historical development of the united states

1. 2. Reconstruction, 1865-1877

2. Admin matters
 Tutorials start this week
 Study first two maps in Study Guide (pp.
41-42) for test during tutorials (esp. main
cities, states, rivers and mountains)
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 3. collected Study Guide & Tutorial Pack.

3. 1. Lincoln’s 10% Plan (1863)
 Debate reunion during war
 Fearing guerrilla war, Lincoln favoured:
 lenient, swift process
 pardons for most
 rejoin once 10% swear loyalty
 Radical Republicans (Congress) wanted:
 longer, harsher process to transform South
 secession make South “unorganized
territories”
 deny vote & citizenship to leaders
 Lincoln vetoed 1864 Wade-Davis Bill

4. 2. 13th
Amendment and
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Many petition govn.
 Lincoln and Congress cooperate on 13th
:
 abolish slavery
 Agree on Bureau:
 help/protect ex-slaves & whites
 First US govn. aid to individuals
 Tremendous southern enmity for North

5. p. 432

6. 3. Meanings of Freedom
 Ex-slaves celebrate freedom
 Cautious because of white hostility/power
 Most work for former masters, but:
 relocate homes
 try to control labor
 Efforts to
 reunite families
 avoid white interference
 some all-black settlements

7. 4. Desire for
Land and Education
 For ex-slaves, land = independence
 Sherman set aside some land
 Johnson return land to planters
 government sell some land (SC and GA):
 lots too big for ex-slaves to afford
 Ex-slaves devote time and money to
education
 Bureau and northerners help start 4000+
schools

8. p. 433

9. 5. Religion
 Secret churches go public
 Centre of black communities
 Most either Methodist or Baptist

10. p. 434

11. 6. Sharecropping
 Lack of land plus white refusal to rent:
 push freed people to sharecropping
 ex-slaves provide labour
 split crop with land owner
 Freedmen’s debt kept rising
 ex-slave’s share not enough to repay loans
 cotton prices decline (late 1800s)
 1877: 1/3 of South’s farms worked by
sharecroppers

12. p. 436

13. 7. Andrew Johnson
 Champion small farmers, not typical
Southerner
 Reject secession, but adamant on:
 limited government
 states’ rights
 white supremacy
 Control Reconstruction at first

14. 8. Johnson’s Leniency
and Pardons (1865)
 Initially bar wealthy planters from politics
 But planters control state conventions
 Johnson accept
 Pardon planters and restore land:
 Seek support for 1866 elections
 Want to block more radical change
 Declare Reconstruction over (Dec.)
 Many former rebels elected to Congress

15. 9. Black Codes
 North upset by planter control and
defiance:
 Anger grow when southern governments
revise (not repeal) slave laws:
 many restrictions on ex-slaves
 To North, South unrepentant
 Congress:
 refuse to recognize southern governments
 challenge Johnson’s leniency > committee

16. 10. Congressional
Reconstruction Plan
 Despite divisions, Congress assert
authority to shape Reconstruction
 Northern Democrats back Johnson
 Conservative Republicans favor action:
 but not extensive activism of Radicals
 Radicals (a minority) want to:
 help ex-slaves (vote/land)
 democratize South
 Moderate Republicans in between

17. 11. Congress v. Johnson (1866)
 Moderates and conservatives ally with
Radicals because:
 Johnson refuses to compromise
 anti-black violence (Memphis, New Orleans)
 Congress drafted bill to:
 continue Bureau
 pass first civil rights act
 Johnson veto, Congress override
 Draft new amendment

18. p. 438

19. 12. The 14th
Amendment
(Ratified, 1868)
 Citizenship to all
 “Due process of law”
 “Equal protection of laws”
 Bar Confederate leaders from state &
federal office (punishment)
 Encourage (not require) vote for black
men (North disagree):
 for full representation in House, must let
black men vote (if not, less representation)
 ignore women

20. 13. Johnson (1866);
Reconstruction Act of 1867
 Tour North to argue against 14th
Amend.
 Northerners reject him:
 re-elect moderates and radicals
 Election victory of Republicans (1866) =
mandate to continue Reconstruction
 1867 Act replace “Johnson governments”
 South under military supervision (Map):
 black men can vote for new state govn’s
 Confederate leaders not allowed to vote
 South must accept 14th
amendm.
 1868-70: South re-admitted to Union

21. Map 16-1, p. 441

22. p. 442

23. 14. Land Redistribution;
Constitutional Crisis
 To Radicals, land for ex-slaves vital and
just
 North reject redistributing planter land:
 limit ex-slave independence (work for whites)
 Congress pass laws to limit Johnson’s
interference:
 restrict power over army
 Tenure of Office Act (to protect Stanton)

24. 15. Johnson’s Impeachment;
1868 Election
 Johnson: uses vetoes; removes military
officers who support Congress
 For first time, try to remove president for
“high crimes”/abuses of power
 Most vote to remove J, but missed 2/3
majority by 1 vote; J remained in office
 Genl. Grant (Rep.) won election
 Democrats’ campaign racist

25. p. 443

26. 16. President Grant;
15th
Amendment (1869–70)
 Vacillated with South:
 some efforts to stop white violence
 demobilization left few troops
 Radicals push 15th
amendment to protect
black male suffrage
 But did not guarantee right to vote
 North wanted ability to deny vote
 Northerners thought Reconstruction
completed

27. 17. White Resistance;
Black Voters and Republicans
 Whites, esp. planters, resist:
 refuse to let slaves go
 block blacks from getting land
 violence
 Black communities celebrate suffrage
 Help create Republican party in South
 South’s Republicans combine:
 northerners who move south
 native whites, esp. small farmers
 freedmen

28. p. 444

29. 18. Triumph of
Republican Governments
 State constitutions (1868–70) more
democratic with reforms
 Rep., incl. some blacks, win state office
 Lenient to ex-Confederates:
 realize whites = majority
 planters own best land
 not disfranchise planters or take their land

30. 19. Republican Policies
 Promote industry with loans, tax
exemptions
 Little help for impoverished farmers
 Public schools established, but not
integrated
 No land distribution (not supported by
Congress)
 Blacks domination = myth

31. p. 448

32. 20. Carpetbaggers, Scalawags,
Corruption
 Southerners criticize migrants from North
 Ignore: most migrants want to help South
 Discredit southern white Republicans:
 Most = small-scale farmers pursuing
class interests, not racial equality
 Both parties engage in corruption, but
Republicans tarred with it

33. 21. Ku Klux Klan
(started 1866)
 Rapid spread of terrorist organization
 Deathblow to Reconstruction in South:
 attack Rep. leaders (white & black)
 harassment, beatings, rape, arson, murder
 Planters organize KKK units:
 regain power thru Democratic control

34. p. 447

35. 22. Retreat from Reconstruction
 North lose interest (1870s)
 More interest in suppressing rebellion
than helping blacks
 Democrats:
 “redeem” southern governments from black
“domination” thru KKK violence
 Congress pass KKK laws; little enforced
 Northerners reject:
 US government protect civil rights (a state
matter?)

36. 23. Liberal Republican Revolt
 Oppose continued action in South;
nominates a different candidate in 1872
 Grant re-elected, but:
 Reconstruction declines, little interference in
South, poor appointments
 Amnesty Act, 1872:
 pardon most ex-confederates
 Corruption scandals weaken Republicans
 Democrats take House (1874)
 Increasingly North’s attention shifts from
South and Reconstruction

37. Map 16-2, p. 453

38. 24. Disputed Election of 1876;
Compromise of 1877
 Tilden (Dem) win popular vote
 Need 1 more electoral vote
 19 votes in dispute because of fraud
 Voting by party, commission ruled in
favour of Hayes (Rep)
 Democrats accept if South received:
 federal aid
 troop removal