Ch. 17 & 18 notes
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This document summarizes key concepts about biological communities and the environment. It discusses how organisms interact through coevolution, predation, and symbiosis. It also addresses competition and how it shapes communities. Major biological communities or biomes are examined, including tropical rainforests, savannas, taiga, tundra, deserts, and temperate grasslands and forests. The document also covers issues like global change through acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect and global warming, as well as their effects on ecosystems. Potential solutions to environmental problems through laws, taxes, education, individual actions like recycling are proposed.
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Here are the causes, negative effects, and solutions for each of the ecological problems:
1. acid rain
Cause: Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels which react with water and oxygen in the air to form acids.
Negative effects: Damages forests and aquatic ecosystems, deteriorates infrastructure.
How we are trying to fix: Implementing regulations to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants and vehicles.
2. deforestation
Cause: Clearing forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber.
Negative effects: Loss of habitat, biodiversity, increases soil erosion and flooding.
How we are trying to fix: Reforestation programs, sustainable forestry practices
First Class
The document summarizes key aspects of environmentalism including its roots in the 19th century conservation movement and influential events and publications that helped shape modern environmentalism such as Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. It also discusses concepts important to environmentalism such as sustainability, sustainable development, and humanity's varying interactions with and impacts on the natural environment throughout history.
Presentation1
The document discusses the environment and factors threatening it. It defines the environment as all external factors affecting organisms, including biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. It then discusses several major threats: 1) population growth is a root cause of environmental problems as more people use more resources; 2) global warming is increasing due to greenhouse gases trapping more heat; and 3) habitat destruction is causing species extinction, particularly of rainforests, at an unprecedented rate.
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Environmental science is a broader field that incorporates many elements of earth and life sciences, whereas ecology is usually more focused on how organisms interact with each other and their surroundings. Environmental science studies the interaction of humans with the natural environment, which includes living things like climate, soil, water sources and organisms as well as nonliving things. Environmental science and the issues it studies are complex and draw from multiple fields of study.
Environmental-Science-Reporting.pptx
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the connections between living and non-living parts of the environment. It aims to understand environmental problems, their causes, and potential solutions. Key principles from nature like solar energy, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling have allowed life to thrive on Earth for billions of years and provide lessons for sustainable living. While more developed countries use most resources, all nations must work to protect natural systems and resources for future generations.
Ncert Grade 7 Geography Chapter 1 Environment
This document contains a chapter from an NCERT Grade 7 Geography textbook. It includes 14 multiple choice questions about environmental concepts like the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. It also defines these terms and includes sections on picture boards, the barter system, question and answers, defining key terms, and fun facts about the environment.
Lesson 1. concept of ecology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology and environmental biology, including:
1) It defines ecology as the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
2) It describes producers, consumers, food chains, food webs, and trophic levels within ecosystems.
3) It explains ecological pyramids and how energy and biomass decrease at higher trophic levels.
4) It outlines ecological interactions like competition, predation, and the three types of symbiosis - mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
IT SCIENCE BEHIND IN THE REGION-Human-Ecology.pptx
This document discusses human ecology and sustainability. It begins by defining human ecology as the relationship between humans, societies, and their natural, social, and built environments. It then examines the interactions between human social systems and ecosystems, including how humans use resources from ecosystems and return waste. The main ecological problems facing humanity are identified as population growth, exhaustion and degradation of natural resources, and pollution of the environment. Specific issues discussed in more depth include overpopulation, renewable and non-renewable natural resources, different types of pollution, and a case study on Minamata disease caused by mercury pollution in Japan.
Biological Diversity
1) Biodiversity refers to the variety of species that exist on Earth and the ecosystems they inhabit. Scientists estimate there are over 10 million species but some suggest over 100 million.
2) Each species is uniquely adapted to its ecological niche. Biodiversity underlies food, medicine, shelter and clothing for humans worldwide.
3) The rate of species extinction is estimated to be 27,000 per year, the sixth mass extinction in Earth's history. The primary cause is human destruction of natural habitats and ecosystems through activities like agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development.
Understanding Our Environment
The document defines key terms in environmental science and ecology, outlines the major fields of study that contribute to environmental science, and describes how hunter-gatherers, the agricultural revolution, and the industrial revolution impacted the environment. It identifies the goals of environmental science as understanding and solving environmental problems by studying human use of natural resources and how human actions change the environment. The document also classifies the three major environmental problems as resource depletion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
THERE IS NO REASON TO CELEBRATE TODAY THE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF MOTHER EARTH.pdf
The document discusses the need for urgent action to address environmental degradation and climate change based on evidence from recent UN reports. It notes that humanity is losing the battle against forces exacerbating issues like resource depletion, pollution, pandemics, and global warming. The Paris Agreement's goal of limiting warming to 1.5C is still possible but will require immediate, deep emissions reductions across all sectors. Recent UN climate reports warn that the world is on a fast track to disaster if warming isn't curbed through transitioning to renewable energy and more sustainable practices.
Project - Mediterranean sea (1)
The document summarizes information about the Mediterranean Sea, including its climate, plants, and animals. It discusses temperature patterns in the sea as well as rainfall patterns. It provides examples of common animal species found in the Mediterranean like loggerhead turtles, sharks, whales, and fish. It also mentions plant species and discusses threats facing populations like overfishing, pollution, and invasive species. Food chains and webs are described showing energy transfer between phytoplankton and species like whales. Threats to populations from increased human activity and diseases are explained.
Introduction To Sustaining Biodiversity And Biomes
As human population and technology have increased, so too has the damage caused to the natural environment and world's ecosystems. Some impacts of human expansion include loss of natural vegetation, reduced air and water quality, water scarcity, pollution, and decline or loss of plant and animal species. Ecosystems are complex and interconnected systems in which organisms interact, and they have the ability to adjust to some change over time through ecological succession. The Earth contains a variety of different biomes, or large landscapes, which differ based on climate, rainfall, soils, topography, and other physical conditions, and each biome contains unique plant and animal communities adapted to its environment.
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Biology - Chp 6 - Humans In The Biosphere - PowerPoint
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negative impact of human society on the enviroment Akniet.ppt
negative impact of human society on the enviroment Akniet.ppt
IT SCIENCE BEHIND IN THE REGION-Human-Ecology.pptx
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Introduction To Sustaining Biodiversity And Biomes
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Notes chapter 8
Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s laid the foundations for genetics. Through his work, Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Mendel developed theories like the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment to explain inheritance patterns. His work allowed scientists to better understand and predict outcomes of genetic crosses using tools like Punnett squares and pedigree charts.
Chapter 7 notes
Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in cells from diploid to haploid, forming four haploid gametes from one diploid cell. This occurs through the processes of independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization, which contribute to genetic variation and allow for evolution. Meiosis produces either sperm cells in males through spermatogenesis or egg cells in females through oogenesis, where the cytoplasm unequally divides. Sexual reproduction then involves the union of haploid gametes from two parents to form a diploid zygote, resulting in offspring that are genetically different from the parents.
Chapter 5 notes
The document discusses the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Respiration is the release of energy from food molecules in the presence of oxygen and takes place in plant and animal cells, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste. Photosynthesis is how plants use sunlight to produce food, occurring in chloroplasts and using chlorophyll to absorb light and produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Chapter 4 notes new slideshow
Cells take in nutrients and expel waste through their membranes using two main processes: passive transport and active transport. Passive transport moves substances across membranes without cell energy expenditure, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion using carrier proteins or ion channels. Active transport requires cell energy in the form of ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient, as seen with the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis use vesicles to transport larger molecules into and out of cells. Membrane receptor proteins also allow cells to communicate.
Chapter 3 notes
Cell structure can be observed under microscopes. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and organelles. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is made of a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins. Major cell organelles include the nucleus which contains DNA, ribosomes which produce proteins, and mitochondria which generate energy.
Chapter 2 notes
The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts related to biology:
1) The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity, with acids below 7 and bases above 7. Many biological processes require a specific pH level.
2) Compounds are either inorganic, containing no carbon, or organic, containing carbon. Water is a polar, inorganic molecule important for biological functions. Organic compounds include polymers like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3) Chemical reactions change substances and are facilitated by enzymes, which speed reactions without being used up. Enzymes have an active site that binds to specific substrate molecules.
Chapter 1 notes
Biology is the study of life. All living things share characteristics like being made of cells, growing, obtaining and using energy, and responding to their environment. Scientists use biology to help solve problems like preserving the environment, improving food supply, understanding genetics, and fighting diseases. The scientific method involves observing the natural world, asking questions, proposing hypotheses to explain observations, experimenting to test hypotheses, and drawing conclusions. Key parts of an experiment include a control group, experimental group, independent variable, and dependent variable. A theory is formed when repeated experiments consistently confirm a hypothesis.
Teacher tech tools connect3
The document discusses various teacher tech tools for use in the classroom, including tools for polling students, creating presentations, sharing files, and more. It provides contact information for Dawn Walker and lists over 25 different websites and applications that teachers can use, with brief descriptions of what each one does. The tools cover categories like polling students, creating and editing presentations, making videos, file storage and sharing, creating blogs and wikis, and recommended smartphone apps for teachers.
Vertebrate notes
1. The document outlines the key characteristics and classifications of vertebrates.
2. Vertebrates are defined as having a backbone and most have two sets of appendages. They have a closed circulatory system and breathe using gills or lungs.
3. Vertebrates are divided into 7 classes - jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals - based on their physical traits and reproduction methods.
Invertebrate notes
The document discusses the general characteristics and classification of invertebrate animals. It outlines that invertebrates lack backbones and covers their body structures like body cavities, skeletons, symmetry, and systems like digestion, circulation, respiration, excretion, and reproduction. The major invertebrate phyla described are porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms, and arthropods.
Chapter 23 notes
This document provides an overview of plant adaptations, characteristics, types, and importance. It discusses how plants evolved from algae to survive on land by developing systems like cuticles, stomata, and pollen to absorb nutrients, prevent water loss, and reproduce. It describes key plant features like cell walls, being multicellular and autotrophic. It outlines the main plant groups - nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms - and their distinguishing characteristics. Finally, it notes the many ways plants provide food, materials, medicines and are vital to human lives.
Integ systemppt
The integumentary system protects the body from damage, regulates temperature, and detects sensations. It is composed of skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin works with other systems like the circulatory and nervous systems to maintain homeostasis - it releases sweat to cool the body and uses capillaries to deliver medications through patches. Neurons in the skin also send signals to the brain about sensations like pain.
Ch. 23 notes
Plants evolved adaptations to survive on land such as developing a waxy cuticle, stomata, and guard cells to regulate water loss. They also evolved vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients, seeds to reproduce, and flowers to attract pollinators. There are four main kinds of plants - nonvascular which rely on water, seedless vascular with spores, gymnosperms with naked seeds, and angiosperms which produce flowers and fruits enclosing seeds. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots. Plants provide essential resources like food, wood, medicines, and fibers and have cellular structures like chloroplasts and vacuoles that allow them to survive on land.
Chapter 21 and 22 notes
Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be unicellular or multicellular, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. Some protists cause diseases like malaria and African sleeping sickness. Fungi break down organic matter as decomposers and form mutualistic relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and lichens. Both protists and fungi fill important ecological roles.
Chapter 20 notes
Bacteria and viruses are found everywhere on Earth. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that can be rod-shaped, spiral-shaped, or circular. They reproduce through binary fission or conjugation. Viruses are non-living particles that contain DNA or RNA and reproduce by taking over host cells and forcing them to make more viruses. Bacteria and viruses cause many diseases in humans, but bacteria can also be beneficial as decomposers and in food processing, while vaccines can prevent viral infections.
Ch. 14 & 19 notes
Carl Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature for classifying organisms using their genus and species names. His system grouped organisms into 7 categories that have since expanded to 8 - domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. All living things are classified within 3 domains - Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya, with the 6 kingdoms being Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This system allows scientists to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Chapter 13 notes
This document summarizes key aspects of the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It discusses how Darwin observed similarities between plants and animals in the Galapagos Islands and South America, leading him to propose that their ancestors had migrated and evolved over time through natural selection. The document then defines natural selection and adaptation, and describes evidence that supports evolution, including fossils, homologous and vestigial structures, and similarities in DNA and proteins between related species. It provides examples of Darwin's finches and the formation of new species through divergence and speciation.
Chapter 9 & 10 notes part 2
DNA replication is the process where DNA separates into two strands and uses free nucleotides to form an exact copy of each strand, resulting in two complete DNA molecules. Transcription is where one strand of DNA is copied into a similar strand of RNA, with some differences in RNA. There are three types of RNA: mRNA which acts as a pattern for protein amino acids, tRNA which carries amino acids to ribosomes, and rRNA found in ribosomes. Translation is where the bases on mRNA act as a code read by ribosomes to bring the correct amino acids carried by tRNA, building a protein chain.
Chapter 9 & 10 notes
DNA controls the activities of cells and carries genetic information. It is found in the nucleus of cells. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure with alternating sugar and phosphate molecules forming the backbone and four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - bonding between the strands in a specific pattern with adenine bonding to thymine and guanine bonding to cytosine. DNA is made up of small repeating units called nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of the four nitrogen bases.
Dna notes, part 1
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and composition. It notes that DNA is composed of deoxyribonucleotides, with each nucleotide containing a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. It describes Watson and Crick's 1953 model of DNA structure as a twisted ladder with alternating sugar and phosphate molecules on the outside and nitrogenous bases bonded through hydrogen bonds on the inside. The four bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, which bond specifically and consistently between strands.
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Ch. 17 & 18 notes
- 1. Ch. 17 & 18 “Biological Communities & The Environment
- 2. I. How Organisms Interact in Communities A. Coevolution–back and forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an ecosystem. Ex: plants and the animals who pollinate them.
- 3. B. Predation-act of one organism killing another for food. Ex: Lion eating zebras, snakes eating mice 1. plant defenses against animals include thorns, sticky hairs, tough leaves, prickles, and chemicals.
- 4. C. Symbiosis-two or more species live together in a close relationship. 1. Parasitism-symbiosis that is harmful to the host organism. Ex: tapeworm in a dog or tick on a human.
- 5. 2. Mutualism-symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefit. Ex: Ant on acacia tree
- 6. 3. Commensalism-symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped. Ex: Clown fish that lives in the sea anemone.
- 7. II. How Competition Shapes Communities A. Competition-when two species use the same resources. Species compete for resources such as food, nesting site, living space, light, minerals, water. B. Niche-how an organism lives; its way of life. C. Biodiversity-the variety of living organisms in a community.
- 8. III. Major Biological Communitites A. Climate-the weather conditions in any given area. This determines where species live. The two most important elements of climate are temperature and moisture. The farther away from the equator, temperature and moisture decrease; closer to the equator, temperature and moisture increase.
- 9. B. Biome-a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land. C. Seven major terrestrial biomes include:
- 10. Tropical rainforest- the most diverse biome home to half the Earth’s living organisms, located along the equator
- 11. Savanna
- 12. Taiga - Russia
- 13. Tundra
- 14. Desert
- 15. Temperate Grassland- most of the central part of the U.S. is temperate grassland
- 16. Temperate Forest
- 17. D. Three major marine biomes include: Shallow ocean water, open sea surface, deep sea waters.
- 18. IV. Global Change A. Acid Rain-caused by airborne pollutants that lower the pH of the rain. Thousands of lakes are “dying” due to low pH levels and forests are being destroyed.
- 19. B. Ozone layer-being destroyed by chemical called CFC’s. C. Greenhouse Effect-caused by gases such as CO2 that trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere. D. Global Warming-overall increase in earth’s temperature.
- 20. V. Effects on Ecosystem A. Biological Magnification-the accumulation of increasingly large amounts of toxic chemicals within each level of the food chain. B. Three non-replaceable resources are being consumed or destroyed at a rapid rate: 1. species of living things 2. topsoil 3. ground water- water trapped beneath the soil in porous rocks
- 21. C. Rapid growth of the human population places stress on the Earth’s ecosystem.The human population growth has caused faster extinction of animal and plant species due to: Destruction of rainforest for lumber Overhunting Pollution
- 22. VI. Solving Environmental Problems A. Methods to reduce pollution include: laws and stricter standards, taxes on polluters education of the public. B. Each individual can help by: recycling, using alternative means of transportation, help educate people.
- 23. C. Two success stories of solving environmental include: 1. the Nashua River Massachusetts Clean Water Act of 1966 2. Lake Washington