Cells And Enzymes
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The document discusses key concepts about enzymes and catalysts including: 1. Catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves. Enzymes are biological catalysts that help break down or build up molecules in living things. 2. Each enzyme has a unique 3D shape that allows it to bind specifically to one substrate. The active site is where this binding occurs. 3. Enzymes can catalyze both breakdown reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, and synthesis reactions, which build small molecules into larger ones. 4. The optimum temperature and pH are the conditions under which an enzyme works best. Changing conditions can cause the enzyme to denature and lose its shape/
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Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They are highly specific and only catalyze particular reactions. Enzymes work by weakening the bonds of reactants, reducing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur. The substance an enzyme acts on is called the substrate, which binds to the enzyme's active site to induce a shape change that facilitates the reaction. Environmental conditions like temperature and pH can impact enzyme activity, as can cofactors, coenzymes, and enzyme inhibitors.
Enzymes
This document provides an overview of enzymes, including their chemistry, classification, mechanisms of action, kinetics, inhibition, and activation. It begins with the basic introduction that enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and components like cofactors. The major sections explain classification of enzymes based on reaction type, mechanisms like induced fit and catalytic types, kinetics concepts like Michaelis-Menten modeling and factors affecting reaction rates, and types of inhibition like competitive and noncompetitive. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the key topics relating to enzymes.
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- Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. They convert substrates into products.
- Lactase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactose into glucose and galactose, breaking down the disaccharide lactose into its monosaccharide components.
- Enzymes significantly lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur, allowing reactions to proceed efficiently at biologically relevant temperatures and conditions.
Unit 1 (Enzymes).pptx
- Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. They convert substrates into products.
- Lactase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactose into glucose and galactose, breaking down the disaccharide lactose into its monosaccharide components.
- Enzymes significantly lower the activation energy required for reactions to occur, allowing reactions to proceed efficiently at biologically relevant temperatures and conditions.
Enzymes
Enzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. They specifically bind with substrate molecules to form enzyme-substrate complexes. Enzymes are not consumed in reactions but can be used repeatedly by lowering the activation energy required. Without enzymes, reactions would occur slowly as they require energy to break and reform chemical bonds. Enzymes achieve catalysis through an induced-fit model where the active site is flexible and molds closer to the substrate.
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Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. They are usually proteins that have an active site shaped to match the substrate molecule. The active site facilitates the reaction, converting the substrate to product. Enzyme activity is optimized at a certain temperature and pH level, and outside these ranges the enzyme can denature, changing shape and losing function. Enzymes are used widely in industry and biology due to their ability to accelerate reactions.
Enzymes
This document discusses enzymes and their properties. It begins by defining enzymes as globular proteins that act as biological catalysts to facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. It then describes general enzyme characteristics such as their catalytic power, specificity, and ability to have their activity regulated. The document discusses how enzymes are named using systematic and common nomenclature systems. It also covers enzyme classification, cofactors/coenzymes, mechanisms of action, factors that influence activity, and kinetic models like Michaelis-Menten. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts regarding enzymes.
Chapter 5 Enzymes Lesson 1 - Introduction to Enzymes
This document discusses enzymes and their roles. It defines enzymes as protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of reactions. They are specific in what substrates they act on. The document discusses how enzymes play important roles in digestion, breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smaller molecules, as well as synthesizing complex molecules and breaking down molecules like hydrogen peroxide. Specific enzymes discussed include amylase, cellulase, proteases, lipases and catalase.
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This document discusses how various factors affect the activity of enzymes. It examines how temperature, pH, and substrate concentration can impact the rate of enzymatic reactions. The text provides examples of how increasing temperature or adjusting pH can alter an enzyme's tertiary structure and influence its ability to catalyze reactions. It also explains that higher substrate concentrations generally correlate with increased reaction rates, as long as the enzyme amount remains constant. The document then describes an experiment that specifically tests the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate levels on the enzyme activity of peroxidase.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts, mainly proteins, that speed up chemical reactions in organisms. The first enzyme, diastase, was discovered in 1833 by Payen, and in 1897 Buchner found that yeast cells could ferment sugar without being alive. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of reactions, bringing substrates together correctly, and forming enzyme-substrate complexes. They are classified based on the type of reaction catalyzed, such as hydrolases which use water or lyases which remove groups non-hydrolytically. Enzymes have many uses including in food processing, detergents, and paper production.
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This document discusses enzymes, including their nature as bio-catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. It describes the classification of enzymes into six categories based on their functions, as well as their mode of action via lock-and-key and induced fit models. The document also outlines several factors that affect enzyme activity, such as substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and inhibitors/activators. Finally, it lists some common uses of enzymes in applications like food production, detergents, medicine, and more.
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This document discusses enzymes and the factors that affect their activity. It defines enzymes as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process. It describes key properties of enzymes, including that they work specifically, function best at optimal temperatures and pH, and may require co-enzymes. It outlines factors like temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations that influence enzyme activity. It also provides examples and activities to illustrate enzyme behavior.
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1. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process.
2. Each enzyme has a unique three-dimensional structure with an active site that allows only specific substrates to bind, undergo chemical changes, and produce unique products before being released.
3. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed, allowing reactions to proceed more quickly and efficiently at normal body temperatures. The rate of enzyme reactions is affected by factors like temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.
Enzymes
This document provides an introduction and overview of enzymes. It can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions in living organisms by lowering their activation energy. They exhibit specificity for particular substrates and reactions. Factors like temperature, pH, concentration of enzymes and substrates, and presence of inhibitors or activators can influence enzyme activity and reaction rates.
Chapter 3_Enzymes.pptx
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. They have specific active sites that substrates bind to in order to be converted into products. Most enzymes require cofactors like metal ions, vitamins, or prosthetic groups to function properly. There are two main models of enzyme action - the lock and key model where the active site rigidly binds substrates, and the induced fit model where the active site changes shape upon substrate binding. Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions, allowing them to proceed more quickly within cells without damaging heat. Some molecules can inhibit enzymes by blocking their active sites and preventing catalysis.
Enzymes (A Pharmacologic Approach)
The document discusses enzymes and their properties. It begins by defining enzymes as biological catalysts and describes their characteristics, including that they are not used up in chemical reactions. It then covers enzyme structure and function, classification, regulation, and clinical significance. Key points include: enzymes have an active site that facilitates reactions; there are multiple levels of enzyme classification based on the type of reaction catalyzed; factors like temperature, pH, and inhibitors can impact enzyme activity; isozymes and zymogens are discussed. Measurement of plasma enzyme levels is also described as being diagnostically useful.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being used up. They are proteins folded into complex shapes with active sites that substrates fit into like locks and keys. Enzymes are usually named for their substrates with the ending "-ase", such as lipase and proteases. Enzymes have five key characteristics: they are always proteins, are specific to reactions, can be reused, are denatured at 50°C, and have optimal pH levels. They are made inside cells and can work inside or outside of cells to speed chemical reactions. Enzymes are widely used in industry due to their ability to work at low temperatures and only be needed in small amounts.
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Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells. They increase the rate of reactions by lowering activation energy. Most enzymes are named based on their substrate or the reaction they catalyze. Studying enzyme kinetics and regulation provides insight into metabolic pathways and cellular functions.
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Lipids are an essential component of cells and include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid chains that can be saturated or unsaturated. Enzymes are protein catalysts that regulate biochemical reactions in cells. They have specific active sites, are not used up in reactions, and use cofactors to function efficiently. Environmental factors like temperature and pH can impact enzyme activity.
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Cells And Enzymes
- 3. An enzyme is a biological catalyst. Enzymes are found in all living cells. Catalase is an enzyme which causes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen Catalase Enzyme
- 6. Enzyme action is said to be specific. That means an enzyme can only work on one specific substrate Hydrogen peroxide Water + Oxygen Catalase Hydrogen peroxide Amylase
- 7. Lock and Key Idea The active site of an enzyme is the place on its surface which is complementary in shape to it’s substrate Substrate e.g. Hydrogen Peroxide Enzyme e.g. Catalase Active sites
- 8. Enzyme activity Animations-click to view
- 10. A BREAKDOWN reaction is one in which an ENZYME breaks down it’s substrate into SMALLER molecules. Starch is an energy rich compound which must be broken down into smaller molecules to be absorbed into the blood stream. An enzyme called AMYLASE (found in saliva) is the first stage of this breakdown. Starch Maltose Amylase Enzyme
- 11. Carbohydrates G G G G G G Starch (insoluble) G G G G Maltose Amylase action
- 12. Iodine Testing for Starch Benedicts Testing for Maltose + - + -
- 14. Starch Storage in Potato Plants Glucose converted to glucose-1-phosphate Some glucose transported to roots Some glucose used for energy by shoots and young leaves or stored in fruit Glucose is made in leaves by photosynthesis An enzyme called Phosphorylase joins these molecules to produce STARCH
- 15. Phosphorylase is an enzyme which SYNTHESISES starch In a synthesis reaction the substrate molecules are built up into larger molecules Glucose-1-phosphate Starch Phosphorylase
- 16. Starch Synthesis Experiment Row A Substrate + enzyme Row B Substrate + water Row C Enzyme + Water 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min Iodine added
- 18. The OPTIMUM temperature for an enzyme is the temperature at which it works best . The optimum temperature for most human enzymes is: 37°C = body temperature
- 19. Enzyme activity Denaturing-click to view A DENATURED enzyme is an enzyme that has lost its natural structure permanently and no longer works. Remember ! An enzyme is NEVER dead , dying or killed !!!!!!
- 21. The pH Scale Neutral Acidic Alkali Stomach pH 2 Mouth pH 7 Small Intestine pH 9
- 22. How do changes in pH affect this breakdown reaction? Invertase G F Sucrose G F Glucose Fructose (substrate) (products)
- 23. The OPTIMUM pH for an enzyme is the pH at which it works best . Each enzyme of the digestive system has a different optimum pH depending on its site of action.