The document provides details on the development of Anglo and Tejano settlements in Mexican Texas from the 1820s-1830s. It discusses the growth of Anglo towns and industries like cotton farming. It also describes the social, political, economic, and religious lives of both Anglos and Tejanos during this period. Tensions increased as more Anglos immigrated with slaves, established independent militias, and pushed for autonomy. By 1835, with Santa Anna's centralist reforms, the situation had deteriorated enough to spark the Texas Revolution.
African american freemen piselli dezielJohn Deziel
1) In the 19th century, there were established communities of free African Americans who had been free for generations, owning property, paying taxes, publishing newspapers, and in some northern states, voting.
2) Following the American Revolutionary War, many slaves in the North and Upper South were freed. Free black men fought in the war and established communities, owning land, homes, businesses, and publishing the first black-owned newspaper in 1827.
3) After the abolition of slavery, freed slaves faced economic challenges but alternatives like sharecropping and tenant farming emerged, while the Freedmen's Bureau helped freed slaves find work and negotiate contracts between workers and employers.
The document summarizes key events in the westward expansion of the United States in the early to mid-19th century. It discusses the rapid population growth in the new nation between 1780-1830, the rise of Manifest Destiny and belief in American exceptionalism. It also describes the Oregon Treaty of 1818, settlement of the Oregon Territory by Mountain Men, and the thousands of pioneers who made the overland journey along the Oregon Trail between 1840-1860. The document outlines the Mexican Cession following the Mexican-American War and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, as well as the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 which completed US control of the western territories.
This chapter provides a history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to the early 20th century. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the exploration and settlement of areas like New Mexico and California under Spanish rule. After Mexican independence, the chapter examines the Mexican periods of territories like California and New Mexico and the influx of American settlers and traders along the Santa Fe Trail. It then analyzes the American conquest and changing demographics and power dynamics between Mexicans and Anglos in the Southwest from 1848-1900. Subsequent chapters discuss the massive Mexican migration to the US from 1900-1930 due to the Mexican Revolution and economic factors. It also analyzes the experiences of Mexicans during the Great Depression and World War 2,
- Belize was originally settled by British woodcutters in 1638 and was formerly part of Guatemala, which still claims ownership. It gained independence from the UK in 1981 and tourism is a major industry.
- Guatemala experienced a long civil war from 1960-1996 where the US backed right-wing governments against leftist guerillas, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and disappearances.
- Honduras has experienced political instability including many coups and brief wars with neighbors. It remains poor with little land available for agriculture despite attempts at land reform.
The book Mexicanos tells the history of Mexican culture and the experiences of Mexicans immigrating to the United States for better opportunities. It describes how in the early 1920s, migration to the US was easier as Mexicans could freely move back and forth for work. However, during the Great Depression many lost their jobs and faced increased pressure to return to Mexico, with over a third deported. Today, despite the dangers, hundreds still die each year attempting to cross borders in search of employment in the US.
Mexicanos by manuel e gonzalez power pointkayteeb61
This document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos by Manuel E Gonzalez" which discusses the history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to the present. Some key points covered include the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in the 1500s, the Mexican-American war of 1848 which ceded Mexican territory to the US, the period of heavy Mexican immigration from 1900-1930 known as the "Great Migration," the rise of the Chicano movement in the 1960s-70s advocating for civil rights, and recent trends of the growing Mexican population in the US now exceeding 47 million people.
This document provides a summary of the history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to 1965. It describes how Native Americans originally came from Asia, and that there were an estimated 6 million people living in what is now Mexico before European contact. It then summarizes the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in the 1500s, and the influences of both Native American and Spanish culture on Mexican identity. Subsequent chapters discuss the Spanish colonization of northern Mexico and Texas, Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican-American War of 1847 and the territories acquired by the US, discrimination faced by Mexicans in the new American Southwest, the Mexican Revolution of 1910 which drove immigration to the US, life for Mexican immigrants
The document provides a historical overview of Mexicanos in the United States from pre-Columbian civilizations through the present day. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, the Mexican-American War of the 1840s which ceded Mexican territory to the US, waves of Mexican immigration in the early 1900s and again starting in the 1960s, the development of the Chicano movement in the 1960s-70s advocating for civil rights, and recent debates around immigration and the growing influence of Mexican culture in the US. The document traces the integration and adaptation of Mexican culture over time as the population increased and dispersed throughout the US.
African american freemen piselli dezielJohn Deziel
1) In the 19th century, there were established communities of free African Americans who had been free for generations, owning property, paying taxes, publishing newspapers, and in some northern states, voting.
2) Following the American Revolutionary War, many slaves in the North and Upper South were freed. Free black men fought in the war and established communities, owning land, homes, businesses, and publishing the first black-owned newspaper in 1827.
3) After the abolition of slavery, freed slaves faced economic challenges but alternatives like sharecropping and tenant farming emerged, while the Freedmen's Bureau helped freed slaves find work and negotiate contracts between workers and employers.
The document summarizes key events in the westward expansion of the United States in the early to mid-19th century. It discusses the rapid population growth in the new nation between 1780-1830, the rise of Manifest Destiny and belief in American exceptionalism. It also describes the Oregon Treaty of 1818, settlement of the Oregon Territory by Mountain Men, and the thousands of pioneers who made the overland journey along the Oregon Trail between 1840-1860. The document outlines the Mexican Cession following the Mexican-American War and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, as well as the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 which completed US control of the western territories.
This chapter provides a history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to the early 20th century. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the exploration and settlement of areas like New Mexico and California under Spanish rule. After Mexican independence, the chapter examines the Mexican periods of territories like California and New Mexico and the influx of American settlers and traders along the Santa Fe Trail. It then analyzes the American conquest and changing demographics and power dynamics between Mexicans and Anglos in the Southwest from 1848-1900. Subsequent chapters discuss the massive Mexican migration to the US from 1900-1930 due to the Mexican Revolution and economic factors. It also analyzes the experiences of Mexicans during the Great Depression and World War 2,
- Belize was originally settled by British woodcutters in 1638 and was formerly part of Guatemala, which still claims ownership. It gained independence from the UK in 1981 and tourism is a major industry.
- Guatemala experienced a long civil war from 1960-1996 where the US backed right-wing governments against leftist guerillas, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and disappearances.
- Honduras has experienced political instability including many coups and brief wars with neighbors. It remains poor with little land available for agriculture despite attempts at land reform.
The book Mexicanos tells the history of Mexican culture and the experiences of Mexicans immigrating to the United States for better opportunities. It describes how in the early 1920s, migration to the US was easier as Mexicans could freely move back and forth for work. However, during the Great Depression many lost their jobs and faced increased pressure to return to Mexico, with over a third deported. Today, despite the dangers, hundreds still die each year attempting to cross borders in search of employment in the US.
Mexicanos by manuel e gonzalez power pointkayteeb61
This document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos by Manuel E Gonzalez" which discusses the history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to the present. Some key points covered include the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in the 1500s, the Mexican-American war of 1848 which ceded Mexican territory to the US, the period of heavy Mexican immigration from 1900-1930 known as the "Great Migration," the rise of the Chicano movement in the 1960s-70s advocating for civil rights, and recent trends of the growing Mexican population in the US now exceeding 47 million people.
This document provides a summary of the history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to 1965. It describes how Native Americans originally came from Asia, and that there were an estimated 6 million people living in what is now Mexico before European contact. It then summarizes the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in the 1500s, and the influences of both Native American and Spanish culture on Mexican identity. Subsequent chapters discuss the Spanish colonization of northern Mexico and Texas, Mexican independence from Spain in 1821, the Mexican-American War of 1847 and the territories acquired by the US, discrimination faced by Mexicans in the new American Southwest, the Mexican Revolution of 1910 which drove immigration to the US, life for Mexican immigrants
The document provides a historical overview of Mexicanos in the United States from pre-Columbian civilizations through the present day. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, the Mexican-American War of the 1840s which ceded Mexican territory to the US, waves of Mexican immigration in the early 1900s and again starting in the 1960s, the development of the Chicano movement in the 1960s-70s advocating for civil rights, and recent debates around immigration and the growing influence of Mexican culture in the US. The document traces the integration and adaptation of Mexican culture over time as the population increased and dispersed throughout the US.
This document discusses the history of Mexicans in the United States. It begins by discussing the Spanish exploration and conquest of North America starting in the 15th century. It then describes how thousands of Mexican immigrants came to the Southwest United States in the early 20th century due to political, religious and economic reasons. Many were destitute peasants seeking better opportunities. Finally, it mentions that the Mexican Revolution beginning in 1910 further increased immigration to the U.S, with many settlers finding communities in places like San Antonio, Texas.
The population of the United States doubled every 20 years between 1780 and 1830, growing from 2.7 million to 12 million as Americans moved westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains for new opportunities. This mobile society brought benefits of social mobility but also challenges as people lived among strangers and had to develop new relationships and social rules. In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening religious revival responded to these changing social conditions. Westward expansion was driven by the idea of Manifest Destiny and belief in Americans' right to settle any land they claimed, contributing to conflicts with Native Americans. American settlers in Texas demanded self-rule from Mexico in 1835, leading to the Texas War for Independence and the formation of the Republic
The document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos: The History of Mexicans in the United States" which traces the history of Mexicans and Mexican Americans from ancient times to the present. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, settlement of the Southwest United States, periods of immigration, the rise of civil rights movements, increasing population growth and political influence, and challenges faced by Mexican communities in the US.
The document discusses the history of Mexicans and Native Americans in the Americas. It covers the Spanish conquest of Mexico led by Hernan Cortes, and the Aztec and Mayan civilizations. It also discusses the Spanish exploration and settlement of the northern frontier regions including New Mexico and California. Later sections cover Mexican independence from Spain and the American conquest and settlement of the Southwest, including the anti-Mexican attitudes and struggles over land ownership that Mexican populations faced.
Mexican Revolution in World Historical Context: IB History of the Americaswilliamjtolley
The Mexican Revolution in a world-historical context. Includes long-term causes back to pre-conquest Latin America, current historiography, world-systems analysis and extrapolations to modern Mexico and the Zapatista movement of 1994.
The document summarizes key events and people in Mexican history. It first discusses the pre-colonial history of Spain and Native Americans in Mexico. It then covers Mexico gaining independence from Spain in 1821. It describes the great migration of Mexicans to the United States in search of better opportunities and their experiences with exploitation and discrimination. It also outlines the Chicano movement of the 1960s-70s that promoted civil rights and a new cultural identity for Mexican Americans. The document concludes by listing some important Mexican figures like actors Maria Felix and Pedro Infante, tennis player Pancho Gonzalez, and civil rights leader Dr. Hector Garcia.
The document discusses the history of slavery in early America, including that many Founding Fathers owned slaves, the institution was never mentioned in the Constitution, and the importation of slaves was permitted until 1808. It also describes how Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793 made slavery highly profitable, fueling a rapid increase in the slave population from 700,000 in 1790 to over 4 million by 1860 as the South became dominated by cotton production. Abolition movements emerged but were opposed by pro-slavery forces, heightening regional tensions over the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories, which escalated over events like the Dred Scott decision and led to the Civil War.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in early 19th century American history, including Jefferson's election and policies, the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the country's size, the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson's election and policies regarding Native American removal, westward expansion and the concept of Manifest Destiny, the Texas Revolution and annexation, and the Mexican-American War which added large territories to the United States. Economic and political tensions grew between the industrial North and agricultural South over issues such as tariffs.
This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.
The document summarizes the history of Mexico from pre-Columbian societies like the Mayans and Aztecs, through the Spanish conquest and colonial period, to the 19th century wars of independence and early 20th century revolutionary period. It discusses the rise and fall of leaders and regimes like the Aztecs, Hernan Cortez, Father Miguel Hidalgo, Augustine de Iturbide, Santa Anna, Benito Juarez, Porfirio Diaz, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and the eventual dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in the mid-20th century.
Lecture 11 part i- american expansion west - mexican territories & westLACCD
The document summarizes American expansion and settlement of the western territories between 1840-1869. It discusses how Manifest Destiny and the war with Mexico led to the annexation of Texas and acquisition of the western half of Mexico, including California. The gold rush then spurred massive migration to California, including Chinese immigrants. Western settlement posed opportunities but also limitations based on race, as Native Americans, African Americans, Chinese, and women faced restrictions. The Mormons also migrated west seeking religious freedom and established Salt Lake City.
The document summarizes the history of imperialism in Latin America following independence movements in the early 19th century. It discusses how newly independent countries struggled with civil wars and failed attempts at unification. It then covers the rise of dictators in Latin American countries and the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine. Specific events like the Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War, and Spanish-American War are summarized as they related to the expansion of US influence in the region. Theodore Roosevelt's expansionist foreign policy through projects like the Panama Canal further established American dominance in the Caribbean by the early 20th century.
1) The Mission system established by Spain in Texas tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism through missions protected by soldiers in nearby forts. This system declined after Mexican independence.
2) Tensions grew between American settlers in Texas and Mexican inhabitants over cultural differences like slavery. This led to rebellions against Mexican rule.
3) Sam Houston led Texan forces to victory over Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, granting Texas independence from Mexico in 1836. Texas then joined the United States as a slave state in 1845, angering Mexico and leading to war between the two countries.
Indigenous peoples in Latin America face ongoing challenges. By 2010, around 45 million indigenous people lived in Latin America, representing 8.3% of the population. During colonization, indigenous peoples lost their lands and sovereignty and faced exploitation and discrimination. More recently, indigenous groups have gained some rights protections and political participation, though many still face poverty and social exclusion. Key ongoing issues include pressures on indigenous lands from extractive industries, demands for self-determination, and integrating indigenous rights and perspectives into development models.
This document provides an overview of American women's shifting boundaries from the 1840s to the 1860s, covering expansion, reform movements, and the Civil War era. It discusses how American expansion displaced Native American women and impoverished them, while some white women found new opportunities on the frontier and in the Gold Rush. It also summarizes several major reform movements of the antebellum period led by women to expand their sphere and address issues like slavery, health, and women's rights. Finally, it outlines women's involvement on both sides of the conflict during the Civil War and their role in bringing about emancipation.
The document summarizes aspects of slave culture and resistance in America. It describes how slave culture was shaped by elements of African culture but also developed into its own identity over time. Slaves engaged in various forms of resistance such as slow work, sabotage, and running away to fight against the slave system. Strong family and community bonds helped slaves cope with the harsh conditions of slavery. Education was forbidden for slaves but they found ways to learn through oral traditions like music, folk tales and storytelling. The document also outlines differences in slave experiences across regions as well as political and social developments that impacted slavery over the years.
This document provides a summary of the book "Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States" by Miryam Hernandez. The book covers Mexican history from the early 1500s when Spanish explorers first arrived in North America through the late 1900s. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Mexican settlement of the American Southwest, periods of heavy Mexican immigration to the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the Mexican American civil rights movement, and trends among Mexican American communities through the 1990s.
The document summarizes key events in the Latin American revolutions against European colonial rule between 1791-1825. It describes the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) which resulted in Haiti gaining independence after a slave rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated the French. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín were influential leaders who helped liberate many South American nations through military campaigns against the Spanish between 1816-1825. Bolívar sought to unite the new nations into one country, Gran Colombia, though it only lasted from 1819-1831. Brazil transitioned to independence in 1822 when Portugal's king returned home and his son Pedro I established Brazil as
During the late 19th century, indigenous peoples in both the United States and Canada faced increasing pressure on their lands and autonomy as white settlers expanded westward. In the US, many tribes resisted through warfare, leading to repeated military campaigns against them. In Canada, the Mounted Police usually prevented violence. Both countries pursued policies to assimilate indigenous groups through land policies like allotment in the US and enfranchisement in Canada, as well as educational and religious institutions like boarding schools, with the goal of replacing indigenous cultures and identities.
Background to the Zapatista Movement
This slideshow is designed to accompany the Schools for Chiapas video ‘Who are the Zapatistas?’, to give educators and learners some extra background information to the movement. The video can be found on Vimeo in English here: http://vimeo.com/109167119
The document summarizes the Reconstruction era in the United States from 1866 to 1877. It discusses the economic and political state of the South after the Civil War, the phases of Reconstruction under different presidents and Congresses, efforts to define citizenship and rights for freed black people, and the rise of violent opposition groups like the Ku Klux Klan. It analyzes key people and events, such as the Freedmen's Bureau, Black Codes, impeachment of President Johnson, and the contested 1876 presidential election, and ultimately deems Reconstruction a failure that did not rehabilitate the South's economy or secure equal rights.
The document summarizes the Reconstruction era in the United States from 1866 to 1877. It discusses the economic and political state of the South after the Civil War, the phases of Reconstruction under different presidents and Congresses, efforts to define citizenship and rights for freed black people, and the rise of violent opposition groups like the Ku Klux Klan. It analyzes key people and events, such as the Freedmen's Bureau, Black Codes, impeachment of President Johnson, and the contested 1876 presidential election, concluding that Reconstruction ultimately failed to achieve its goals of rebuilding the South and guaranteeing equal rights.
This document discusses the history of Mexicans in the United States. It begins by discussing the Spanish exploration and conquest of North America starting in the 15th century. It then describes how thousands of Mexican immigrants came to the Southwest United States in the early 20th century due to political, religious and economic reasons. Many were destitute peasants seeking better opportunities. Finally, it mentions that the Mexican Revolution beginning in 1910 further increased immigration to the U.S, with many settlers finding communities in places like San Antonio, Texas.
The population of the United States doubled every 20 years between 1780 and 1830, growing from 2.7 million to 12 million as Americans moved westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains for new opportunities. This mobile society brought benefits of social mobility but also challenges as people lived among strangers and had to develop new relationships and social rules. In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening religious revival responded to these changing social conditions. Westward expansion was driven by the idea of Manifest Destiny and belief in Americans' right to settle any land they claimed, contributing to conflicts with Native Americans. American settlers in Texas demanded self-rule from Mexico in 1835, leading to the Texas War for Independence and the formation of the Republic
The document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos: The History of Mexicans in the United States" which traces the history of Mexicans and Mexican Americans from ancient times to the present. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, settlement of the Southwest United States, periods of immigration, the rise of civil rights movements, increasing population growth and political influence, and challenges faced by Mexican communities in the US.
The document discusses the history of Mexicans and Native Americans in the Americas. It covers the Spanish conquest of Mexico led by Hernan Cortes, and the Aztec and Mayan civilizations. It also discusses the Spanish exploration and settlement of the northern frontier regions including New Mexico and California. Later sections cover Mexican independence from Spain and the American conquest and settlement of the Southwest, including the anti-Mexican attitudes and struggles over land ownership that Mexican populations faced.
Mexican Revolution in World Historical Context: IB History of the Americaswilliamjtolley
The Mexican Revolution in a world-historical context. Includes long-term causes back to pre-conquest Latin America, current historiography, world-systems analysis and extrapolations to modern Mexico and the Zapatista movement of 1994.
The document summarizes key events and people in Mexican history. It first discusses the pre-colonial history of Spain and Native Americans in Mexico. It then covers Mexico gaining independence from Spain in 1821. It describes the great migration of Mexicans to the United States in search of better opportunities and their experiences with exploitation and discrimination. It also outlines the Chicano movement of the 1960s-70s that promoted civil rights and a new cultural identity for Mexican Americans. The document concludes by listing some important Mexican figures like actors Maria Felix and Pedro Infante, tennis player Pancho Gonzalez, and civil rights leader Dr. Hector Garcia.
The document discusses the history of slavery in early America, including that many Founding Fathers owned slaves, the institution was never mentioned in the Constitution, and the importation of slaves was permitted until 1808. It also describes how Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793 made slavery highly profitable, fueling a rapid increase in the slave population from 700,000 in 1790 to over 4 million by 1860 as the South became dominated by cotton production. Abolition movements emerged but were opposed by pro-slavery forces, heightening regional tensions over the issue of expanding slavery into new western territories, which escalated over events like the Dred Scott decision and led to the Civil War.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in early 19th century American history, including Jefferson's election and policies, the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the country's size, the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson's election and policies regarding Native American removal, westward expansion and the concept of Manifest Destiny, the Texas Revolution and annexation, and the Mexican-American War which added large territories to the United States. Economic and political tensions grew between the industrial North and agricultural South over issues such as tariffs.
This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.
The document summarizes the history of Mexico from pre-Columbian societies like the Mayans and Aztecs, through the Spanish conquest and colonial period, to the 19th century wars of independence and early 20th century revolutionary period. It discusses the rise and fall of leaders and regimes like the Aztecs, Hernan Cortez, Father Miguel Hidalgo, Augustine de Iturbide, Santa Anna, Benito Juarez, Porfirio Diaz, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and the eventual dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in the mid-20th century.
Lecture 11 part i- american expansion west - mexican territories & westLACCD
The document summarizes American expansion and settlement of the western territories between 1840-1869. It discusses how Manifest Destiny and the war with Mexico led to the annexation of Texas and acquisition of the western half of Mexico, including California. The gold rush then spurred massive migration to California, including Chinese immigrants. Western settlement posed opportunities but also limitations based on race, as Native Americans, African Americans, Chinese, and women faced restrictions. The Mormons also migrated west seeking religious freedom and established Salt Lake City.
The document summarizes the history of imperialism in Latin America following independence movements in the early 19th century. It discusses how newly independent countries struggled with civil wars and failed attempts at unification. It then covers the rise of dictators in Latin American countries and the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine. Specific events like the Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War, and Spanish-American War are summarized as they related to the expansion of US influence in the region. Theodore Roosevelt's expansionist foreign policy through projects like the Panama Canal further established American dominance in the Caribbean by the early 20th century.
1) The Mission system established by Spain in Texas tried to convert Native Americans to Catholicism through missions protected by soldiers in nearby forts. This system declined after Mexican independence.
2) Tensions grew between American settlers in Texas and Mexican inhabitants over cultural differences like slavery. This led to rebellions against Mexican rule.
3) Sam Houston led Texan forces to victory over Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, granting Texas independence from Mexico in 1836. Texas then joined the United States as a slave state in 1845, angering Mexico and leading to war between the two countries.
Indigenous peoples in Latin America face ongoing challenges. By 2010, around 45 million indigenous people lived in Latin America, representing 8.3% of the population. During colonization, indigenous peoples lost their lands and sovereignty and faced exploitation and discrimination. More recently, indigenous groups have gained some rights protections and political participation, though many still face poverty and social exclusion. Key ongoing issues include pressures on indigenous lands from extractive industries, demands for self-determination, and integrating indigenous rights and perspectives into development models.
This document provides an overview of American women's shifting boundaries from the 1840s to the 1860s, covering expansion, reform movements, and the Civil War era. It discusses how American expansion displaced Native American women and impoverished them, while some white women found new opportunities on the frontier and in the Gold Rush. It also summarizes several major reform movements of the antebellum period led by women to expand their sphere and address issues like slavery, health, and women's rights. Finally, it outlines women's involvement on both sides of the conflict during the Civil War and their role in bringing about emancipation.
The document summarizes aspects of slave culture and resistance in America. It describes how slave culture was shaped by elements of African culture but also developed into its own identity over time. Slaves engaged in various forms of resistance such as slow work, sabotage, and running away to fight against the slave system. Strong family and community bonds helped slaves cope with the harsh conditions of slavery. Education was forbidden for slaves but they found ways to learn through oral traditions like music, folk tales and storytelling. The document also outlines differences in slave experiences across regions as well as political and social developments that impacted slavery over the years.
This document provides a summary of the book "Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States" by Miryam Hernandez. The book covers Mexican history from the early 1500s when Spanish explorers first arrived in North America through the late 1900s. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Mexican settlement of the American Southwest, periods of heavy Mexican immigration to the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the Mexican American civil rights movement, and trends among Mexican American communities through the 1990s.
The document summarizes key events in the Latin American revolutions against European colonial rule between 1791-1825. It describes the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) which resulted in Haiti gaining independence after a slave rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated the French. Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín were influential leaders who helped liberate many South American nations through military campaigns against the Spanish between 1816-1825. Bolívar sought to unite the new nations into one country, Gran Colombia, though it only lasted from 1819-1831. Brazil transitioned to independence in 1822 when Portugal's king returned home and his son Pedro I established Brazil as
During the late 19th century, indigenous peoples in both the United States and Canada faced increasing pressure on their lands and autonomy as white settlers expanded westward. In the US, many tribes resisted through warfare, leading to repeated military campaigns against them. In Canada, the Mounted Police usually prevented violence. Both countries pursued policies to assimilate indigenous groups through land policies like allotment in the US and enfranchisement in Canada, as well as educational and religious institutions like boarding schools, with the goal of replacing indigenous cultures and identities.
Background to the Zapatista Movement
This slideshow is designed to accompany the Schools for Chiapas video ‘Who are the Zapatistas?’, to give educators and learners some extra background information to the movement. The video can be found on Vimeo in English here: http://vimeo.com/109167119
The document summarizes the Reconstruction era in the United States from 1866 to 1877. It discusses the economic and political state of the South after the Civil War, the phases of Reconstruction under different presidents and Congresses, efforts to define citizenship and rights for freed black people, and the rise of violent opposition groups like the Ku Klux Klan. It analyzes key people and events, such as the Freedmen's Bureau, Black Codes, impeachment of President Johnson, and the contested 1876 presidential election, and ultimately deems Reconstruction a failure that did not rehabilitate the South's economy or secure equal rights.
The document summarizes the Reconstruction era in the United States from 1866 to 1877. It discusses the economic and political state of the South after the Civil War, the phases of Reconstruction under different presidents and Congresses, efforts to define citizenship and rights for freed black people, and the rise of violent opposition groups like the Ku Klux Klan. It analyzes key people and events, such as the Freedmen's Bureau, Black Codes, impeachment of President Johnson, and the contested 1876 presidential election, concluding that Reconstruction ultimately failed to achieve its goals of rebuilding the South and guaranteeing equal rights.
Three out of four white southerners did not own slaves and lived on self-sufficient farms with little education. While most supported slavery, some like Andrew Johnson dissented against the wealthy planter elite. Slavery was central to the Southern economy and way of life, with the majority of slaves working on cotton plantations. Slave owners argued slavery was justified by the Bible and necessary for maintaining a hierarchical society that guaranteed white liberty and equality. Slaves faced severe legal restrictions and punishment for disobedience.
The document discusses Reconstruction in the South following the Civil War. It describes the myth of Reconstruction promoted by Southerners that portrayed Northerners as vindictive occupiers who punished and exploited the South. However, most historians agree that Reconstruction was actually quite moderate and did not include mass executions or appropriation of land. The reality was that the South struggled politically, economically, and socially to rebuild after the war amid the end of slavery.
Ch 2 Spaniards In A Far Northern FronteraRick Fair
This document provides an overview of Spanish settlement in Texas in the 18th century. It discusses the motivations and challenges faced by Spanish settlers, including seeking gold, God, and glory; escaping oppression; and acquiring land. Key frontier institutions that developed included missions to Christianize Native Americans, presidios for defense, and the emergence of ranching. The population of Texas grew slowly to around 4,000 by 1800 from a mix of ethnic groups. Social classes were fluid on the frontier. Native American tribes had varying levels of resistance or accommodation to Spanish presence. Reforms in the late 18th century aimed to strengthen Spanish control over Texas.
This document summarizes the development of railroads and their economic impact in Texas from the 1870s to early 1900s. It discusses how the Railroad Land Grant Law of 1876 subsidized railroad expansion by granting land. This led to rapid growth but also speculation and ghost towns. The railroad network connected farmers to new markets but also concentrated wealth and power. The growth of industries like lumber and the problems of tenant farming and unions are also covered.
The Civil War began with the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina on April 15, 1861. This marked the start of four bloody years of conflict between the Union and Confederate states over the issues of slavery and states' rights. Some of the major battles and events that took place include the battles of Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg in 1862-1863, which resulted in massive casualties but key Union victories. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, shifting the war's focus to emancipation. As the war dragged on, Lincoln and the Union adopted a "hard war" strategy of increasing pressure on the Confederacy. The war finally concluded in April 1865 with
This document provides information on the population and demographics of Texas from 1870 to 1900. Some key points:
- The population steadily increased overall and in urban areas during this period, while the black population steadily decreased. Immigration was primarily from southern states.
- Ranching expanded after the Civil War, especially in South Texas, fueled by demand from northern beef markets. Large ranches like the King Ranch emerged. Farming followed ranching.
- Native American tribes like the Comanches still controlled West Texas in the 1870s, but the US Army forcibly removed them to reservations through attacks on villages and slaughtering of pony herds. Their nomadic lifestyle made them difficult to defeat.
- Town
This document provides information on Texas and the American Civil War period. It discusses several topics:
- Women in Texas faced restricted roles and could not vote or hold most jobs prior to the war.
- Education and public schools were still lacking improvements since the republic era. A 1854 law established some funding but provisions moved slowly.
- Religion was dominated by Protestant denominations who did not advocate for social reform.
- As secession grew nearer, pro-secession politicians gained influence in Texas. The Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret pro-slavery organization, also had members that supported secession.
- After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for troops to suppress the
The document discusses fiscal policy in Texas. It notes that Texas has traditionally taken a low-tax approach to fiscal policy, with a commitment to balanced budgets through low spending levels. The state's tax policy emphasizes regressive sales taxes over income taxes. Business taxes include franchise taxes and selective taxes on industries like oil and gas. Texas ranks low in per capita government spending and tax burden compared to other states. Revenue also comes from selective sales taxes on items like cigarettes, alcohol, and fuel as well as lottery proceeds and federal grants.
The document provides a detailed overview of American westward expansion between the early 1800s and 1850s. It describes how the Oregon Territory was claimed by several nations, how American fur trappers and missionaries began settling the region in the 1820s-1840s, and how the concept of Manifest Destiny and Oregon Fever led to a mass migration of settlers along the Oregon Trail. It also discusses the American acquisition of Texas and war with Mexico, which resulted in the Mexican Cession of California and New Mexico to the US. The conclusion summarizes the impacts of the California Gold Rush and statehood for California and Utah.
The War for Texas Independence began as Mexican rule over Texas tightened in the 1830s. After the Mexican government abolished slavery and increased tariffs, Texians declared independence from Mexico in 1836. This led to several battles, including the famous stand at the Alamo where Texians were defeated by Santa Anna's Mexican army. However, Sam Houston later defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, allowing Texas to gain independence as the Republic of Texas.
American settlers in Texas came into conflict with Mexico in the 1830s over issues like religion, slavery, and self-government. This led Texians to declare independence from Mexico and form the Republic of Texas in 1836. The battle of the Alamo became a rallying cry, where around 180 Texians were killed after a 13-day siege by Santa Anna's army. Sam Houston then defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, leading to Texas independence. However, the new Republic faced challenges like threats from Native American tribes, bankruptcy, and Mexico refusing to recognize its sovereignty.
The document summarizes key events in the westward expansion of the United States between 1800-1860, including Jefferson's Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Adams-Onís Treaty which ceded Florida to the US, the Missouri Compromise which maintained the balance of slave and free states, American settlement of Texas leading to conflict with Mexico and the eventual independence of Texas, and the US-Mexican War which resulted in large territorial gains by the US.
II. Politics in Mexico• Mexico plagued by chronic politica.docxwilcockiris
II. Politics in Mexico
• Mexico plagued by chronic political instability
• 1821-1871- 50 Mexican presidents in office
• 1821-1848-almost all presidents overthrown
• Political factions: Centralists, Federalists,
• Mexican politics prevents consistent approach to problems with Texas Revolt
and Polk administration
Mexico’s 1824 Colonization Act
• Permitted foreign immigration into Southwest
• Plan intended to populate the region
• Develop the region economically
• Link the region with interior Mexico
• “Mexicanize the region”
• Buffer against American expansionism
Provisions of the 1824 act
• Immigrants Must:
• Adopt Mexican citizenship
• Be or become Catholics
• Obey Mexican laws
• Respect Mexican culture, customs and authority
Provisions, continued
• Economic incentives included:
• No taxes for up to seven years
• Purchase land in the following amounts:
• 640 acres per male
• 320 per female
• 160 per child
• 80 per slave
The Texas Revolt
A. Permission to settle:
Starting in 1821, Spain and then an Independent Mexico had granted permission to
Catholic (North) Americans to settle the sparsely populated territory of Texas.
B. Incentives for settlement:
Soon there was a great influx of Americans settlers into Texas. The land was practically
free--only 10¢ an acre as opposed to $1.25 an acre for inferior land in the U.S. Each male
colonists over twenty-one years of age was allowed to purchase 640 acres for himself, 320
acres for his wife, 160 acres for each child and, significantly, an additional 80 acres for
each slaves that he brought with him.
The numerical dominance of the American settlers:
1827: By 1827 there were some 12,000 United States citizens living in Texas, while there
were only 7,000 Mexicans.
1835: By 1835 the immigrant population had reached 30,000, while the Mexican population
had barely passed 7,800
The Mexican response to the influx of
Americans
1. Slavery was abolished:
The first important piece of legislation designed to prevent a further weakening of Mexican
control was President Guerrero's emancipation proclamation of 1829. Because slavery as
not important anywhere else in the republic, the measure was clearly directed at Texas.
Although manumission was not immediately enforced, it was hoped that the decree itself
would make Mexico less attractive to colonists from the U.S. South and would thus arrest
immigration.
2. Forbiddance of further immigration:
The colonization law of 1830 explicitly forbade all future immigration into Texas from the
United States and called for the strengthening of Mexican garrisons, the improvement of
economic ties between Texas and the remainder of Mexico by the establishment of a new
coastal trade, and the encouragement of increased Mexican colonization.
Texas Declaration of Independence
• 1835 document declaring independence from Mexico
• Outlines grievances against the Mexican government: lack
.
The document provides an overview of American expansion and westward movement in the 19th century. It describes how manifest destiny and the pursuit of economic opportunity encouraged settlers to move west across North America. This resulted in territorial disputes with Mexico, leading to war and the U.S. acquiring large territories in the Southwest. The gold rush in California in 1848 further increased westward migration and the population of the western United States.
The Spanish opened Texas to Anglo-American settlers in 1820 to populate the remote region, granting land to those who became Mexican citizens and adopted Catholicism. By 1830, about 20,000 American settlers lived in Texas. However, tensions grew as Mexican laws restricted slavery and required Catholic worship, angering the mostly Protestant settlers. The rise of dictator Santa Anna in 1833 further alarmed Texans, leading to the Texas Revolution for independence.
The document summarizes Mexican Texas from 1821 to 1836, when Texas gained independence from Mexico. It describes the ideological conflicts between liberals and conservatives in the new Mexican government. It also discusses the various immigration laws passed by Mexico to try to regulate the influx of American settlers into Texas, including the Law of April 6, 1830, which banned further immigration from the United States. However, this and other laws were ineffective and illegal immigration into Texas continued to rise dramatically during this period.
This document provides an overview of slavery in the antebellum United States. It discusses the rise of cotton and slavery in the South, the development of the plantation system, and the three regions of the South (border, middle, lower) that had varying degrees of commitment to slavery. It also examines the lives of slaves, slave revolts, the growth of the abolitionist movement in the North and South, and the backlash against abolitionism in the South through things like the gag rule. By the 1850s, the issue of slavery was increasingly polarizing the country along sectional lines.
The document summarizes the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and its aftermath. It describes how over 125,000 Native Americans lived in forests prior to relocation efforts. The Act aimed to remove Native tribes west of the Mississippi River to lands designated as Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. As a result of the Act and forced relocations, the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes were forced to relocate between 1831-1838 along the Trail of Tears, suffering great hardships and thousands of deaths. After relocation, the tribes established reservations in various regions across the eastern, southeastern, and southern plains states.
The document summarizes the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and its aftermath. It describes how over 125,000 Native Americans lived in forests prior to relocation efforts. The Act aimed to remove Eastern tribes like the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole to lands west of the Mississippi River. Despite resistance, military force and death marches known as the Trail of Tears led to the forced removal of these tribes between 1830-1838. After relocation, the tribes established reservations and communities in the lands of present-day Oklahoma and surrounding areas.
Manifest Destiny was the idea that the US was destined to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean. This led Americans to settle in the Oregon Country and Texas in the 1840s-1850s. In Oregon, missionaries and fur traders were the first Americans there, and wagon trains of pioneers followed. The US and Britain jointly occupied Oregon until 1846 when they set the border. In Texas, American settlers moved in under empresarios but tensions rose with Mexico, leading to the Texas Revolution and the establishment of an independent Republic of Texas.
This document provides a summary of the history and legacy of African Americans in Texas from the early Spanish settlement period through the Civil Rights Movement. It details how African Americans first arrived in Texas as both slaves and free people accompanying Spanish settlers in the 1700s. After Texas became part of the United States and Mexico, the status and rights of African Americans fluctuated depending on the governing nation. Following the Civil War and emancipation, African Americans faced significant hardships but also contributed greatly to the Reconstruction of Texas and development of the state through roles in government, education, the military, and churches. The legacy and ongoing contributions of African Americans have profoundly shaped Texas culture and identity.
This document summarizes key events of US expansion and the Mexican-American War between 1830-1853:
1) It describes the forced removal of Native American tribes like the Cherokee to lands west of the Mississippi River, known as the "Trail of Tears", as well as the annexation of Texas and war with Mexico that added new western territories to the US.
2) The discovery of gold in California in 1848 and migration of settlers over the Oregon Trail led to the rapid growth and statehood of western regions like California.
3) The Mexican Cession of 1848 following the Mexican-American War and the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 extended US control from the Rio
Slavery expanded greatly in the 19th century American South as the cotton industry boomed. Over 1 million slaves were forcibly relocated from the upper South to the deep South states between 1820 and 1860. Though conditions for slaves varied, they were all denied freedom. Slaves resisted through slow work, sabotage, and occasional revolts like Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 attempted to balance the number of slave and free states admitted to the union.
The document summarizes Chapter 17 which discusses the events leading up to the Mexican-American War and Texas achieving independence from Mexico in 1836. Key points include that American settlers in Texas did not want to follow Mexican rules requiring they become Catholic and citizens, tensions rose between settlers and the Mexican government, and the independence of Texas from Mexico in 1836 after the battles of the Alamo and Goliad rallied American support behind the Texan cause.
The document summarizes key events and themes in American history related to slavery and its expansion between 1800-1860. It discusses how the cotton gin and other developments revived the slave system in the South. It also discusses the growing abolition movement in the North, political compromises over slavery's status in new territories, the Dred Scott decision, and rising sectional tensions that ultimately led to the Civil War.
This document provides background information on Manifest Destiny and America's westward expansion in the first half of the 19th century. It discusses key concepts like Manifest Destiny, which held that it was God's will for America to expand across the continent to the Pacific. It describes how Americans migrated west along routes like the Oregon Trail and faced many hardships. It also covers events that contributed to Texas independence from Mexico like the Alamo and Goliad massacres, and the eventual annexation of Texas as a state.
This document provides an overview of slavery in the Antebellum South. It discusses the rise of cotton and slavery, the growth of the plantation system, and the emergence of three distinct regions in the South with varying levels of slavery. It also examines slave culture and resistance, the abolitionist movement in the North and South, and the impact of abolitionism over time. Key events mentioned include the invention of the cotton gin, Nat Turner's rebellion, and the establishment of abolitionist newspapers like The Liberator and North Star.
This document provides an overview of Manifest Destiny in the 1840s. It discusses key events including the annexation of Texas, which increased tensions with Mexico. The document also outlines Polk's presidency and goals of acquiring Oregon and California from Britain and Mexico, respectively, to further the concept of Manifest Destiny and American expansion across North America.
This document summarizes key aspects of local governments in Texas. It discusses how local governments are limited by the state's antiquated constitution, which was designed for a rural environment. It also describes the different types of municipalities in Texas, including general-law cities and home-rule cities, and the various forms of municipal government like strong mayor-council, weak mayor-council, and council-manager. The document concludes by covering municipal politics, services, and revenue sources like taxes, fees, and bonds.
Texas has one of the largest judicial systems in the country with over 3,000 judges handling state and sometimes federal law. The state's judges interpret and apply provisions of the Texas Constitution, statutory laws, and agency regulations. Texas' complex court structure ranges from local municipal and justice of the peace courts to county and statewide appellate courts. Judges at each level have distinct roles and jurisdictions in interpreting and applying civil and criminal law.
This document provides an overview of the governorship in Texas. It discusses the election process and qualifications to become governor. It outlines the governor's compensation, staff, security, and succession plan. The document also describes the impeachment process and notable past governors of Texas like Sam Houston, James Hogg, "Pa" Ferguson, and Dan Moody.
The document discusses the legislative framework of the Texas government. It explains that Texas has a bicameral legislature like 48 other states, with a 31-member Senate and 150-member House of Representatives. Representatives serve 2-year terms and senators serve 4-year terms. The legislature holds regular sessions every odd-numbered year for up to 140 days, and special sessions can be called by the governor for up to 30 days to consider specific matters. Legislative districts are redrawn after each census to equalize populations, though this process can be politically contentious. The document provides details on qualifications, elections, and roles of Texas legislators.
This document discusses interest groups and their role in the political process. It defines interest groups as organizations that aim to influence government policy. It notes that interest groups differ from political parties in that their main goal is to influence decisions rather than gain control of government offices. The document also discusses reasons for the formation of interest groups, including protections under the first amendment, decentralization of government, and weakness of political parties. It outlines various types of interest groups including business, labor, professional, and government employee groups.
This document summarizes key aspects of political campaigns and elections in Texas. It discusses how campaigns have changed with new media like the internet and social media. It also outlines obstacles to voting that historically disenfranchised groups in Texas, such as literacy tests and poll taxes. Finally, it notes reforms to campaign finance and increasing diversity in elected offices in Texas in recent decades.
Political parties in the United States are organized at the national, state, county, and precinct levels. They hold temporary conventions and primaries to select delegates and alternates to attend higher-level conventions. At state conventions, delegates select party leaders and draft platforms, and in presidential election years also select delegates for the national convention. The two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, have different processes for selecting national convention delegates, with Democrats using a hybrid primary-caucus system in Texas called the "Texas Two-Step."
This document discusses the concept of federalism in the United States. It explains that federalism provides a system where states have independence while a national authority oversees the union. Both federal and state governments act on behalf of citizens through laws and elected officials. The document outlines reasons for federalism, including practical governance issues, liberty arguments, and distributing authority. It also discusses the distribution of powers between federal and state governments as laid out in the Constitution.
This document provides information about the geography, physical regions, historic regions, and brief history of Texas. It describes the large size of Texas, which covers over 267,000 square miles and has 222,000 miles of roadways. The state is divided into several physical regions including the Gulf Coast Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. Historically, Texas has been divided into regions like the Panhandle Plains, Big Bend, Hill Country, and South Texas Plains. The document concludes with a brief overview of Texas history before European arrival and Spanish, French, Mexican, and American involvement in the state from the 1500s to 1820s.
The document discusses key aspects of US foreign policy including defining foreign policy as a nation's external goals and strategies. It outlines tools of diplomacy, economic aid, and technical assistance. It also discusses national security policy focused on protecting independence and integrity. The Constitution created tension around presidential and congressional influence over foreign policy with powers shared across executive agencies and Congress. Historical contexts are reviewed from isolationism to internationalism through major events like the World Wars and Cold War.
The document outlines the policymaking process and several domestic policy issues in the United States. It discusses the 5 stages of the policymaking process: agenda building, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. It also covers major domestic policy topics like health care, immigration, crime, energy/environment, and economic policy issues including unemployment, recession, inflation, fiscal policy, monetary policy, and taxation.
The document discusses several key aspects of the American judicial system, including the importance of judicial independence, the common law tradition, and sources of American law such as statutes, administrative law, and case law. It also provides an overview of the federal court system, describing the different types of federal courts and their roles. The Supreme Court's process for deciding cases and issuing opinions is outlined. The selection of federal judges and debates around judicial activism vs. restraint are also summarized.
The document discusses the role of bureaucracy in the U.S. government as established by the Constitution but not explicitly defined. It examines different views on whether the Framers intended for a bureaucracy and analyzes how the bureaucracy has evolved over time from the patronage system to a modern Weberian model. Theories on bureaucratic agencies are presented regarding their role in regulation and policymaking from public interest, public choice, and reputation perspectives.
The document summarizes the qualifications and roles of the U.S. presidency. To become president, one must be a natural born U.S. citizen at least 35 years old who has lived in the country for at least 14 years. The president has five main constitutional roles: head of state, chief executive, commander-in-chief, chief diplomat, and chief legislator. Additional powers have grown out of statutes and presidential practice over time. The vice president assumes the presidency if the president leaves office, and the cabinet serves as an advisory board to the president.
The document provides an overview of Congress and the budgeting process. It discusses that Congress is given the most power in the Constitution compared to other branches. It then outlines Congress' key powers like taxation and declaring war. The document also examines the budgeting process, including how the executive budget is submitted to Congress, the use of fiscal years, and the congressional budget resolutions passed in May and September each year to set spending limits.
This document discusses why people run for political office, the primary and general election process, the electoral college system, how to run a successful campaign, campaign financing and regulations, the influence of television on politics, and types of media bias. It provides an overview of key concepts related to campaigns, elections, and the media landscape.
This document provides an overview of political parties in the United States. It defines key terms like political party, faction, and independent. It describes the main activities of political parties like recruiting candidates, organizing elections, and presenting policy platforms. It then discusses the history of parties in the US starting from the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the modern Democratic and Republican parties. It also examines the roles and faces of political parties at different levels and how the winner-take-all electoral system influences the party system.
The document discusses what interest groups are, including that they are organized groups that attempt to influence policymakers without governance or responsibility. It also examines the different types of interest groups and their goals, as well as how they attempt to influence elections and policy through lobbying and other techniques. The document also explores some problems that can arise with interest groups, such as potential bias or issues with truly representing their stated constituencies.
This document discusses key aspects of American political culture, including how it differs from political institutions. It notes that political culture consists of patterned ways of thinking and using symbols that are typically not conscious. The chapter examines debates around individual rights like privacy and how they often center on individual rights in America. It also contrasts political culture with institutions and how culture provides norms and language while institutions establish rules. Additionally, it explores how religious faith, individualism, associations, and public opinion have all shaped American democracy and political culture.
This document discusses the history of civil rights in America from the late 18th century to the mid-20th century. It describes how civil rights were initially established in the Constitution and Bill of Rights but excluded many groups. The Civil War and subsequent amendments extended some rights to freed slaves, but these were not fully enforced. Later acts sought to protect civil rights but were invalidated by the Supreme Court. Landmark cases like Plessy v. Ferguson established the separate but equal doctrine and allowed segregation. From the late 1800s to 1944, southern states passed measures like literacy tests and poll taxes to restrict black voting rights.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. Anglos
• Towns
Number increased from 3 (1821) to 21 (1835)
San Felipe de Austin, Gonzales, Velasco (near Freeport), and
Matagorda were the primary towns
• Survival
Anglos lived off the land, hunted wild game, fished, planted
small gardens, and gathered nuts and berries
Farming only earned the minimum standard of living initially
By the early 1830s, Anglos began to plant cotton and began to
make a profit
Slaves and imported technology greatly helped
1834 estimates: 7,000 bales of cotton sent to New Orleans valued at
$315,000
This is a great improvement over subsistence farming
3. Anglos
• Education
Numerous schools established in the 1820s and 30s
Patterned schools after those in the Southern U.S.
Private enterprise paid for children’s education
No public schooling during this era
Limitations
Not many instructors
Subpar educational facilities
Colonists who had money typically sent their children to
schools in the United States
4. Anglos
• The Press
Started in 1810 with the printing of “La Gaceta de
Tejas”, a publication promoting republican ideals to help
Mexico liberate itself from Spain
First successful press started in 1829 in Austin’s colony
Godwin Brown Cotton was the proprietor of the Texas Gazette
Started a trend of Anglos producing their own newspapers
Another instance of Anglos distancing themselves from Mexico
5. Anglos
• Religion
Mexican citizenship required all citizens to observe
Christianity (Catholicism)
Very few Anglos actually did this
The Catholic Church had very few priests
Treated Anglos as a second priority
Anglos held illegal church services as a result
Conducted their own civil ceremonies in the 1830s
Father Michael Muldoon was the clergyman for Austin’s colony
He often reported colonists as faithful to Catholicism, but regularly
wed couples outside the Catholicism
Anglos were cautious initially, but after 1834, the Mexican
government granted them “freedom of conscience”
6. Anglos
• The Local Militias
These were the first lines of defense for the colonists
Authorized by the Mexican gov’t as alternatives to the
standing army
Mexican gov’t could not adequately provide protection for all the
settlers
Only Austin’s colony had an efficient and sizable militia
Other colonies failed to establish militias
Which was required by Mexican law
They simply relied on volunteer companies of a very temporary
nature
These volunteer companies evolve into an early form of the
Texas Rangers by 1835
7. Blacks (the peculiar institution)
• Slavery perpetuates
Anglos bring in slaves under the pretext of contract
labor; “perpetual contract labor”
By 1836, 5000 slaves in Texas
Most lived on Anglo plantations along the Brazos, Colorado,
and Trinity Rivers
Anglos argued that development of Texas depended on
slave labor
Tejanos and liberals agreed
Anglos attempted to recreate slavery as it existed in the
Southern U.S.
8. Blacks (the peculiar institution)
• The Slave Condition
Whites attempted to use policy and corporal
punishment to control the slave population
Slave attempted to run away when possible
They typically sought refuge among Indian tribes in East Texas
or in Mexican settlements in Mexico
9.
10. Tejanos
• Settlements
Descendants of the first Hispanic colonists lived in the
ranching areas of Central and South Texas
Others lived in the older cities already established
Population Statistics
San Antonio: 2500 (1835)
Goliad: 700 (1834)
Nacogdoches: 537 (1835)
Victoria: 248 (1830)
Larado: 2000 (1835)
11. Tejanos
• Social Divisions
Opportunities in commerce, ranching, and politics
fragmented society
The Elite:
Government bureaucrats
Successful merchants/ranchers
Others from prominent families
12. Tejanos
• Gender Divisions
Similar to liberties and restrictions in Spanish Texas
Rights:
Could sue for military survivors’ benefits
Could buy/sell land
Restrictions:
Could not hold political office or vote
Religion discouraged divorce
Society ostracized women adulterers
However, it turned a blind eye to men adulterers
13. Tejanos
• Education
Was a growing concern in the Tejano community
Tejanos used fund-raisers to support education locally
Laredo and Nacogdoches opened schools in the 1820s
Bexar and Nacogdoches had the highest proportion of
students per capita in Texas
However, education declined due to economic
conditions and the turmoil of the 1830s
14. Tejanos
• Militias
Primary form of defense for Tejanos
Led by local officials and followed an offensive
strategies
Frequently attempted to displace Indians
Very different from Anglo militias
Tejanos had strategy and order
Anglos haphazardly formed militias for retaliatory purposes
By the 1830s, Tejano militias were highly efficient
15. Native Americans
• Eastern Indians decimated by war and disease
With Spanish missions defunct, the Karankawas lost their
last sources of refuge
Karankawas became targets of Anglos who wanted their land
Austin’s colony launched an offensive against them in 1827,
pushing them farther south along the coast
During the 1830s, the Karankawas numbered less than 800
They survived by stealing from Anglos and sometimes
working for settlers as laborers or domestic servants
16. Native Americans
• Plains Tribes maintained traditional ways
Comanches, Apaches, and Nortenos still retained their
traditional lifeways
Relied on hunting and small-scale fishing for survival
Gender differences
Women gathered food and tended crops
Men (Warriors) sabotaged Anglo settlements to stop whites
encroaching on their land and stole livestock
Trading
Plains Indians traded with the Anglos
Indians specifically wanted American-made weapons
Anglos bought livestock and other property that the Indians
previously stole
17. Native Americans
• Decline of the Caddos
Traditionally lived in farming communities
Anglo encroachment:
Provided alcohol to the Caddos; began to destroy their society
Anglo empresarios began to establish colonies in Caddo territory
Survival
Attempted to farm
Also traded beaver, deer, and otter pelts for weapons and
household goods in Louisiana
By the late 1820s, the Caddos numbered less than 300
families
18. Native Americans
• Arrival of the Cherokee
Pressure from Americans in Georgia and Alabama forced
Cherokees to migrate to northeastern Texas
Cherokee Chief Bowles located the tribe along the Trinity
River
Issues with the Plains Indians forced the Cherokees to move
to present-day Van Zandt and Cherokee counties
Around 80 families arrived by the late 1820s
Cherokees farmed, raised livestock, and traded with settlers
in Nacogdoches
Chief Bowles attempted to acquire legal titles to their land
from the Mexican government
They never received it
20. Centralists back in power
• Santa Anna returns from retirement in 1834
Removes the acting President of Mexico
Vice President Valentin Gomez Farias
Santa Anna left Farias in charge, but felt he was way too liberal
Farias was forced to flee to the United States
Comes back to power with a Centralist agenda
• Santa Anna abolishes the Federalist Constitution of
1824
Holds election of a new congress ran by Centralists
Turns all former states into military departments
• Liberals denounce his new regime
Several revolts occur
Santa Anna’s military crushes opposition unmercifully
22. Centralists back in power
• Liberal Response
Attempt to raise money to oppose the Centralists in
1835
Two laws are passed to sell 400 leagues of public land
to raise money to oppose Santa Anna
• Texan Response
Many disapproved of investors acquiring real estate
simply for profit
Centralists feared that the investors would raise a militia
to oppose Santa Anna’s gov’t
23. Travis’ Anahuac raid
• William B. Travis leads a raid on Anahuac after
getting news that Mexico was preparing to send
troops into Texas
• Forces the surrender of 44 Mexican troops
• Reasons for invading
Immediate cause: Travis had issues with import
tariffs that left many unable to pay for needed goods
Social cause: Travis, a member of the War Party,
felt that the Anahuac raid would rally people to
support Texas independence from Mexico
• Response:
Some responded favorably to Travis’ actions
However, committees of correspondence were still
divided about Texas independence (sounds a lot like
the Second Continental Congress)
Most in Texas were still waiting for Mexico’s
response before making a decision
24. Mexico’s Response
• Many Centralist political and military leaders saw
Travis’ raid as clear indication of a Texan revolt
The local Anahuac gov’t refused to arrest Travis
• Liberal Mexican leaders go into hiding
Lorenzo de Zavala, now a prominent Federalist fled to
Texas
To escape arrest by the Centralist regime
Wanted to be close to his East Texas land possessions
25. Relations unravel
• Committees of correspondence
August 1835 – communities call meetings
to decide whether to work with the
Mexican gov’t or openly rebel
September 1835 – Stephen F. Austin
arrives in Texas, recently released from
prison
Threw his support behind the War Party and
separation from Mexico
• General Cos arrives
20 September 1835 – Cos and troops
land at Copano Bay
March to Goliad and reinforce it
Continue marching to Bexar
Rumors circulate that Cos and Centralist
forces intend to free slaves, oppress
Texans, and lay waste to the region
26. Battle of Gonzales
• 30 September 1835 – Mexican Lieutenant Castanada arrives at Gonzales to
take a cannon the Mexicans loaned the settlers to fight Indians
• Castanada feared crossing the Guadalupe River would cause a conflict
Attempted to negotiate by shouting across the river
Finally gave up as Texans refused to comply and left
• 2 October 1835 – Texans fire on Centralist troops with the cannon in question;
a small skirmish ensues
• Texans drape a flag stating, “COME AND TAKE IT!” on the cannon
• Mexican forces do not fare well; Texans call for Mexican surrender
Castanada is forced to retreat
• The incident becomes largely perceived as the “Lexington of Texas” by
Americans
• One week later, the Texans take Goliad and obtain a large cache of military
supplies
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. Texans Capture San Antonio
• Late Oct. 1835 -- Austin and Texan volunteers
move into San Antonio
Quarantine the city which was under the control of
General Cos (800 to 1200 troops)
• 5 December 1835 – Ben Milam and Edward
Burleson lead 550 men on a surprise attack
Milam dies during the battle
• 11 December 1835 – Cos’ army is defeated
They were cut off from supplies and reinforcements
Cos retreats to Mexico and promises to honor the
Constitution of 1824
33. Consultation of 1835
• 3-14 November 1835 -- 58 delegates from 12 Texas
communities met at San Felipe de Austin
• Branch T. Archer elected president of the Consultation
• Sam Houston elected as Commander of the Regular Army
• Declared commitment to federalism (based on the
Constitution of 1824)
Wanted to win support from Mexican liberals and assistance
from the U.S.
• Texans affirmed the need for Texas’ independence
• Consultation empowered the new gov’t to seek financing for
the expected war
35. Mexican Army Moves into
Texas
• February 1836 – Mexico hastily
recruits soldiers for the impeding
conflict
Lowe classes, political opponents of
Santa Anna, and 300 Mayan Indians
recruited
• March1836 – Santa Anna and
General Jose Urrea move their
armies toward Texas
Santa Anna moves toward San
Antonio
Urrea moves toward GoliadJose de Urrea
36. Texas Military Issues
• Officers had issues maintaining order and discipline
• Enlisted men showed more respect for immediate, local leaders
Did not follow chain of command
• Army was primarily volunteers
Fought when needed, but left to care for their families and property
after a crisis ended
Texas Government Issues
• Problems in the military echoed problems in gov’t
• Individualistic Texans could not agree on the best course of action
for independence
Some still felt sympathy for Mexico
Some did not know whether to join the War or Peace Parties
Some argued land claims were the paramount issue
38. Texas Declaration of Independence
• 1 March 1836 – Delegates met to declare independence,
adopt a new gov’t, and constitution
• Grievances in the Declaration
Santa Anna had overthrown the Constitution of 1824,
substituted it with tyranny
Mexican gov’t subjugated Texas to Coahuila and Texas did not
have a voice in gov’t
Denied Texans a right to a trial by jury
Denied Texans the right to religious freedom
Denied Texans the right to bear arms
Mexican failed to establish a system of education for Texans
• The Declaration went further to denounce Santa Anna for
using military justice to supplement civilian justice
39. Causes of the War
• Traditional Interpretation – the Texas rebellion was
a courageous act of liberty-loving Texans against
an intolerant and undemocratic Mexican gov’t
• Constitutional Interpretation – the Texas rebellion
was primarily a constitutional conflict against the
Centralist Party, which consistently followed a
discriminatory policy against the Texans
Revoking the Constitution of 1824 meant war
40. Causes of the War
• Economic Interpretation – “land-trafficking thesis”; influential
men moved to Texas to turn a profit on land transactions
When Mexico moved against Texas in 1835, those men threw
their support behind the rebellion to maintain and preserve their
land interests
• Economics/Federalism thesis – war was started to preserve
long-standing political values and recent economic
achievements
Federalism fostered immigration, political liberty, slavery, and
economic progress
Santa Anna’s Centralist gov’t threatened Texas’ notion of gov’t by
the people and individualist entrepreneurship
Thus, the rebellion intended to protect individual liberty, slavery,
and agricultural advances Anglos made in Texas
41. Causes of the War
• Inferiority Thesis
Anglos refused to assimilate or conform to Mexican
rules, customs, and Catholicism
Relatively isolated, the Texans attempted to govern
themselves
They refused to pay duties, objected to troop increases
in the Mexican army (designed to make Texans respect
Mexico’s laws)
Ethnocentrism (racism) was the cause of the conflict
Texans viewed Mexicans as a politically and culturally inferior
people living under a broken gov’t
42. Causes of the War
• Inferiority Thesis
Anglos arrived in Texas conditioned to think negatively of
Mexican people
Mexicans’ darker skin and Catholicism set off U.S. Anglos’
views that they were biologically inferior and culturally flawed
Anglos were conditioned to believe in the U.S.
interpretation of “Manifest Destiny”
Their job was to “rescue” the underdeveloped region from a
backward people and an instable government
Basically, the goal was to make Texas a state in the U.S. as
quick as possible
43. Causes of the War
• War and Racism thesis
Racism was not an issue until the war started
People lived so removed that contact between Anglos and
Tejanos coexisted fairly well; had the same economic and
political goals
The war itself spurred anti-Mexican prejudice
The conflict made Anglos view Mexicans as decadent,
brutal, and subhuman. (Santa Anna certainly did not
help correct this)
Prejudice evolved from a need to justify the conflict and
domination over Tejanos
44. Fall of the Alamo
• Mexican Forces: Santa Anna (18,000)
• Texan Forces: William B. Travis (182 to 189)
• 23 February 1836 – Santa Anna arrives in San
Antonio to find the Alamo fortified by Texan forces
He begins to lay siege for a final assault
• 6 March 1836 – around 0500, 1800 of Santa
Anna’s troops begin moving toward the Alamo
The deguello, a bugle call signaling “no quarter” is
sounded
45.
46. The Alamo
• Texans were armed with 21
artillery pieces and a team of
expert marksmen led by
volunteer Davy Crockett
• Texans repelled the first wave of
Mexican troops that attempted
to breach the walls
• Within 10 minutes, Santa Anna
was forced to commit his
reserves as Texans continued to
fend off Mexican forces
47.
48. Fall of the Alamo
• Mexican reserves finally overtook
the Alamo and Texan volunteers
were forced to fall back inside the
compound
• The battle ended within 20
minutes
• Mexicans continued to slaughter
Texan survivors for another hour
after the battle ended
• Santa Anna gave orders to spare
no one’s life, but several from the
Alamo survived
• Susannah Dickinson, her child,
and a black slave belonging to
Travis survived
49. Fall of the Alamo
• Within minutes of the battle’s end, Santa Anna
captured and executed 6 or 7 Texas volunteers
Among them was Davy Crockett
• Overall, Santa Anna lost 500 to 600 men in the
siege
• At least 180 Texans were killed
50.
51. The Goliad Massacre
• Mexican Forces: Urrea
• Texan Forces: James W.
Fannin
• Urrea was advancing toward
Goliad from Matamoras
His army had already met
resistance at San Patricio, Agua
Dulce, and Refugio
• 19 March 1836 – Fannin
decided to abandon the
garrison at Goliad and move
his army toward Victoria
Lack of supplies at Goliad made
for a bad defense
James W. Fannin
52. The Goliad Massacre
• As Fannin and his army retreated, they were
intercepted by Urrea at Coleto Creek
• 20 March 1836 – Fannin was forced to surrender.
Urrea marched the Texan army back to Goliad
• Urrea sends a request to Santa Anna for clemency
for the Texas prisoners
Santa Anna responds with an execution order
• 27 March 1836 – Urrea’s men executed 340 Texas
Fannin was forced to watch his men executed and was the
last to die
30 Texans managed to escape
The bodies were stacked and burned
53.
54. Texan Response to the Alamo and Goliad
• Old allegiances to immediate leaders were
dissolved
• Sam Houston received a greater deal of respect
and unity of command was acknowledged
• Houston was training troops in mid-March 1836,
began to move away from Santa Anna’s army
• Troops began to rally around the Texan cause
“Remember the Alamo” and “Remember Goliad”
became common themes
55. The “Runaway Scrape”
• Anglos and Tejanos began a mass exodus from
their homes and property in Central Texas
Taking only what they could easily carry and limited
amounts of livestock
• They headed toward the Texas-Louisiana border
seeking refuge
• Cold weather, floods, and mud intensified the
refugees’ hardship as they attempted to stay
ahead of the Mexican army
56. The Battle of San Jacinto
• Mexican Forces: Santa Anna (1,360)
• Texan Forces: Sam Houston (910)
• 20 April 1836 – Santa Anna caught up with Sam
Houston’s forces at the San Jacinto River
Santa Anna effectively boxed in Texan forces, but was
shut off on 3 sides by Texans
The San Jacinto was on Santa Anna’s right and was
surrounded by swampy terrain behind him
Orderly retreat for Santa Anna was almost impossible
57.
58.
59. The Battle of San Jacinto
• 21 April 1836 – 1530 to 1600, Houston and Tejano
forces led by Juan Seguin attacked Santa Anna’s army
• Within 18 minutes, Houston’s men had full control of
Santa Anna’s camp
The Mexican army became disorganized and lost ground
Texans chased them as they fled into the river and swamp,
killing any Mexican soldier they could find
• During the battle, Texans rallied behind the battle
cries, “Remember the Alamo” and “Remember Goliad”
60.
61. The Battle of San Jacinto
• Texans killed Santa Anna’s men until nightfall
• Mexican casualties: 630 dead, 208 wounded, 730
prisoners
• Texan casualties: 8-9 injured, 17-30 injured
• Santa Anna was forced to surrender
62. Treaties of Velasco
• 22 April 1836 – Santa Anna was captured by Sam
Houston’s army
Began negotiating an agreement to spare Santa Anna’s life in
exchange for Mexican retreat from Texas
• 14 May 1836 – Santa Anna signs the Treaties of Velasco
Acknowledging Texas’ independence from Mexico
Vowed to remove all Mexican forces from Texas
Accepted Texas’ boundary at the Rio Grande River
Promised to ensure Mexico’s recognition of Texas
• Mexico refused to accept the Treaties
However, they did not have the means to wage another
offensive
• Texas independence had been won