Manifest Destiny promoted the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. It was not an official policy but was heavily promoted in the 1840s. The concept was driven by a belief that America was "chosen" by God to establish democracy and civilization, and was fueled by the Louisiana Purchase, increasing population, and desire for more land and political power. Manifest Destiny helped drive America's expansionism and was a factor leading to the Mexican-American War and annexation of Texas, the Southwest, and California.
My presentation is about the perils that the pioneers faced along the Oregon Trail. Among the many hardships they endured, this presentation covers some of the most dangerous ones; such as, river crossings, food shortages, diseases and sicknesses, accidents, facing the weather, and indian attacks. I chose this topic because I wanted to educate my audience about the hardships that the pioneers faced. Seeing what they went through really makes a person be thankful for everything that they have.
This PowerPoint presentation was created to accompany a review guide for the South Carolina US History EOC. USHC 4.1 covers the transcontinental railroads, federal land grants and subsidies to encourage western settlement and development, and the destruction of the buffalo herds and the Plains Indians' way of life.
Covers significant events that took place in the year 1848, including the end of the Mexican-American War with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the rises to fame of Frederick Douglass and Henry David Thoreau, the Seneca Falls Convention, and the beginning of the California gold rush.
II. Politics in Mexico• Mexico plagued by chronic politica.docxwilcockiris
II. Politics in Mexico
• Mexico plagued by chronic political instability
• 1821-1871- 50 Mexican presidents in office
• 1821-1848-almost all presidents overthrown
• Political factions: Centralists, Federalists,
• Mexican politics prevents consistent approach to problems with Texas Revolt
and Polk administration
Mexico’s 1824 Colonization Act
• Permitted foreign immigration into Southwest
• Plan intended to populate the region
• Develop the region economically
• Link the region with interior Mexico
• “Mexicanize the region”
• Buffer against American expansionism
Provisions of the 1824 act
• Immigrants Must:
• Adopt Mexican citizenship
• Be or become Catholics
• Obey Mexican laws
• Respect Mexican culture, customs and authority
Provisions, continued
• Economic incentives included:
• No taxes for up to seven years
• Purchase land in the following amounts:
• 640 acres per male
• 320 per female
• 160 per child
• 80 per slave
The Texas Revolt
A. Permission to settle:
Starting in 1821, Spain and then an Independent Mexico had granted permission to
Catholic (North) Americans to settle the sparsely populated territory of Texas.
B. Incentives for settlement:
Soon there was a great influx of Americans settlers into Texas. The land was practically
free--only 10¢ an acre as opposed to $1.25 an acre for inferior land in the U.S. Each male
colonists over twenty-one years of age was allowed to purchase 640 acres for himself, 320
acres for his wife, 160 acres for each child and, significantly, an additional 80 acres for
each slaves that he brought with him.
The numerical dominance of the American settlers:
1827: By 1827 there were some 12,000 United States citizens living in Texas, while there
were only 7,000 Mexicans.
1835: By 1835 the immigrant population had reached 30,000, while the Mexican population
had barely passed 7,800
The Mexican response to the influx of
Americans
1. Slavery was abolished:
The first important piece of legislation designed to prevent a further weakening of Mexican
control was President Guerrero's emancipation proclamation of 1829. Because slavery as
not important anywhere else in the republic, the measure was clearly directed at Texas.
Although manumission was not immediately enforced, it was hoped that the decree itself
would make Mexico less attractive to colonists from the U.S. South and would thus arrest
immigration.
2. Forbiddance of further immigration:
The colonization law of 1830 explicitly forbade all future immigration into Texas from the
United States and called for the strengthening of Mexican garrisons, the improvement of
economic ties between Texas and the remainder of Mexico by the establishment of a new
coastal trade, and the encouragement of increased Mexican colonization.
Texas Declaration of Independence
• 1835 document declaring independence from Mexico
• Outlines grievances against the Mexican government: lack
.
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the Compromise of 1850, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, the establishment of the underground railroad, the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the drafting of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
3. Manifest Destiny
What is it?
• The driving force (one component) behind America’s
expansion to the west (specifically the Pacific Coast)
• Was not an official government policy
• Promoted heavily in newspapers, posters, and other
propaganda
• John O’Sullivan first uses the term in a newspaper in 1845
• “manifest destiny to overspread the continent”
• Regarding the annexation of Texas
• Says America was “chosen” to lead the continent out of
wilderness
• Americans were “chosen” to establish civilization
4. Manifest Destiny
What caused it?
• Myth of the Chosen Nation – God chose the Americans to
establish democracy from sea to shining sea
• The Louisiana Purchase – over 1/3 of the continent is gained
by Jefferson’s legislation
• Government saw the appeal of potential land bringing more
political power to the growing nation
• Land Availability + Politics + Religion = Manifest Destiny
5. Manifest Destiny
What it meant to the country
• Through physical expansion to the west, the United States
would be set on a course to become a political and social
superpower
• Manifest Destiny adds fuel to the fire of expansion
• Advertising potential for great wealth in minerals in the West
• Promoting programs to help the downtrodden acquire and keep
land in the West (if they paid their way)
6. Manifest Destiny
Results
• Many Easterners head to the West in search of riches and a
new start
• Most believing they were helping the US achieve Manifest
Destiny and it was God’s chosen path for them
• Manifest Destiny expands to foreign policy
• Becomes the driving force behind the Mexican-American War
• Later, the Spanish-American War (after we achieve “sea to
shining sea”
• Today, becomes intertwined with globalization
• We must spread democracy throughout the world
7. The Texas Revolution
Texas under Mexican Rule
• Texas was the first part of Mexico to be settle by significant numbers of
Americans
• Moses Austin (father of Stephen F. Austin)
• Due to the influx of Americans, Mexico felt that it was losing its control
over Texas
• To make matters worse, Stephen F. Austin calls American settlers to
demand greater autonomy from Mexico
• The goal was independence
• 1830 – Mexico annuls existing land contracts and barred future
emigration from the United States
• General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna sent an army to Texas to impose
central authority
• Texan rebels, inspired by the U.S. Revolutionary War form a provisional
government
• Their intent was to declare independence from Mexico
10. The Texas Revolution
Battle of the Alamo
• Roughly 250 Texas built reinforcements inside the Alamo
• Santa Anna decides to launch an attack on the mission after
a 12 day siege
• Only 2 Texans survive; 180 to 240 Texans dead; 400-600
Mexicans dead
• This is a pivotal point in the Texas Revolution as Santa
Anna’s perceived cruelty inspired Texans to band together to
defeat the Mexicans
11. The Texas Revolution
Battle of San Jacinto
• The decisive battle of the Texas Revolution
• Santa Anna v. Sam Houston
• Battle in present-day Harris County
• Rallying cries, “Remember the Alamo,” and “Remember
Goliad”
• Combat lasted less than 20 minutes; slaughter of Mexicans
carried on for several more hours
• 630 Mexicans killed, over 700 captured; 280 wounded
12. The Road to the Mexican War
Election of 1844
•Whig Candidate: Henry Clay
•Democrat Candidate: James K. Polk
•Texas Annexation was a key issue
•Issue of slavery in Texas
•Why does John Tyler (incumbent) not run?
•Tries to run on an independent platform
•Alienates himself from Whig party, Whigs kick
him out in 1841
•Was William Henry Harrison’s VP
•Harrison dies in office, he becomes Pres.
James K. Polk (Dem.)
John Tyler (Whig)William Henry Harrison (Whig)
13. Road to the Mexican War
Election of 1844
Results
• James Polk wins (friend of Andrew Jackson, Tennessee
slaveholder)
• He supported Texas annexation (even though it was Tyler’s idea)
• Supported “reoccupation” of Oregon
Polk’s Goals
• Reduce tariffs
• Reestablish the Independent Treasury System
• Settle the Oregon dispute (“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!!”)
• Make California a state
14. Road to the Mexican War
Oregon Territory Controversy
• Democrats wanted Polk to be as uncompromising on Oregon
as he was on Texas annexation
• “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” – U.S. should be prepared to go to
war with Britain (again) if they were unwilling to move their
border north to the 54, 40 degree boundary (near Russian-
owned Alaska at this point)
• Polk decides to be diplomatic and settles on the 49th parallel
(where Washington and Vancouver, B.C. still separate the
two countries today)
• Bottom line: Manifest Destiny was attempting to claim British
territory in the Northwest
15.
16. The Mexican War
Oregon obtained, now on to Mexico!
• Polk tries diplomacy again
• Send an agent to buy California, New Mexico, most of Arizona,
and the Rio Grande border of Texas for $25 million
• They didn’t take it; government was way too unstable
• Mexico also felt that they still owned Texas and the U.S. was
plotting to take all of Mexico eventually
• Thornton Affair
• Detachment of U.S. troops scouted near the Rio Grande border
(near present-day Brownsville)
• Skirmish with Mexican troops; 11 U.S. troops die
• Gives the U.S. a reason to declare war though the
circumstances behind the attack are still uncertain
17. The Mexican War
• Declaring War
• Polk uses the Thornton Affair and Mexico’s refusal to sell
their land as a cause for war
• Exaggerates and says the Mexicans were actively attacking
American soil
• War declared on 13 May 1846
• Polarization on the War
• Whigs (North and South) vehemently denounce the war; see
Manifest Destiny causing unnecessary expansion with a
racist undertone
• Democrats (especially Southerners) support the war; see the
merits of Manifest Destiny
18. The Mexican War
Fighting the War on Three Fronts (1846-1848)
• Santa Fe
• Led by General Stephen Kerney
• Goal was to move through NM, AZ, and the Sonoran desert to
meet up with troops in California
• California
• Kerney brings his troops through NM and AZ; arrives in
California in late 1846
• Finally defeats the Mexicans near Los Angeles in January 1847
• Central Mexico
• Polk send General Zachary Taylor, finally occupies Mexico City
in September 1847
20. The Mexican War
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Land north of the Rio Grade, California, and everything in
between up for grabs
• Mexico sells this land for $15 million (with a lot of influence from
U.S. military)
• U.S. gain of 1.2 million square miles
Why Not Take All of Mexico?
• Americans tired of expansion into Latin America
• Manifest Destiny took on a selective, racist mentality
• Americans came to believe Mexicans were inferior and did not
want to include them as citizens
23. Migration to the West
California Gold Rush
• Explosive population growth and fierce competition
• Only worsened ethnic and racial conflicts
• Indians, Asians, and blacks all denied basic rights
• Thousands of Indian children, declared orphans, were bought
and sold as slaves
• Gold discovered in late 1840s, U.S. government claimed “unlimited
amounts”
• Most migrants came around 1849 (hence the San Francisco
49ers)
• Migrants also came from Asia
• By the early 1850s, gold mining became a corporate business
• Companies buying entire streams and valleys
24. Migration to the West
Transportation and Communication
• Railroads grew exponentially during the 1840s
• By 1860, railroads covered the North
• The South struggled to keep up
• Railway developments coincided with iron developments
(backed by great financial support)
• Clipper Ship
• Small, fast ship with big sails and a small hull
• Only way to travel to California before the trans-
continental RR
• Telegraph
• Telegraph lines began to follow the paths of railroads
26. Migration to the West
Immigration
• 1840s – Immigrants from Ireland come to the United States
(1/4 of their population)
• Most were poor and took on very low paying jobs; some
moved to the west
• Immigrants from Germany also came
• Creates tension in the United States regarding immigration
due to the significant influx of immigrants
27. Crisis and Compromise
Wilmot Proviso
• During the Mexican War, David Wilmot (Penn.) proposes a resolution prohibiting slavery
in all territory acquired from Mexico
• Measure fails due to no Congressional action
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo is acted upon instead (allowing slavery)
The Free Soil Party
• After the end of the Mexican War, opponent of slavery expansion band together to form
the Free Soil Party
• The party had appeal in the North because it would limit southern power in the federal
government
• Their platform advocated for:
• Barring slavery from the west
• Providing homesteads to settlers in the west free of cost
• Southerners were outraged at the “Free-Soilers” singling out slavery
• Once again, the admission of free states would disrupt the balance of free/slave states
• Crisis begins again as California is admitted to the Union as a free state
28. Crisis and Compromise
Compromise of 1850
• Extended debate in Congress over California coming in as a free
state
• Series of five bills
• California admitted as a free state
• Slave trade was abolished
• Territories of New Mexico and Utah organized under popular sovereignty
(let the people decide whether to be a free or slave state)
• Fugitive Slave Act is passed (assists in return of runaway slaves)
• Texas gives up western land to pay off Republic of Texas debt ($10
million given to TX)
• This bill essentially postpones the Civil War for another decade
• Henry Clay was important in formulating the compromise
• He dies in 1852
29. Crisis and Compromise
• Gadsden Purchase (1853)
• U.S. gave Mexico $15 million for the remainder of AZ and NM
• Americans look to Cuba and the Philippines for international
expansion
• Spain not happy about this
• Postpones another international war until 1898
30. Crisis and Compromise
Know-Nothing Party
• An appeal to nativism due to the
influx of immigrants (Irish and
German)
• Several fraternities form to advocate
against immigration
• Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
• A cohesive group formed with the “Know-
Nothings”
• When asked about their party, they would always say, “I
know nothing”
• Grass roots movement (power flowed up
from the bottom)
• Promotion of Protestantism over Catholicism
• Many Democrats and Whigs defected from
their parties to join the Know-Nothing and
Free-Soil parties
31. Crisis and Compromise
The Whig Party’s Demise
• Franklin Pierce is elected in 1852
(Dem.)
• Known as a “doughface” Democrat
• Northern Democrat with Southern
sympathies
• Ushers in the end for the Whigs
• Whig Party falls apart due to members
defecting to the Northern Democrats,
Know-Nothings, and Free-Soil parties
• By the end of the decade, a
combination of these three parties
would form the Republican Party (the
one we know today)
32. Crisis and Compromise
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• After the deaths of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster, Stephen A.
Douglas saw himself as the new leader of the Senate
• Introduces a bill for statehood for Nebraska and Kansas
• Had business interests in railroads
• Wanted a transcontinental line to go through there
• Strong advocate of popular sovereignty
• Lincoln-Douglas debates over the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Kansas-Nebraska act does the following:
• Throws out the Missouri Compromise
• Throws out the Compromise of 1850
• Let the free/slave state issue be left to popular sovereignty
• Results:
• Divides the nation completely
• Civil war is inevitable
33.
34. Crisis and Compromise
Rise of the Republican Party
• The party reflected economic and social
changes within the country
• Booming business in the North due to railroads
• Society dealing with a complex, industrial society
• Free Labor ideology
• Free labor could not compete with slave labor, so expansion of
slavery had to stop to ensure freedom for the white laborer
• They were trying to appeal to immigrants especially
• “Slave Power conspiracy”
• Republicans began to charge Southern
Democrats of a conspiracy to nationalize slavery
through measures such as the Kansas-Nebraska
Act
• Lincoln takes on Douglas, President James Buchanan, and Chief
Justice Roger Taney as proponents of this conspiracy in his famous,
“House Divided” speech
• This did not mean all Republicans were
abolitionists though
35. Crisis and Compromise
Bleeding Kansas
• Civil war breaks out in Kansas over slavery (popular
sovereignty at work)
• Notable abolitionist John Brown led numerous offensives
against proslavery settlements in 1856
• The violence spread to the U.S. Senate
• Preston Smith Brooks (D-South Carolina) cane whipped Charles
Sumner (R-Massachusetts) in retaliation for a derogatory
speech Sumner made about the violence and Southerners in
general
• Republicans use this as a means to discredit Stephen
Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
36.
37. Crisis and Compromise
Dred Scott v. Sanford
• Dred Scott, a slave that lived in five territories sued for his freedom
• Supreme Court heard the case and asked these questions:
• Could a black person be a citizen and sue in court?
• Did residence in a free state make Scott free?
• Did Congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a territory?
• Chief Justice Roger Taney declares that:
• Only white persons could be citizens in the U.S.
• Congress possessed no power to bar slavery form a territory
• Slaves cannot be taken away from their owners without due process of the law
• Scott’s case is thrown out because he cannot sue
• This poses a serious threat to the Republican’s platform to restrict
the expansion of slavery
• Really heats up the “Slave Power Conspiracy” theory
38. Descent into War
John Brown’s Raid
• John Brown, an abolitionist that had
reactionary tendencies plans an
armed slave revolt on the federal
arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia
• The assault was stopped by U.S. Marines
under Col. Robert E. Lee
• Brown was captured, tried, and executed in
December 1859
• John Wilkes Booth (future assassin of
President Lincoln) witnessed the execution
• This event greatly upsets the South
• Causes more sectional division between the
North and South
• Also bolsters Southern Nationalism
39. Descent into War
The Election of 1860
• Arguably the most important election
in American History
• Abraham Lincoln, Republican
nominee
• Democrats were split, Southern
Democrats walked out of the 1860
Democratic National Convention
• Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge of
Kentucky
• Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas
• Lincoln wins in a landslide with the
Democrats split
• Does not receive a single vote in ten southern states
• Republican party platform:
• Deny the validity of Dred Scott v. Sanford
• Oppose slavery’s expansion
• More economic incentives
40. Descent into War
The Secession Crisis
• Begins as soon as Lincoln is elected president
• Rather than be a minority, Deep South leaders call
for regional independence
• By the time Lincoln takes the oath of office, seven
states secede from the Union
• From South Carolina to Texas
• Leaving president James Buchanan said a state
could not leave the Union
• But he didn’t believe the U.S. could use force against them
41. And the War Came
Lincoln’s Response
• Believed the secession issue would collapse from within
• Issued this warning: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow
countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil
war”
The Confederate States of America
• Formed on 4 March 1861
• Elected Jefferson Davis as President
• Rather reluctant to become president
• Loved the United States
• Was torn over the constitutionality of slavery