The document summarizes the Reconstruction era in the United States from 1866 to 1877. It discusses the economic and political state of the South after the Civil War, the phases of Reconstruction under different presidents and Congresses, efforts to define citizenship and rights for freed black people, and the rise of violent opposition groups like the Ku Klux Klan. It analyzes key people and events, such as the Freedmen's Bureau, Black Codes, impeachment of President Johnson, and the contested 1876 presidential election, and ultimately deems Reconstruction a failure that did not rehabilitate the South's economy or secure equal rights.

1. Reconstruction 1866-1877

3. The underpinnings of an entire economic system has collapsed

4. Inflation is extremely high

8. What do we do with the Confederates?

9. Civil status for their leaders

11. The plan indicated that any state would be reaccepted to the Union after 10% of the people who voted in the 1860 election took an oath to the United States.

13. They were afraid the slave and plantation owners would quickly regain all their previous power.

16. Had an impossible task; only 1000 agents in the South

17. Was an experiment in social policy that might have worked in the New Deal era or the 1960s

18. Goals:

19. Establish schools for blacks

20. Aid to poor/aged blacks

21. Settle racial disputes

22. Secure equal treatment and civility for blacks in the court system

26. Vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the 14th Amendment (both moderate proposals)

27. Johnson claims that they were a violation of states’ rights; the federal government is trying to bully the South

30. The act effectively seized control of Reconstruction from Johnson

31. More Radical Republicans were coming into Congress; outnumbering moderates and Democrats

32. The act divides the South into 5 military districts

33. First District: Virginia

34. Second District: North and South Carolina

35. Third District: Georgia, Alabama, and Florida

36. Fourth District: Arkansas and Mississippi

38. Charge him with violating the Tenure of Office Act

39. He narrowly escapes being thrown out of office

40. Good lawyers convince Congress he would play nice until the end of his term

44. Really did not gain steam until Radical Reconstruction in the late 1860s

45. The group was essentially a reaction to two things:

46. A rising number of discontented veterans in the South

47. Dramatically altered social situation where whites had to reclaim white supremacy

48. Waco’s own Felix H. Robertson was most likely a member (his son was a member of the Klan in the 1920s)

49. The Klan becomes tied with the Democratic Party

50. Essentially a Para-military force that served the interests of Democrats, planters, and all those who wished for white supremacy to return to an “Old South”

51. The group relates well to the “Lost Cause” mentality

52. President Grant effectively uses federal power to silence the Klan throughout the rest of Reconstruction

53. Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871

55. Klansmen in Mississippi

56. Ku Klux Klan Warning to Carpetbaggers in Ohio

58. Had economic and business goals in mind, but claimed they were there to support the Freedmen’s Bureau and help out the South

61. Grant had difficulty dealing with a Congress that was split on issues such as:

62. Tariffs

63. Currency

64. Civil Service Reform

66. The economy in the South was bad, but it gets much worse

67. Cotton prices fall in half

68. Many small landowners, merchants, and some wholesalers go bankrupt

69. Sharecropping becomes common

70. Sharing the risk of owning land; black and white farmers participate

71. Crop-Lien System – farmers have to commit a portion of their year’s crops as collateral for purchasing needed goods

73. Republican candidate: Rutherford B. Hayes

74. The election causes great turmoil as some states send in two sets of election results

75. Congress is unsure what course of action is best

77. An informal agreement eventually places another Republican in the presidency in exchange for ending Reconstruction

78. Terms:

79. Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) would become president

80. Hayes had to end Reconstruction immediately

81. Hayes had to guarantee federal aid to the South and remove federal troops

82. Democrats would not cause trouble if the Republicans followed through with the terms

85. Failed to make a solid plan to reinvigorate the Southern economy after the war

86. Failed to clearly define what citizenship meant for freedmen

87. Laid the foundation for future freedom struggles

88. Failed economically, socially, and politically in all regards

89. One of the darker moments in United States history

90. Especially the Johnson presidency