify which amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Examples are given to demonstrate transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids.
Protein synthesis
This document discusses RNA and protein synthesis. It describes the three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA - and their functions. mRNA carries instructions from DNA to the cytoplasm, rRNA binds to mRNA and helps assemble amino acids, and tRNA supplies amino acids. The document then explains how RNA is made, compares RNA and DNA structures, and outlines the process of transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA.
Lesson 13.2
1) Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation.
2) Messenger RNA carries codons that are read by ribosomes to direct the binding of transfer RNA molecules and the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
3) The central dogma of molecular biology is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with DNA containing the genetic instructions and proteins performing most functions in cells.
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
DNA is the hereditary material found by scientists like Griffith and Chase. It has a double helix structure with nitrogen bases pairing up (A=T and C=G) proposed by Watson and Crick based on research by Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins. DNA replicates through unwinding and each strand pairing with new bases.
RNA is single stranded and has uracil instead of thymine. There are three types: mRNA carries protein synthesis instructions from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and rRNA is part of the ribosome.
Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA, then translation as the ribosome synthesizes proteins using the mRNA and tRNAs. Mut
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Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis protein synthesis notes
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Similar to Chapter 9 & 10 notes part 2
RNA.pptx
The three nitrogenous bases in mRNA form codons to code for amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The Central Dogma explains the process of DNA being transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Ribosomes are the sites in cells where protein synthesis occurs through the joining of amino acids specified by mRNA.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
Transcription and Translation part 2.ppt
Protein synthesis involves two main processes - transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA message is converted into mRNA in the nucleus. In translation, the mRNA message is used to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. Key elements that aid these processes include RNA polymerase which synthesizes mRNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) which translates mRNA codons into amino acids, and ribosomes which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
The central dogma
The Central Dogma of Biology describes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain based on the mRNA codon sequence. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids to the growing protein chain. Eventually a whole protein is produced based on the DNA code provided in the gene.
Protein synthesis
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the DNA code in the nucleus and transports it to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. There are three main types of RNA involved: mRNA carries the DNA code to ribosomes, ribosomal RNA is part of the ribosome and helps decode mRNA, and transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome where they are joined according to the mRNA code to form proteins. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of the mRNA code into a protein chain by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Physiology-brief about RNA and its types
This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would not take long.
3.Function of Protein synthesis:
Protein synthesis is important because proteins control the activities of cells.Without these many
of the processes in the body would fail or not work properly.
4.Comparison of Transcription and Translation:
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code is converted into a
complementry RNA code whereas Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA
template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an aminoacid sequence in a protein.
5.List and functions of three types of RNA:
a)mRNA or Messanger RNA --Its function is that it transcribes the genetic code from DNA into
a form that can be read and used to make proteins.mRNA carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
b)rRNA or Ribosomal RNA --Its function is that it directs the translation of mRNA into Proteins.
c)tRNA or Transfer RNA--It brings or transfers aminoacids to the ribosomethat corrosponds to
each three nucleotidecondon of rRNA.The aminoacids then can be joined together and processed
to make polypeptides and proteins.
6)Compare and contrast DNA and RNA:
DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone,having four different
nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and thymine.Whereas RNA is a polymer with a
ribose and phosphate backbone,having foue nitrogeneous bases:adenine,guanine,cytosine and
uracil.
7)Semiconservative nature of DNA:In this replication would produce two copies that contained
one of the original strands and one new strand.
Solution
1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed of monomers called
nucleotides.Each nucleotide is composed of three subunits.These are a)Nitrogen
base,b)Sugar,c)Phosphate.
a)Nitrogen bases:Pyrimidines and Purines
b)Sugar:Ribose sugar
c)Phosphate:one central phoshporous with 4 oxygen atoms
2.Replication and its importance:
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one
original DNA molecule.
The importance of this process is that it occurs in all living organisms and it is the basis for
biological inheritance.If DNA never replicated,meiosis and mitosis would slowly halves the size
of the genome until each cell would die,which probably would no.
Structure of DNA and RNA and its functions
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that replicates itself and carries genetic information. RNA is a single-stranded molecule that does not self-replicate and exists in several types that have different cellular functions like protein synthesis. The structures of DNA and RNA allow genetic information to be accurately copied and expressed via processes like transcription and translation.
Genetics Nucleic Acid RNA
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that plays several roles in protein synthesis. It has a ribose sugar backbone instead of deoxyribose and contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine. There are several types of RNA, including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. rRNA makes up part of the ribosome and helps bind mRNA and proteins together. Protein synthesis involves two main stages - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
RNA
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that plays several roles in protein synthesis. It consists of a phosphate backbone linked to a ribose sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. There are several types of RNA, including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries copies of genes from DNA to the ribosome. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis according to complementary codons on mRNA. rRNA, along with proteins, makes up the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA to protein by tRNA and rRNA on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Chapter 10 keynote.key
The document summarizes the processes of transcription and translation. It defines key terms like DNA, RNA, genes, and proteins. It describes transcription as using RNA polymerase to create mRNA from DNA in the nucleus, with mRNA carrying codon instructions. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, using tRNAs to bring amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons, forming a protein chain. The final product of transcription is mRNA, while the final product of translation is an amino acid chain.
Powerpoint 13.1
The document discusses the roles and functions of RNA. It explains that RNA differs from DNA in its sugar (ribose vs. deoxyribose), structure (single-stranded vs. double-stranded), and nucleotide composition (uracil replaces thymine). RNA acts as a messenger to copy genetic instructions from DNA and direct protein production. The three main types of RNA - messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA - each have specialized functions in protein synthesis.
lecture No 3-central dogma.ppt
The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA is replicated to make more DNA; DNA is transcribed into mRNA; mRNA is translated into proteins. This involves three main molecules - DNA, RNA, and proteins - and three main processes - replication, transcription, and translation. The genetic code stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins via mRNA and translation.
Biology - Chp 12 - DNA & RNA - PowerPoint
The document summarizes key concepts about DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It discusses:
1) The structure of DNA as a double helix with nucleotides containing nitrogen bases that allow the strands to replicate.
2) Chromosomes contain DNA and package it tightly for storage in eukaryotic cells. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
3) RNA acts as a messenger to transfer DNA instructions to the cell. Transcription and translation lead to protein synthesis on ribosomes according to the genetic code.
4) Mutations can occur through changes to nucleotides and can impact protein function, though most do not affect the organism.
Biological molecules
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleotides are the subunits that make up nucleic acids, containing phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides bond together to form long chains. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA carries information from DNA for protein production, transfer RNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with protein to form ribosomes for protein synthesis. Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of DNA, and translation decodes messenger RNA to produce a specific polypeptide chain that will later fold into an active protein.
CHARACTERS AND TYPES OF RNA
RNA has several types that serve different functions:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome where protein is synthesized. It is single-stranded and contains a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports specific amino acids to the ribosome and pairs them with mRNA codons during protein translation. It has a cloverleaf secondary structure.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a major component of ribosomes and facilitates protein synthesis by providing the structural scaffold for the ribosome.
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
The document summarizes the processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis. DNA replication involves separating DNA into two strands and using each strand as a template to make an identical copy, resulting in two double-stranded DNA molecules. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated on ribosomes into a polypeptide chain using transfer RNA to add amino acids specified by mRNA codons.
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1.Chemical composition of DNA is -It is long chain polymer composed .pdf
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Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
Chapter 7 notes
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in cells from diploid to haploid, forming four haploid gametes from one diploid cell. This occurs through the processes of independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization, which contribute to genetic variation and allow for evolution. Meiosis produces either sperm cells in males through spermatogenesis or egg cells in females through oogenesis, where the cytoplasm unequally divides. Sexual reproduction then involves the union of haploid gametes from two parents to form a diploid zygote, resulting in offspring that are genetically different from the parents.
Chapter 5 notes
The document discusses the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Respiration is the release of energy from food molecules in the presence of oxygen and takes place in plant and animal cells, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste. Photosynthesis is how plants use sunlight to produce food, occurring in chloroplasts and using chlorophyll to absorb light and produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Chapter 4 notes new slideshow
Cells take in nutrients and expel waste through their membranes using two main processes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport moves substances across membranes without cell energy expenditure, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins or ion channels. Active transport requires cell energy in the form of ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient, as seen with the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis use vesicles to transport larger molecules into and out of cells. Membrane receptor proteins also allow cells to communicate.
Chapter 3 notes
Cell structure can be observed under microscopes. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and organelles. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins. Major cell organelles include the nucleus which contains DNA, ribosomes which produce proteins, and mitochondria which generate energy.
Chapter 2 notes
The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts related to biology:
1) The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity, with acids below 7 and bases above 7. Many biological processes require a specific pH level.
2) Compounds are either inorganic, containing no carbon, or organic, containing carbon. Water is a polar, inorganic molecule important for biological functions. Organic compounds include polymers like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3) Chemical reactions change substances and are facilitated by enzymes, which speed reactions without being used up. Enzymes have an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules.
Chapter 1 notes
Biology is the study of life. All living things share characteristics like being made of cells, growing, obtaining and using energy, and responding to their environment. Scientists use biology to help solve problems like preserving the environment, improving food supply, understanding genetics, and fighting diseases. The scientific method involves observing the natural world, asking questions, proposing hypotheses to explain observations, experimenting to test hypotheses, and drawing conclusions. Key parts of an experiment include a control group, experimental group, independent variable, and dependent variable. A theory is formed when repeated experiments consistently confirm a hypothesis.
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Vertebrate notes
1. The document outlines the key characteristics and classifications of vertebrates.
2. Vertebrates are defined as having a backbone and most have two sets of appendages. They have a closed circulatory system and breathe using gills or lungs.
3. Vertebrates are divided into 7 classes - jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals - based on their physical traits and reproduction methods.
Invertebrate notes
The document discusses the general characteristics and classification of invertebrate animals. It outlines that invertebrates lack backbones and covers their body structures like body cavities, skeletons, symmetry, and systems like digestion, circulation, respiration, excretion, and reproduction. The major invertebrate phyla described are porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms, and arthropods.
Chapter 23 notes
This document provides an overview of plant adaptations, characteristics, types, and importance. It discusses how plants evolved from algae to survive on land by developing systems like cuticles, stomata, and pollen to absorb nutrients, prevent water loss, and reproduce. It describes key plant features like cell walls, being multicellular and autotrophic. It outlines the main plant groups - nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms - and their distinguishing characteristics. Finally, it notes the many ways plants provide food, materials, medicines and are vital to human lives.
Integ systemppt
The integumentary system protects the body from damage, regulates temperature, and detects sensations. It is composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin works with other systems like the circulatory and nervous systems to maintain homeostasis - it releases sweat to cool the body and uses capillaries to deliver medications through patches. Neurons in the skin also send signals to the brain about sensations like pain.
Ch. 23 notes
Plants evolved adaptations to survive on land such as developing a waxy cuticle, stomata, and guard cells to regulate water loss. They also evolved vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients, seeds to reproduce, and flowers to attract pollinators. There are four main kinds of plants - nonvascular which rely on water, seedless vascular with spores, gymnosperms with naked seeds, and angiosperms which produce flowers and fruits enclosing seeds. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots. Plants provide essential resources like food, wood, medicines, and fibers and have cellular structures like chloroplasts and vacuoles that allow them to survive on land.
Chapter 21 and 22 notes
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
Chapter 20 notes
Bacteria and viruses are found everywhere on Earth. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can be rod-shaped, spiral-shaped, or circular. They reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Viruses are non-living particles that contain DNA or RNA and reproduce by taking over host cells and forcing them to make more viruses. Bacteria and viruses cause many diseases in humans, but bacteria can also be beneficial as decomposers and in food processing, while vaccines can prevent viral infections.
Ch. 14 & 19 notes
Carl Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature for classifying organisms using their genus and species names. His system grouped organisms into 7 categories that have since expanded to 8 - domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. All living things are classified within 3 domains - Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya, with the 6 kingdoms being Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This system allows scientists to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Ch. 17 & 18 notes
This document summarizes key concepts about biological communities and the environment. It discusses how organisms interact through coevolution, predation, and symbiosis. It also addresses competition and how it shapes communities. Major biological communities or biomes are examined, including tropical rainforests, savannas, taiga, tundra, deserts, and temperate grasslands and forests. The document also covers issues like global change through acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect and global warming, as well as their effects on ecosystems. Potential solutions to environmental problems through laws, taxes, education, individual actions like recycling are proposed.
Chapter 15 & 16 notes
Populations grow until reaching the carrying capacity of their environment, limited by factors like food availability. Populations evolve over time through forces like mutation, gene flow, and natural selection. Ecosystems consist of communities of interacting species and their shared physical environment. Over time, ecosystems change through succession as new habitats are colonized by pioneer species and later species replace them. Energy and nutrients cycle through ecosystems via food chains, webs, and biogeochemical cycles, decreasing at each trophic level.
Chapter 13 notes
This document summarizes key aspects of the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It discusses how Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to propose that their ancestors had migrated and evolved over time through natural selection. The document then defines natural selection and adaptation, and describes evidence that supports evolution, including fossils, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA and proteins between related species. It provides examples of Darwin's finches and the formation of new species through divergence and speciation.
Chapter 9 & 10 notes
DNA controls the activities of cells and carries genetic information. It is found in the nucleus of cells. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with alternating sugar and phosphate molecules forming the backbone and four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - bonding between the strands in a specific pattern with adenine bonding to thymine and guanine bonding to cytosine. DNA is made up of small repeating units called nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of the four nitrogen bases.
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