The document summarizes key events in Western expansion and the deepening sectional crisis leading up to the American Civil War. It describes westward migration in the early-mid 19th century, conflicts with Native Americans, the Mexican-American War and acquisition of new territories, debates over slavery in the territories, the Compromise of 1850, Bleeding Kansas, and rising sectional tensions exacerbated by events like the Caning of Charles Sumner and the Dred Scott decision.
This work aims to demonstrate the process that triggered the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, demonstrating the performance of its main leaders and the ways in which the rulers of the time conducted this economic and political episode in Mexico.
I hope you like it, have a good read!
This work aims to demonstrate the process that triggered the Mexican Revolution from 1910 to 1920, demonstrating the performance of its main leaders and the ways in which the rulers of the time conducted this economic and political episode in Mexico.
I hope you like it, have a good read!
В Калифорнии начался сбор подписей за отделение от США - так называемый Calexit. Сторонникам инициативы предстоит в течение 180 дней собрать около 600 тысяч подписей, после чего будет возможно проведение конституционного референдума.
This is my slide deck from my session at the North Carolina Reading Conference last week in Raleigh, NC. I do staff development to schools and districts all over the country about best practices in literacy instruction. This topic is one of my most requested.
Sorry for the wait. Hopefully u can use it to study 4 the AP test... anyways includes ::::::
ch. 17: South & Slavery Controversy 1793-1860
ch.18: Manifest Destiny & Legacy 1841-1840
ch.19:Renewing the Sectional struggle 1848-1854
ch.20: Drifting Towards Disunion-1854-1861
Covers key events preceding the American Civil War, including the Compromise of 1850, the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, the establishment of the underground railroad, the publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," and the drafting of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Surveys Major events from the Revolutionary War 1776-1783; Discusses relative strengths and weaknesses of the colonies and Great Britain; the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; Shays Rebellion
Discusses Hitler's rise to power in Germany's political system; Discusses American Neutrality and preparation for war; discusses contributions by women, African Americans, native Americans and Japanese Internment.
Chapter 16 big business, organized labor, financial panic, populist movementdcyw1112
discusses rise of big business following US Civil War; the rise pf the Knights of Labor, AFL, United Railway Workers, the Haymarket Riot, Homestead Iron Works, the Pullman strike, panic of 1893 and the rise of the populists in America
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. John L. O’Sullivan
“Our manifest destiny, is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the
free development of our yearly multiplying millions. “ 1845
Most of the western pioneers during the 2nd quarter of the 19th century where white
Americans from the Upper South and the Midwest.
Causes of westward migration: population growth in the east and hunger for land.
Between 1841 – 1867: 350,000 people made the trek to California or Oregon.
Hundreds of thousands settled along the way.
3. Native Americans
• Plains Indians
– 325,000 Native Americans inhabited the Southwest; Great Plains; California and Pacific
Northwest in 1840.
– Divided into more than 200 nations.
• Each had own language, religion, cultural traditions and system of governance
• Native American life on the Plains depended on the buffalo, migrations of white settlers and
hunters posted a direct threat to Native American survival
4. Spanish-speaking Peoples
• American migrants from the east did not approve of Spanish-speaking peoples,
whether Mexicans or Spanish-speaking settlers who had lived in the territories
for generations.
• Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan (Presidential Candidate in election of 1848) said,
“We do not want the people of Mexico, either as citizens or as subjects. All we
want is their …territory.”
5. Oregon Fever
• “A woman who cannot endure almost as much as a horse has no business here.”
• Oregon had little available to settlers because it was so far away from supplies.
6. California
• Spanish Missions
– Native American population declined from 72,000 in 1769 to 18,000 by 1821.
• California remained thinly populated into the 19th century
• Distance between Mexico City and California created a certain independence-
mindedness among California residents
– Between Mexican Independence in 1821 and 1841, Californians staged 10 revolts against
Mexico City
– Californios—California residents of Spanish and Mexican descent
– Rancheros—granted large acreage ranches following Mexican independence. Also
coveted lands belonging to Spanish Missions
– American migrants to California
• John Sutter
7. Sutter’s Fort
• Junction of Sacramento and American Rivers
• New Helvetia (Sutter was Swiss) or Sutter’s Fort protected settlers and shops
completed in 1843 stood at the end of the California Trail.
• 800 Americans in California in 1843 compared with 10,000 Californios
8. William Henry Harrison
9th President
First President to die in office
John Tyler: Vice President
Virginia planter and slave-owner
Jeffersonian Democrat
strict construction
opposed economic nationalism
broke with Jackson over nullification
added to Whig ticket to obtain votes in South with no expectation of political power
9. John Tyler
Following death of Harrison:
Constitutional crisis over succession
Tyler immediately moved into White
House
Took oath of office assumed Presidential
powers
Tyler opposed Whig platform most of
Harrison’s cabinet resigned
Dubbed “His Accidency”
Kicked out of Whig Party
10. James K. Polk
President from 1844-1849
Threatened war with Britain over territory in
Canada
Mexican War
Secured passage of Walker tariff (low rate pleased
South)
Polk’s treasury system lasted till 1913
11. Polk’s Goals
• Bought in to Manifest Destiny: Gain more territory
– Reduce tariff’s on imports
– Re-establish an independent treasury (no national banks)
– Sett;le the Oregon Boundary with Great Britain
– Acquire California from Mexico by any means necessary
12. Westward Migration
• Texas Republic
– 1821 Mexico gains independence from Spain
– Southern Migration to Texas
• Grow cotton and rice in Texas
• Took slaves with them
• Avoid Bankruptcy
– Mexican government
• Opposed slavery
• Forbade further migration in 1836
– American immigrants
• Declared Texas Independence in 1836
13. Westward Migration
• Remember the Alamo
– Texas Independence became a popular cause after the Alamo
– Battle of San Jacinto: Mexican government recognized Texas Independence
• Texans clamored for annexation
• Northern Abolitionists opposed adding another slave state to union
• Texas was independent for almost a decade
14. Westward Migration
• Mexican War
– Joint resolution of Congress in 1845 annexed Texas to United States
– James K. Polk sought to acquire California, New Mexico and Texas through
negotiations
– Stand off along Rio Grande
– American Army insulted Mexican soldiers
– Mexican Army crossed Rio Grande and U.S declared war
15. Westward Migration
• Results of Mexican War
– 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Mexico ceded California, New Mexico to U.S. and gave up claims to all land North of Rio
Grande
• Vast new territory incited fierce debate over slavery in the new territories
– Legacy of Westward Expansion
16. Slavery in the Territories
• The Wilmot Proviso
– Slavery issue intensified after Mexican American War
– Wilmot Proviso: slavery prohibited in all territories acquired rom Mexico
– Wilmot Proviso never passed
• Popular sovereignty
– Settlers of new territories should decide issue of slavery for that territory
17. Slavery in the Territories
• The free-soil Coalition
– Northern Democrats
– Anti-slavery Whigs
– Liberty Part
• The California Gold Rush
– Gold discovered in 1848
– California had enough people to petition for admittance to Union
– Slave state or free state? How to decide?
18. Slavery in the Territories
• California & New Mexico statehood
– Both territories forbade slavery within their borders even though they were south of the
Missouri Compromise line
– President Zachary Taylor supported their admission regardless of their status on slavery
– California Gold Rush
– Between 1851 & 1855:
• California produced almost ½ of world’s
• gold
19.
20. The Compromise of 1850
• The return of Henry Clay
– Returned to Senate in 1850
• Great Debate
– 8 Resolutions
• California admitted as a free state
• New Mexico and Utah are territories without slaves
• Texas claims to land in New Mexico are not recognized
• Slavery legal in Washington D.C.
• Slave trade is illegal in D.C.
• Fugitive slave act enforceable
• Congress may not interfere with interstate slave trade
21. The Compromise of 1850
• The Fugitive Slave Act
– Required slaves who had crossed into free territory to be returned to their slave-holders
– Dramatic reversal of previous law which granted slaves freedom once they reached free
soil.
22. The Compromise of 1850
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
– Bestselling novel focused on plight of the slaves
– Morality of slavery brought to popular discourse in North
and West
• The election of 1852
– Franklin Pierce
– Attempted to appease both sides
23. Who Won?
North Gets South Gets
California admitted as a free state
No slavery restrictions in Utah or New Mexico
territories
Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C. Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C.
Texas loses boundary dispute with New
Mexico
Texas gets $10 million
Fugitive Slave Law
24. Foreign Adventures
• Cuba
– U.S. wanted Cuba as a possession
– 1854: U.S. attempts to buy Cuba from Spain but is refused
– Ostend Memo: if Spain did not sell Cuba, U.S. should take it by force
– U.S. forced to disavow
• Diplomatic gains in Asia
– 1850’s Negotiated 4 pots in China to U.S. shipping
– 1853 Perry negotiates treaty to open Japanese ports to U.S. shipping
25. The Kansas-Nebraska Crisis
• Gadsden Purchase 1853
– National RR transportation system necessary to ship goods coast to coast now
that trading opportunity for U.S. existed in Asia
• Douglas’s proposal
– Path to West begins in Chicago
– RR cut through Louisiana Territory
– Encourage settlement of Kansas
– Missouri Compromise amended to permit popular sovereignty to decide issue of
slavery for territories south of Missouri
27. Who were the Kansas Settlers?
• Border Ruffians "are determined to repel this Northern invasion, and
make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of
their victims, and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the
territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our
purpose“- John H. Stringfellow, Atchison Squatter Sovereign
• Free Staters
– New England Emigrant Co.
– John Brown and his sons
28. The Kansas-
Nebraska
Crisis
• The emergence of the Republican Party
– Whig Party destroyed over the Kansas Nebraska Act
• Bleeding Kansas
– Each territory swamped with pro-slavery and anti-slavery
“settlers”
– Voter fraud: who were real “settlers”?
– John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre: 5 pro-slavery settlers
killed
29. The Kansas-
Nebraska Crisis
• Violence in the U.S. Senate
– Senator Charles Sumter speech, “The Crime Against Kansas” singling out
Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina as an example of an evil slave
holder.
– Congressman Preston Books, Butler’s nephew, beat Sumter almost to death
on the Senate floor.
30. Sumner’s Speech May 19-20, 1856
"Not in any common lust for power did this uncommon tragedy have its origin. It is the rape of a virgin Territory,
compelling it to the hateful embrace of slavery; and it may be clearly traced to a depraved desire for a new
Slave State, hideous offspring of such a crime, in the hope of adding to the power of slavery in the National
Government.” …“The senator from South Carolina has read many books of chivalry, and believes himself a
chivalrous knight with sentiments of honor and courage. Of course he has chosen a mistress to whom he has
made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the
world, is chaste in his sight -- I mean the harlot, slavery. For her his tongue is always profuse in words. Let her
be impeached in character, or any proposition made to shut her out from the extension of her wantonness, and
no extravagance of manner or hardihood of assertion is then too great for this senator."
Sumner Butler Brooks
31. The Deepening Sectional Crisis
• The Dred Scott case
– Decided by U.S. Supreme Court
– Roger B. Taney, a slaveholder, was Chief Justice
– Dred Scott had been take to a free territory and after
many years returned to Louisiana.
– Sued when his master’s wife refused to permit him
to purchase his freedom
– Taney: slaves had no rights, would never have
rights, and any law that said otherwise was
unconstitutional and illegal
32.
33. Lecompton Constitution
• Drafted by Kansas Territory Legislature (mostly pro-slavery) 1857
– Permitted slavery
– Free state settlers (majority of population) boycotted the vote
– Widespread election fraud
– Territorial governor (pro-slavery) resigned rather than implement
– Stephen Douglas (pro-slavery) broke with Democratic Party
– Lecompton Constitution endorsed by President Buchanan (pro-slavery)
– Defeated in House of Representatives in 1858
34. The Deepening Sectional Crisis
• The Panic of 1857
– Banks overextend loans to RR companies
– Banks overextend loans to Western farmers
– Banks overextend loans to Western Merchants
– S.S. Central America sinks in hurricane
• 30,000 lbs. of Gold
• 500 lives
• The revival of 1857–1859
– Focused on “spiritual renewal” rather than society
35. The Deepening Sectional Crisis
• Douglas versus Lincoln
– 1858 Illinois Senate Election
– Debates
• John Brown’s raid
– Attempt to seize federal arsenal
– Intended to arm slaves for uprising
– Both of Brown’s sons died
– Robert E. Lee captured John Brown
36.
37. The Center Comes Apart
• The Democrats divide
– 1860 election Dems nominate Stephen Douglas
– Southern Dems chose John C. Breckenridge
• Lincoln’s election
– Republican Candidate:
• Campaigned on making slavery illegal in the territories
• Did not propose to outlaw slavery in the states where it was already legal
39. The Center Comes Apart
• Secession of the Deep South
– South Carolina vowed to secede if Lincoln was elected
– Lincoln elected in November, 1860; South Carolina seceded December 20,
1860
– Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas seceded soon after
– Confederate States of America: Jefferson Davis, President
• President Buchanan, a pro-slavery Southerner, did nothing to keep
South Carolina or other secessionist states in the Union
• Washington Peace Conference of 1861
– Delegates from 21 states
– Republicans and Democrats
– No compromise