Chapter 20 notes
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Bacteria and viruses are found everywhere on Earth. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can be rod-shaped, spiral-shaped, or circular. They reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Viruses are non-living particles that contain DNA or RNA and reproduce by taking over host cells and forcing them to make more viruses. Bacteria and viruses cause many diseases in humans, but bacteria can also be beneficial as decomposers and in food processing, while vaccines can prevent viral infections.
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Chapter 21 and 22 notes
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
Protists
In five kingdom classification(scheme proposed by R. Whittaker in 1969), Protists make up a kingdom called “Protista”, composed of “Organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissue.
Protists are the eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdom Plantae, Animalia or Fungi. Most Protists are unicellular, but few have hundreds or even thousands of cells.
Protists can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
They move by cilia, flagella or pseudopodia.
Kingdom Protista
Here are the questions with highlights:
1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?
2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) What are sporozoans and what disease do they cause?
Phylum Porifera...presentation
Sponges are multi-cellular aquatic animals that live fixed to the sea floor and filter feed. They come in about 9,000 species divided into three main classes based on their skeleton composition. Sponges lack true tissues and organs. They are composed of three main cell types - pinacocytes, choanocytes, and mesenchyme cells. Choanocytes generate water currents that both capture food and circulate water through the sponge. Sponges reproduce sexually through internal fertilization and larval development or asexually by fragmentation.
Three domain of classification
contains detailed information about classification of life system
in particular three domains of classification sytem of living organism
into prokarya archea eukarya
FUNGi POWER POINT
This document provides information about fungi through text and images. It describes the main characteristics of fungi, including that they are eukaryotic and heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from dead organisms. It details their structures, including being made of hyphae and having cell walls containing chitin. The document outlines the different phyla of fungi and their characteristics. It also discusses fungi's roles in ecosystems, such as recycling nutrients, being plant parasites, and forming symbiotic relationships in lichens and mycorrhizae.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that come in a variety of shapes and live in many environments. They were first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 and named by Ehrenberg in 1828. Bacteria are prokaryotic, lacking organelles like nuclei, and reproduce through binary fission. There are four main types - rod-shaped bacilli like E. coli, spherical cocci like streptococci, spiral-shaped spirilla, and comma-shaped vibrios like V. cholerae. Bacteria can be helpful by increasing soil fertility, aiding digestion, and creating antibiotics, but can also be harmful as pathogens causing diseases or by contaminating food.
Kingdom protista
The document summarizes the three major kingdoms of protista - protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. Protozoa are animal-like single-celled eukaryotes that can move and are heterotrophs. Examples include amoebas, zooflagellates, ciliates, foraminiferans, and apicomplexans. Algae are plant-like protists that can photosynthesize and include euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, red algae, and green algae. Fungus-like protists are slime molds and water molds.
Recommended
Chapter 21 and 22 notes
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
Protists
In five kingdom classification(scheme proposed by R. Whittaker in 1969), Protists make up a kingdom called “Protista”, composed of “Organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissue.
Protists are the eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdom Plantae, Animalia or Fungi. Most Protists are unicellular, but few have hundreds or even thousands of cells.
Protists can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
They move by cilia, flagella or pseudopodia.
Kingdom Protista
Here are the questions with highlights:
1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?
2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.
3) What are sporozoans and what disease do they cause?
Phylum Porifera...presentation
Sponges are multi-cellular aquatic animals that live fixed to the sea floor and filter feed. They come in about 9,000 species divided into three main classes based on their skeleton composition. Sponges lack true tissues and organs. They are composed of three main cell types - pinacocytes, choanocytes, and mesenchyme cells. Choanocytes generate water currents that both capture food and circulate water through the sponge. Sponges reproduce sexually through internal fertilization and larval development or asexually by fragmentation.
Three domain of classification
contains detailed information about classification of life system
in particular three domains of classification sytem of living organism
into prokarya archea eukarya
FUNGi POWER POINT
This document provides information about fungi through text and images. It describes the main characteristics of fungi, including that they are eukaryotic and heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from dead organisms. It details their structures, including being made of hyphae and having cell walls containing chitin. The document outlines the different phyla of fungi and their characteristics. It also discusses fungi's roles in ecosystems, such as recycling nutrients, being plant parasites, and forming symbiotic relationships in lichens and mycorrhizae.
Bacteria
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that come in a variety of shapes and live in many environments. They were first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 and named by Ehrenberg in 1828. Bacteria are prokaryotic, lacking organelles like nuclei, and reproduce through binary fission. There are four main types - rod-shaped bacilli like E. coli, spherical cocci like streptococci, spiral-shaped spirilla, and comma-shaped vibrios like V. cholerae. Bacteria can be helpful by increasing soil fertility, aiding digestion, and creating antibiotics, but can also be harmful as pathogens causing diseases or by contaminating food.
Kingdom protista
The document summarizes the three major kingdoms of protista - protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. Protozoa are animal-like single-celled eukaryotes that can move and are heterotrophs. Examples include amoebas, zooflagellates, ciliates, foraminiferans, and apicomplexans. Algae are plant-like protists that can photosynthesize and include euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, red algae, and green algae. Fungus-like protists are slime molds and water molds.
Biology - Chp 21 - Fungi - PowerPoint
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that feed by absorbing nutrients from outside their bodies. They have cell walls containing chitin and their bodies are composed of filaments called hyphae that form a tangled mass called a mycelium. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. They play important ecological roles as decomposers that break down organic matter, parasites that infect plants and animals, and symbionts that form relationships like lichens and mycorrhizae.
Algae
This document discusses the role of algae in plants. It defines algae as primitive, non-vascular plants that reproduce through spores and have pigments like chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Algae are classified into different groups and can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. They live in various habitats from marine to freshwater to terrestrial environments. Algae are important primary producers that produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food web. Some examples of their ecological roles include causing red tides and providing habitat in kelp forests. Seaweeds also have economic uses as food and in producing hydrocolloids.
General characteristics of fungi
The overall general characteristics of fungi is given under each headings. The reproduction process is given brief along with diagrams. The contents are taken from the references given.
Protists
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that include protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. They can be unicellular or multicellular, microscopic or large, and obtain energy through photosynthesis or consuming other organisms or organic matter. Major groups of protists include protozoa such as amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans; algae which perform photosynthesis; and fungus-like protists such as slime molds, water molds, and downy mildews. Protists play important roles in ecosystems as producers, decomposers, and causes of diseases.
Kingdom of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and others. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material through their filamentous hyphae. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation or budding. Major groups include Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, parasites, and symbionts through mycorrhizal relationships with plants.
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This document provides an overview of the phyla Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Chlorophyta (green algae). It outlines their key characteristics, classification, reproduction processes, and economic importance. The lesson objectives are to enable students to identify and compare features of brown, red, and green algae, describe their life cycles including meiosis and fertilization points, and understand their ecological and economic roles. Examples of life cycles discussed include Laminaria, Gracilaria, Chlamydomonas, and Ulva.
Clase 10 Bacterias y Virus.pdf
Las bacterias son organismos unicelulares procariotas que se reproducen por fisión binaria y contienen un cromosoma circular. Poseen una pared rígida formada por peptidoglicanos y sistemas para obtener energía y realizar biosíntesis. Los virus son parásitos intracelulares obligados que no poseen metabolismo propio y dependen de las células huéspedes para replicarse. Pueden tener genomas de ADN o ARN y una cápside protectora, a veces con envoltura. Se reproducen mediante ciclos lí
kingdom fungi ( heterotrophs )
A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
Phylum Basidiomycota & Fungi Association with Other Organisms
Basidiomycota is a major division of the kingdom Fungi whose members are typically characterized by the presence of a basidium
Kingdom Fungi
This document provides information about different types of fungi. It discusses that fungi lack chloroplasts and absorb nutrients from other sources. It then describes several types of fungi in more detail, including zygomycota which reproduce sexually through conjugation, ascomycota which reproduce sexually through ascospores and asexually through conidiospores, yeasts which are unicellular, and basidiomycota which reproduce sexually through basidia. It also provides examples of types of fungi like mildew, puffballs, bracket fungi, and the imperfect fungi that reproduce asexually.
Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
Fungi
Fungi can be unicellular yeasts or filamentous hyphae. Most fungi occur as hyphae that can be septate or coenocytic. Fungi are heterotrophs that can be saprophytes, symbionts, or parasites. They reproduce asexually via spores or sexually. Their vegetative phase is generally sedentary. Major fungal phyla include Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota.
Fungi
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Types of Fossils
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Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
Chapter 19 lecture- Viruses & Bacteria
The document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes that prokaryotes like bacteria are classified into eubacteria and archaebacteria based on cell wall composition. Viruses require a living host cell to reproduce and can cause lytic or lysogenic infections. Bacteria and viruses can cause diseases in humans and plants through various mechanisms.
Roots
The document summarizes plant root structure and function. It discusses the main functions of roots including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, food storage, and propagation. It describes the typical morphology of dicot and monocot roots. It also explains the tissues that make up roots including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular tissues. Root hairs, the apical meristem, and root modifications are also summarized.
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This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
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The document summarizes the cell structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic algal cells. Prokaryotic cells like cyanobacteria have an outer cellular covering including a mucilaginous sheath and cell wall, as well as a cytoplasm differentiated into a pigmented chromoplasm and central colorless centroplasm containing DNA. Eukaryotic algal cells have a cell wall, plasma lemma, and protoplast containing organelles like a chloroplast, mitochondria, and flagella. The chloroplast contains thylakoids and pyrenoids and the cell has structures like an eyespot.
Viruses
Viruses are different from other kingdoms in that they are not cells, are extremely small and unable to move, and cannot carry out vital functions without infecting a host cell. Viruses have either nucleic acid or nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, and sometimes an envelope. To reproduce, viruses enter a host cell and use its cellular machinery to make new viral components which then assemble and exit the cell.
Bacteria versus virus, Difference between bacteria and virus
Bacteria versus virus, Difference between bacteria and virus, presentation on bacteria and virus by raj kumar kumawat,
Basic differences between bacteria and virus
Viruses And Bacteria
The document summarizes key topics about prokaryotes and viruses:
1) Stromatolites provide evidence that prokaryotic life began early in Earth's history. Experiments have explored how organic molecules may have formed the building blocks of early life.
2) Archaea and bacteria are two domains of prokaryotes that differ in cell structure and genetics. Bacteria have diverse shapes and methods of nutrition, reproduction, and genetic variation.
3) Viruses rely on host cells for reproduction and have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles and cause diseases differently than bacteria. Vaccines boost immunity to prevent viral infections.
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Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that feed by absorbing nutrients from outside their bodies. They have cell walls containing chitin and their bodies are composed of filaments called hyphae that form a tangled mass called a mycelium. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores. They play important ecological roles as decomposers that break down organic matter, parasites that infect plants and animals, and symbionts that form relationships like lichens and mycorrhizae.
Algae
This document discusses the role of algae in plants. It defines algae as primitive, non-vascular plants that reproduce through spores and have pigments like chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Algae are classified into different groups and can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. They live in various habitats from marine to freshwater to terrestrial environments. Algae are important primary producers that produce oxygen and serve as the base of the food web. Some examples of their ecological roles include causing red tides and providing habitat in kelp forests. Seaweeds also have economic uses as food and in producing hydrocolloids.
General characteristics of fungi
The overall general characteristics of fungi is given under each headings. The reproduction process is given brief along with diagrams. The contents are taken from the references given.
Protists
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that include protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. They can be unicellular or multicellular, microscopic or large, and obtain energy through photosynthesis or consuming other organisms or organic matter. Major groups of protists include protozoa such as amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans; algae which perform photosynthesis; and fungus-like protists such as slime molds, water molds, and downy mildews. Protists play important roles in ecosystems as producers, decomposers, and causes of diseases.
Kingdom of fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and others. They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material through their filamentous hyphae. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through fragmentation or budding. Major groups include Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Zygomycota. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers, parasites, and symbionts through mycorrhizal relationships with plants.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglae
This document provides an overview of the phyla Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Chlorophyta (green algae). It outlines their key characteristics, classification, reproduction processes, and economic importance. The lesson objectives are to enable students to identify and compare features of brown, red, and green algae, describe their life cycles including meiosis and fertilization points, and understand their ecological and economic roles. Examples of life cycles discussed include Laminaria, Gracilaria, Chlamydomonas, and Ulva.
Clase 10 Bacterias y Virus.pdf
Las bacterias son organismos unicelulares procariotas que se reproducen por fisión binaria y contienen un cromosoma circular. Poseen una pared rígida formada por peptidoglicanos y sistemas para obtener energía y realizar biosíntesis. Los virus son parásitos intracelulares obligados que no poseen metabolismo propio y dependen de las células huéspedes para replicarse. Pueden tener genomas de ADN o ARN y una cápside protectora, a veces con envoltura. Se reproducen mediante ciclos lí
kingdom fungi ( heterotrophs )
A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
Phylum Basidiomycota & Fungi Association with Other Organisms
Basidiomycota is a major division of the kingdom Fungi whose members are typically characterized by the presence of a basidium
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This document provides information about different types of fungi. It discusses that fungi lack chloroplasts and absorb nutrients from other sources. It then describes several types of fungi in more detail, including zygomycota which reproduce sexually through conjugation, ascomycota which reproduce sexually through ascospores and asexually through conidiospores, yeasts which are unicellular, and basidiomycota which reproduce sexually through basidia. It also provides examples of types of fungi like mildew, puffballs, bracket fungi, and the imperfect fungi that reproduce asexually.
Algae
Algae are chlorophyll-containing organisms that live in aquatic and moist habitats. They range from unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas to multicellular and colonial forms like Volvox. Algal thalli can take many forms including unicellular, filamentous, parenchymatous, and siphonous structures. More advanced forms have differentiated tissues. Evolutionary theories suggest simpler unicellular forms like Chlamydomonas preceded more complex colonial and multicellular algae.
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Fungi can be unicellular yeasts or filamentous hyphae. Most fungi occur as hyphae that can be septate or coenocytic. Fungi are heterotrophs that can be saprophytes, symbionts, or parasites. They reproduce asexually via spores or sexually. Their vegetative phase is generally sedentary. Major fungal phyla include Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are mostly multicellular and heterotrophic. They range from unicellular yeasts to complex multicellular mushrooms. Fungi have hyphae that can aggregate into structures like mycelium, sclerotia, and fruiting bodies. They reproduce both sexually through spores formed by meiosis and asexually through spores formed by mitosis. The five major phyla of fungi are Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers and through symbiotic relationships like mycorrhiz
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Fossils provide clues about prehistoric life by preserving remains of organisms from over 10,000 years ago. They reveal how Earth's surface and environments have changed over time. The fossil record includes all fossils discovered and yet to be discovered, studied by paleontologists, to answer questions about past life like what organisms existed, and what the oceans, land, and behaviors of organisms looked like in different eras. Fossils form when organisms are quickly buried after death in sediment layers, and minerals slowly replace the organism's bones and tissues over millions of years.
Protozoa
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
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The document discusses bacteria and viruses. It describes that prokaryotes like bacteria are classified into eubacteria and archaebacteria based on cell wall composition. Viruses require a living host cell to reproduce and can cause lytic or lysogenic infections. Bacteria and viruses can cause diseases in humans and plants through various mechanisms.
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The document summarizes plant root structure and function. It discusses the main functions of roots including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, food storage, and propagation. It describes the typical morphology of dicot and monocot roots. It also explains the tissues that make up roots including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular tissues. Root hairs, the apical meristem, and root modifications are also summarized.
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This document provides information about the six kingdoms of life and the domains of Archaea and Bacteria. It discusses how biologists classify organisms and some of the key distinguishing characteristics, such as cell structure, nutrition, and reproduction. Specifically, it outlines that Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotic domains. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition and membrane lipids. Bacteria are more ubiquitous and also have rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Many bacteria can be pathogenic if they enter the body and use tissues as a food source or secrete toxins.
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Viruses
Viruses are different from other kingdoms in that they are not cells, are extremely small and unable to move, and cannot carry out vital functions without infecting a host cell. Viruses have either nucleic acid or nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, and sometimes an envelope. To reproduce, viruses enter a host cell and use its cellular machinery to make new viral components which then assemble and exit the cell.
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Viruses are pathogens that cause disease in animals and plants. They are infectious agents too small to be seen with a light microscope. Viruses are not living cells and cannot replicate independently - they need a host cell to reproduce. Examples of viruses include influenza, polio, and dengue fever. The branch of science that studies viruses is called virology. Viruses have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material and range in size from 20-250nm. They are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on host cells for reproduction and can cause disease in the host.
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In1879,AdolfMayer,aGermanscientistfirstobservedthedarkandlightspotoninfectedleavesoftobaccoplantandnamedittobaccomosaicdisease.Althoughhefailedtodescribethedisease,heshowedtheinfectiousnatureofthediseaseafterinoculatingthejuiceextractofdiseasedplanttoahealthyone.ThenextstepwastakenbyaRussianscientistDimitriIvanovskyin1890,whodemonstratedthatsapoftheleavesinfectedwithtobaccomosaicdiseaseretainsitsinfectiouspropertyevenafteritsfiltrationthroughaChamerlandfilter.
Viruses and their genetic system
A comprehensive illustration about viruses and their genetic system. The life cycle of bacteriophages. The transfer of their genetic system via the process of transduction (Generalised and Specialised) and studying the gene mapping in phages.
Study of viruses
The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
1. introduction to_virology[1]
The document provides a historical overview and summary of virology:
- Virology is the study of viruses, which are microscopic infectious agents that can only reproduce inside host cells. Important early discoveries included identifying that the agents causing tobacco mosaic disease and foot-and-mouth disease could pass through filters, indicating they were not bacteria.
- Major milestones in the 20th century included imaging viruses using electron microscopy, growing viruses in cell cultures and eggs, discovering they contain either DNA or RNA, determining viruses cause diseases like polio, yellow fever, and cancer, and ultimately eradicating smallpox through vaccination. Today over 5,000 virus types have been described though many remain undiscovered.
Prokaryotes Virus APBio
Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Bacteria come in various shapes and have diverse metabolic pathways. They reproduce through binary fission and exchange genetic material through conjugation. Archaea inhabit extreme environments like hot springs and saltwater. Viruses are parasites that infect cells and hijack their machinery to replicate. They are host-specific and have a protein coat surrounding their genetic material. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause fatal neurological diseases.
Viruses and coronavirus
Viruses are sub-microscopic particles that can infect all types of life forms. They are made up of genetic material and protein and require a host cell to multiply. Coronaviruses are named for their spiky surface projections and can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to SARS. COVID-19, which emerged in China in late 2019, is a new type of coronavirus. Coronaviruses originate in animals and some have the ability to transmit between animals and humans. Viral infections occur when a virus reproduces inside the body, potentially causing tissue damage and weakening the immune system.
Virus
This presentation provides an overview of viruses including:
1) It defines viruses as ultra-microscopic agents consisting of nucleic acid and protein that can only replicate inside host cells.
2) It discusses the history of virus discovery and key figures like Ivanovsky, Beijerinck, and Stanley.
3) It describes the typical characteristics of viruses like their acellular and obligate parasitic nature, composition of nucleic acid and protein capsids, small size, and inability to metabolize.
4) It covers virus morphology, classification based on shape, size, nucleic acid, and host range, and the multi-step process of viral replication within host cells.
5) It discusses common
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Bacteria versus virus, Difference between bacteria and virus
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Chapter 20 notes
- 1. BIOLOGY NOTES CH 20 BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
- 2. I. BACTERIA Found everywhere on earth: mountains, hot springs, oceans, inside human body Bacteria are prokaryotes – a cell with no nucleus Bacterial structure: 1. single, circular strand of DNA 2. have cytoplasm 3. have cell membrane 4. have cell wall
- 3. Bacterial shapes 1. bacilli (bacillus) – rod shaped 2. spirilla (spirillum) – spiral shaped 3. cocci (coccus) – circular shaped
- 4. Classification – two kingdoms of bacteria: 1. Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria 2. Eubacteria– true bacteria Bacterial growth and reproduction 1. binary fission – a type of asexual reproduction where the bacteria splits in two. 2. conjugation – a type of sexual reproduction where two bacteria come together and exchange DNA. 3. some bacteria can form endospores to survive harsh conditions
- 5. Bacteria and disease 1. bacteria cause many diseases such as diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, Lyme disease, tuberculosis. 2. one of the most common bacteria is streptococcuspyrogenes which causes strep throat. 3. Salmonella – the bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. 4. E. coli – bacteria that live in intestines, and are the source of many food poisoning outbreaks. 5. antibiotics – drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.
- 6. Bacteria in our world 1. decomposers – bacteria that break down dead organisms 2. bacteria in the human intestines help in digestion and make vitamins 3. nitrogen-fixing bacteria help fertilize soil 4. bacteria are used in processing foods such as cheese, sour cream, yogurt, sauerkraut, vinegar 5. bacteria also assist in sewage treatment and copper mining 6. The simplest way to control bacteria is through sterilization with the use of heat or chemicals.
- 7. II. VIRUSES A virus is a nonliving particle that contains DNA or RNA and cannot live outside of a living cell. A virus reproduces by taking over a living host cell. The virus injects its DNA into the host cell and causes the cell to replicate more virus particles. The shape and composition of the virus determines which cells it will infect. Ex: HIV infects only white blood cells called T-cells.
- 9. Viral infections 1. lytic infections – the virus takes over the host cell and destroys it by causing the cell to burst. 2. lysogenic infection – the virus converts the host cell into a factory for making more of the virus.
- 10. Viruses and Disease 1. retrovirus – contain RNA instead of DNA. Ex: polio virus, HIV 2. Adenovirus – virus that causes colds, spread through the air. 3. Influenza – virus that causes flu; many different strains of this virus. 4. Herpes simplex virus – virus that causes herpes infections. 5. Bacteriophage – viruses that infect bacteria cells.
- 11. Vaccines – medicines used to prevent viral infections. 1. Edward Jenner – scientist who developed the first vaccine. He noticed that milkmaids who contracted the cowpox virus were immune to the smallpox virus. He used the cowpox virus to make a vaccine for smallpox. 2. The smallpox virus was completely eradicated (wiped out) through the worldwide use of vaccinations.