II. Politics in Mexico • Mexico plagued by chronic political instability • 1821-1871- 50 Mexican presidents in office • 1821-1848-almost all presidents overthrown • Political factions: Centralists, Federalists, • Mexican politics prevents consistent approach to problems with Texas Revolt and Polk administration Mexico’s 1824 Colonization Act • Permitted foreign immigration into Southwest • Plan intended to populate the region • Develop the region economically • Link the region with interior Mexico • “Mexicanize the region” • Buffer against American expansionism Provisions of the 1824 act • Immigrants Must: • Adopt Mexican citizenship • Be or become Catholics • Obey Mexican laws • Respect Mexican culture, customs and authority Provisions, continued • Economic incentives included: • No taxes for up to seven years • Purchase land in the following amounts: • 640 acres per male • 320 per female • 160 per child • 80 per slave The Texas Revolt A. Permission to settle: Starting in 1821, Spain and then an Independent Mexico had granted permission to Catholic (North) Americans to settle the sparsely populated territory of Texas. B. Incentives for settlement: Soon there was a great influx of Americans settlers into Texas. The land was practically free--only 10¢ an acre as opposed to $1.25 an acre for inferior land in the U.S. Each male colonists over twenty-one years of age was allowed to purchase 640 acres for himself, 320 acres for his wife, 160 acres for each child and, significantly, an additional 80 acres for each slaves that he brought with him. The numerical dominance of the American settlers: 1827: By 1827 there were some 12,000 United States citizens living in Texas, while there were only 7,000 Mexicans. 1835: By 1835 the immigrant population had reached 30,000, while the Mexican population had barely passed 7,800 The Mexican response to the influx of Americans 1. Slavery was abolished: The first important piece of legislation designed to prevent a further weakening of Mexican control was President Guerrero's emancipation proclamation of 1829. Because slavery as not important anywhere else in the republic, the measure was clearly directed at Texas. Although manumission was not immediately enforced, it was hoped that the decree itself would make Mexico less attractive to colonists from the U.S. South and would thus arrest immigration. 2. Forbiddance of further immigration: The colonization law of 1830 explicitly forbade all future immigration into Texas from the United States and called for the strengthening of Mexican garrisons, the improvement of economic ties between Texas and the remainder of Mexico by the establishment of a new coastal trade, and the encouragement of increased Mexican colonization. Texas Declaration of Independence • 1835 document declaring independence from Mexico • Outlines grievances against the Mexican government: lack .

1. II. Politics in Mexico
• Mexico plagued by chronic political instability
• 1821-1871- 50 Mexican presidents in office
• 1821-1848-almost all presidents overthrown
• Political factions: Centralists, Federalists,
• Mexican politics prevents consistent approach to problems
with Texas Revolt
and Polk administration
Mexico’s 1824 Colonization Act
• Permitted foreign immigration into Southwest
• Plan intended to populate the region
• Develop the region economically
• Link the region with interior Mexico
• “Mexicanize the region”
• Buffer against American expansionism

2. Provisions of the 1824 act
• Immigrants Must:
• Adopt Mexican citizenship
• Be or become Catholics
• Obey Mexican laws
• Respect Mexican culture, customs and authority
Provisions, continued
• Economic incentives included:
• No taxes for up to seven years
• Purchase land in the following amounts:
• 640 acres per male
• 320 per female
• 160 per child
• 80 per slave
The Texas Revolt
A. Permission to settle:

3. Starting in 1821, Spain and then an Independent Mexico had
granted permission to
Catholic (North) Americans to settle the sparsely populated
territory of Texas.
B. Incentives for settlement:
Soon there was a great influx of Americans settlers into Texas.
The land was practically
free--only 10¢ an acre as opposed to $1.25 an acre for inferior
land in the U.S. Each male
colonists over twenty-one years of age was allowed to purchase
640 acres for himself, 320
acres for his wife, 160 acres for each child and, significantly, an
additional 80 acres for
each slaves that he brought with him.
The numerical dominance of the American settlers:
1827: By 1827 there were some 12,000 United States citizens
living in Texas, while there
were only 7,000 Mexicans.
1835: By 1835 the immigrant population had reached 30,000,
while the Mexican population
had barely passed 7,800

4. The Mexican response to the influx of
Americans
1. Slavery was abolished:
The first important piece of legislation designed to prevent a
further weakening of Mexican
control was President Guerrero's emancipation proclamation of
1829. Because slavery as
not important anywhere else in the republic, the measure was
clearly directed at Texas.
Although manumission was not immediately enforced, it was
hoped that the decree itself
would make Mexico less attractive to colonists from the U.S.
South and would thus arrest
immigration.
2. Forbiddance of further immigration:
The colonization law of 1830 explicitly forbade all future
immigration into Texas from the
United States and called for the strengthening of Mexican
garrisons, the improvement of
economic ties between Texas and the remainder of Mexico by
the establishment of a new
coastal trade, and the encouragement of increased Mexican
colonization.

5. Texas Declaration of Independence
• 1835 document declaring independence from Mexico
• Outlines grievances against the Mexican government: lack
of free trade, invasion of private property, lack of due
process, etc.
• Highly controversial for Mexico
• President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna declares war
October 2, 1835—The
Battle of Gonzales. The
first battle of the Texas
Revolution begins when
Santa Anna sends a
detachment of Mexican
Calvary to retrieve a
cannon. Texans drive
them back using the
cannon. The battle flag

6. used by the Texans
features a picture of a
cannon and the written
dare "come and take it."
The Goliad Affair: Mexican forces executed
365 Texan prisoners who had surrendered.
Several weeks after the surrender of the Alamo,
Genaral José Urrea engaged a force of Texans
under the command of Colonel James W. Fannin
at the small town of Goliad. Surrounded and
outnumbered, Fannin surrendered in the belief
that he and his men would be afforded the
recognized rights of prisoners of war. Realizing
that the tenor of the war had been set at the
Alamo, General Urrea wrote to Santa Anna
urging clemency for Fannin and the other
prisoners. Urrea then moved on to another

7. engagement and left the Texas prisoners in the
charge of Lieutenant Colonel Nicolás de la
Portilla. Santa Anna, however, ordered Nicolás
de la Portilla to execute the prisoners, which he
promptly did despite some moral misgiving. All
365 prisoners were executed.
The Treaty of Velasco
• Declares the independence of the Texas region from
Mexico
• Highly controversial treaty due to:
• Conditions of its signing
• Boundary line at the Rio Grande
• Mexico’s refusal to ratify the agreement
Republic of Texas 1836 - 45
• Texans declare independence and seek support from the
British

8. • Annexation causes crisis within Democratic Party. Party
rallies around darkhorse James Polk who promises to annex
Mexico. Polk wins in 1845
• June 1845 Polk sends Zachary Taylor to Nueces River to
protect against invasion.
III. Texas Boundary Dispute
• Article 4, The Treaty of Velasco
• Asserted the Rio Grande as Texas’ southern boundary
• Mexico believes the boundary is at the Nueces
• Maps in Mexico indicated the Nueces as the boundary in 1767,
1829, 1833, 1836
• Treaty of Limits: asserted the boundary at Nueces, Texas as
Mexican territory (1831)
• President James K. Polk supports Texas claims to the R.G.
War with Mexico
• November 1845 Polk sends John Slidell with offer of $30
million for Rio Grande/New Mexico and California
• Mexico refuses to negotiate

9. • Polk sends Taylor and his forces South of Rio
Grande/conflict occurs and Polk has Congress declare war
May 13, 1846
US Soldiers 1847
Illinois Volunteers
Battles
• Stephen Kearney troops take over Santa Fe march
toward California
• John C. Fremont declare independence and “Bear
Flag Republic”
• A third force lands in the Gulf of Mexico and
marches inland. September 14, 1847 U.S. flag is
raised over the “Halls of Montezuma” (Mexico
City)

10. US Mexico War Battles
Battle of California
Battle Lines to Central Mexico
San Patricio Battalion
• By 1840s significant portion of Army Catholics from Germany
and
Ireland
• Mexican propaganda attempted to rally Volunteers against
Protestant
Tyranny
• Irish American John Riley leads the St. Patrick’s Company in
revolt
against US army joins Santa Anna to defend Mexico City
• Scott orders court martial and execution later amended
• At the fall of Chapultepec Castle with the raising of the flag
deserters executed

11. Chapultepec Castle
The Fall of San Cosme Gate
Niños Héroes
Niños Héroes Memorial
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Debate in Congress over what to do with territory
• Decide too many foreign elements to attempt to assimilate
• Signed February 2, 1848
• Mexico cedes California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah,
Nevada, and Colorado
Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo
ARTICLE VIII
Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to
Mexico, and which to remain for the future within

12. the limits of the United States, as defined by the present treaty,
shall be free to continue where they now reside,
or to remove at any time to the Mexican Republic, retaining the
property which they possess in the said
territories, or disposing thereof, and removing the proceeds
wherever they please, without their being subjected,
on this account, to any contribution, tax, or charge whatever.
National identity in the new
republic (cont’d)
B.Indians in the new nation
2. Early national policies
a. Marginalization of Indians in constitution
b. Appropriation of Indian lands under treaty
system
c. Ohio Valley conflicts and Treaty of
Greenville
i. Indian relinquishment of Ohio and

13. Indiana lands
ii. Establishment of “annuity system”
d. Program to encourage American-style
agriculture
Government Policy
• Chippewas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas move away
from treaty and suggest they were not represented at the
treaty talks
• Begin to arrive in Philadelphia to argue for an end to land
grab
• U.S. enacts the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Non-Governmental Actions
• Land Speculators and Frontiersmen squat on land force
tribal response
• Frontiersmen then claim they were attacked by a tribe
• Government forces a treaty or threatens to attack
Techniques to Treaty signing

14. • Bribery
• Alcohol
• Hard-sell Tactics
• Deceit
• Threats
• Mis-identify leadership
Campaign for Ohio
• Settlers push North of the Ohio River and Shawanee and
Miami under Little Turtle and Blue Jacket attack
settlements
• October 19, 1790 forces under General Josiah Haramar
defeated
• November 4, 1791 another defeat with 623 of original
American forces 1,400 dead
Campaign for Ohio
• Send Iroquois to negotiate, attempt rebuffed
• Larger force prepared
• August 20, 1794 defeat of forces of

15. Shawnee, Delaware, Ottowa, Kickapoo
• August 3, 1795 Greenville treaty signed
with 2/3 of Ohio given up in exchange for
protection of other lands
• Set pattern for Westward Expansion
National identity in the new republic
A. Ethnic vs. civil criteria
B. Indians in the new nation
1. Conflicting approaches of white Americans
a. Exclusion
b. Incorporation
Moving West and South
• Americans believed that by beating British had conquered
land and now available for occupation
• By 1790 the land that is now Kentucky had a white
population of 74,000; Tennessee 36,000
• Iroquois Confederation, Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1784

16. Image of Settlers
• This Romantic vision of Daniel
Boone leading a group of
settlers into the Cumberland
Gap (through Appalachian
mountains) into Kentucky,
Tennessee
Tecumseh (Shawnee Leader)
• With brother Tenskwatawa (a
spiritual leader) led Indian
resistance movement
• United diverse tribes under a
singular worldview
Pushmataha (Choctaw Leader)
• Opposed Tecumseh attempts to
create a united front
• Believed that survival
depended upon co-existence

17. Outlooks on Survival
• Southern tribes intermarried
with British traders
• Primarily traders
• Adopted Western ways as
opposed to traditional
• Argued against warfare
• Northern tribes remained
separate
• Primarily hunters
• Attempted to maintain
traditional ways
• Increasingly for warfare
Conflict Increases
• Tecumseh goes north with allies of different tribes to assist
British at beginning of War of 1812
• Tecumseh named leader of Indian - British army
• October 5, 1813 British retreat north leaving Tecumseh
forces, battle Americans forces Tecumseh killed

18. Manifest Destiny (Romantic Rationale)
• God given duty to expand
West
• The greatest civilization in
history should be spread
• Attraction of Romantic
Images of frontier
Manifest Destiny (Practical Reasons)
• Depression in 1818 and 1821 drove many to settle in
frontier
• Exhaustion of Good Land
• Panic of 1838 final straw for those attempting to settle in
urban areas
• Others (Indians and Mexicans) cannot use develop land as
well
The Panic of 1819
• Panic of 1819 - A downturn in the American economy in
1819 that plunged the nation into depression and economic

19. hardship.
Missouri Compromise of 1820
• By 1819 the majority of Northern States had
outlawed slavery
• Missouri petitioned to enter Union as slave state
• Debate in Congress
• Resolution by Henry Clay to admit Maine as a
free state; no slavery south of 36 parallel and
balance of free and slave states
The Five Civilized Tribes
• Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole
• By the 1820s pressured by settlers had ceded land but still
resided on parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Florida
Indian Removal
• Andrew Jackson elected in 1828, key part of platform was

20. removal of Indians west of Mississippi
• 1830 Indian Removal Act (fund allocated for the removal of
Indians from Southern areas)
Cherokee Fight Back
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831); Worcester v. Georgia
(1832) Chief Justice Marshall rules that Cherokee were
domestic dependent nation that could not be forced out
• Cherokee, Choctaw out by 1830
• Creek 1836
• 1838 Trail of Tears
Regional Divisions
Regional Divisions U.S. circa 1850
Southern States Northern States Western Territories
The United States
The Rise of Sectionalism
• Abolitionist call slavery

21. a sin against God
immediate end to slavery
• Quakers appeal to moral
sense
• Beginning of a distinct
approach to slavery and
labor
• Southerners note
biological difference
of slaves
• Southerners defend on
grounds of property
and states rights
• Southern slave owners
appeal to everyday
man on race and close
in on itself
Underlying Causes for Tension
• Expansion (Manifest Destiny)
• Slavery
• Land
• Sectionalism

22. Southern Interests
• The Preservation of States Rights
• The Extension of the Slave Labor system
• The Preservation of Property Rights vis a vis slaves
Northern Interests
• Structural Changes and or limitations to the slave labor
system
• A measured opening of territories west of the Mississippi
• Expansion of the industrial capital system
Western Interests
• Massive opening of the land west of the Mississippi to
exploration and settlement
• Federal subsidization of east/west railways
• Federal subsidization of agricultural research and
development

23. Anti-Abolitionism and the
Abolitionist Response
• “Gag Rule” - A procedural motion that
required that the House of Representatives
automatically table antislavery petitions and
not consider them.
The Proslavery Argument
• “Peculiar Institution” - A term that John C. Calhoun coined
to describe Southern slavery. In Calhoun’s view slavery was
not “an evil” or a cause of shame but rather “a good—a
positive good” to be championed.
The New Domestic Ideal
• “Cult of True Womanhood” - A set of beliefs in which
women’s values were defined in opposition to the
aggressive and competitive values of the marketplace.
The Path towards Seneca Falls

24. • Seneca Falls Convention - A convention of women’s rights
supporters, held in Seneca Falls, New York, whose resolves
emphatically declared that “all men and women are created
equal.”
Triggers to Sectional Crisis
• Wilmot Proviso of 1846
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
• Discovery of Gold in California 1849
The Compromise of 1850
• California admitted Free, Texas Slave
• All other territories would follow popular sovereignty
• Slavery ended in District of Columbia
• Passage of Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
The Coming Crisis
• Senator and railroad baron proposes to build a transcontinental
railroad with a terminus in

25. Chicago Kansas - Nebraska Act 1854
• Would open Kansas - Nebraska Iowa - Missouri to popular
sovereignty expansion
• Whigs and Democrats split along sectional as opposed to party
lines
Consequences of K - N Act
• Indians lose land guaranteed by treaty
• Free soilers (anti-slavery) and border ruffians (pro-slavery)
pour into the Kansas territory in anticipation of statehood
vote for free or slave designation
• John Brown and other bands roamed across countryside
Inflammation by Courts
• Dred - Scott 1857
• Invalidates Missouri compromise by stating that feds no
rights to limit movement of private property
• Declare blacks free or slave not citizens
• Throws case out of the court

26. 1860 Election
• Abraham Lincoln becomes first
non-southerner to win the
Presidency
• Runs on an explicit anti-slavery
ticket
• Wins all Northern and no
southern states
Splitting the Union
• Dec. 20 1860 South Carolina leaves the union followed by
Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
• February 1861 form the Confederate States of America
(Jefferson Davis,
President)
• April 12, 1861 attack begins on Ft. Sumter
• Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina join the
Confederacy
Union Response
• Homestead Act (1862)

27. • Pacific Railroad Act (1862)
• Land Grant College Act (1862)
The First Two Years
• Lincoln in speeches makes it clear that the war is to unify the
union not to end
slavery
• The Big Four (Stanford, Huntington, Crocker) capitalized with
$15, 000 by
1869 had $200 million in personal fortunes
• Government contracting created fortunes for Rockefeller, meat
packers of
Chicago
Lincoln’s Aims
• Preserve the Union
• Everything else secondary
• Especially concerned about the border states
• Call for 75,000 volunteers
• Black volunteers rejected

28. Lincoln’s Initial Position
• Reluctant to move against slavery, 1861
• Border state loyalty
• Supported compensated emancipation-colonization
• Wanted to end slavery in border states, April 1862
• Warned border states to accept compensation or risk getting
nothing, July 1862
Lincoln Moves toward
Emancipation
• Victory and Union tied to slavery issue
• “Strike at the heart of the rebellion”
• Tells his cabinet, summer 1862
• William Seward warns Lincoln to wait
• Montgomery Blair feared fall elections
Black People Reject Colonization
• Lincoln would not retreat from colonization
(American Colonization Society)
• Liberia

29. • Haiti
• Black people not interested
Emancipation Proclamation
• Limited to areas still in rebellion
• Did not include border states
• Changes war goals
• Preserve the Union
• Make people free
Effects of Proclamation
on the South
• Ended chance of foreign recognition
• France and England removed from attempt
to support Confederacy
• Encouraged
• Slaves to flee
• Slaves to resist

30. Black Men
Fight for the Union
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Authorized black men to enlist
• Union defeats and the need for manpower
Black Men
Fight for the Union
• Discrimination and hostility
• Segregated units
• White officers
– Often held racist beliefs
• Lower pay scale
• White privates $13/month
• Black privates $10/month
Violent Opposition to Black
People

31. • New York City Draft Riot, July 1863
• Draft
• Irish men angry
• Black men had replaced Irish stevedores, June 1863
• Rich white northerners could purchase an exemption
• Riot lasted four days
– Colored Orphan Asylum
– Churches
– Republican and abolitionists houses destroyed
Violent Opposition to Black
People
• Union troops and slaves
• Often treated slaves horribly
• Rapes and assaults were not uncommon
• Others found compassion for enslaved people
• “I have no heart in this war if the slaves cannot be
made free,” a Union soldier wrote.

32. Refugees
• Thousands of black people escaped bondage
• Some followed Union armies
• Others struck out on their own
• Faced re-enslavement or execution if caught
Black People and
the Confederacy
• Confederacy based on defense of slavery
• Benefited from the labors of bonds people
• Toiled in fields
• Worked in factories
• Permitted more white men to serve in military
Black People and
the Confederacy
• Impressment of black people
• Military demands for manpower

33. • Slave owners contributed slave labor
– Built fortifications
• Government first asked then compelled
– Registration and enrollment of free black people military
labor
• “Twenty nigger law”
• Exempted men who owned twenty slaves from draft
Black People and
the Confederacy
• Confederates enslave free black people
• Davis counter proclamation
• “All free negroes . . . shall be placed on the slave
status and be deemed to be chattels. . . forever.”
• Ordered Confederate armies to capture free black
people in the North and enslave them.
– Robert E. Lee, Pennsylvania 1863
Black Confederates
• Free black people volunteered services

34. • Show loyalty and gain white acceptance
• Re-enslavement concerns
• Southern leaders generally ignored offers
unless for menial labor
Black Enlistments
• General Patrick Cleburne recommends, early 1864
• President Davis cease and desist order
• Most southerners considered arming slaves appalling
• Defied southern assumptions
• “If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery
is
wrong.”--Howell Cobb
• March 1865 Confederate Congress voted to enlist 300,000
• Receive same pay as white soldiers
• Slaves freed only with consent of owners and state agreed
Emancipation Proclamation
• Second Confiscation Act of 1862 (abolished slavery)
declared property of all persons supporting rebellion forfeit
• Mo, Kty, Md, W VA and Del all had slaves fearful they
might leave union if issue is slavery

35. • 22 Sept 1862 Lincoln makes emancipation a war aim
(blacks could join army)
Total War
• William Tecumseh Sherman begins march to sea in 1864
• General Grant marches another army from Washington to
Richmond (one in eight of Grant’s army blacks)
• Both live off land, scorched earth
• Lee surrenders ( 9 April ‘65)
Forty Acres and a Mule
• 13th amendment Jan 1865 passes both houses and abolishes
slavery
• Jan 1865 Sherman took land from Charleston to Florida to
give black heads of households forty acres and lent them an
army mule
• Slaves abandoned cash crop and began to plant subsistence
crops for the family
The Death of Abraham Lincoln

36. • Re-elected President 1864
• April 15, 1865 killed at Ford’s
Theater by John Wilkes Booth
End of Civil War Issues
• South devastated, cotton knocked flat
• Constitutional crisis with states
• 4 million new citizens whose status completely
undetermined