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Cell Biology Presentation.ppt 55555555555
- 1. Cell Structure andFunction
- 2. Outline • Cell Structureand Organelles • Cell Molecular Components • Water and Chemical properties • Cell Membrane • Osmotic Properties of cells • Cell molecule transportation
- 3. Brainstorming • What isyour idea of Cell Biology? • Write at least 5 words that you can associate with it.
- 4. Cells • Smallest livingunit • Most are microscopic
- 5. Discovery of Cells •Robert Hooke (mid-1600s) – Observed sliver of cork – Saw “row of empty boxes” – Coined the term cell
- 6. Cell theory • (1839)TheodorSchwann & Matthias Schleiden “ all living things are made of cells” • (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow “all cells come from cells”
- 7. Principles of CellTheory • All living things are made of cells • Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell • All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
- 8.
- 9. Cells Have LargeSurface Area-to-Volume Ratio
- 10. Characteristics of AllCells • A surrounding membrane • Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Organelles – structures for cell function • Control center with DNA
- 11. Cell Types • Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic
- 12. Prokaryotic Cells • Firstcell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
- 13. Prokaryotic Cells • Nomembrane bound nucleus • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes
- 14. Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleusbound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan
- 15.
- 16. Representative Plant Cell BiologyCell Structure.avi
- 17. Think-Pair-Share • What isthe role of cytosol in maintaining balance? • How do vesicles facilitate transport? • How do cytoskeleton help maintain cellular stability?
- 18. Organic Molecules ofCells • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic acids
- 19. Proteins • Most diverseand complex macromolecules in the cell • Used for structure, function and information • Made of linearly arranged amino acid residues – “folded” up with “active” regions
- 20. Types of Proteins –Enzymes – catalyzes covalent bond breakage or formation – Structural – collagen, elastin, keratin – Motility – actin, myosin, tubulin – Regulatory – bind to DNA to switch genes on or off – Storage – albumin, casein – Hormonal – insulin, nerve growth factor – Receptors – hormone and neurotransmitter receptors – Transport – carries small molecules or irons – Special purpose proteins – green fluorescent protein
- 22. Humans have around 30,000 genes. Eachcell has the full set of the human genes but only makes specific protein.
- 23. • Hydrophobic molecules –Energy storage, membrane components, signal molecules – Triglycerides (fat), phospholipids, waxes, sterols (High Cholesterol.avi) Lipids • Sugars, storage (glycogen, starch), Structural polymers (cellulose and chitin) • Major substrates of energy metabolism ( Type 2 Diabetes.avi) Carbohydrates
- 24. Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)and RNA encode genetic information for synthesis of all proteins
- 25. Q-Chart • Formulate 9questions based from the topics: Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. • Ask your classmates at least 2 questions from the chart.
- 26. Water Molecule • Polarityof H2O allows H bonding •Water disassociates into H+ and OH- •Imbalance of H+ and OH- give rise to “acids and bases” •Measured by the pH •pH influence charges of amino acid groups on protein, causing a specific activity •Buffering systems maintain intracellular and extracellular pH
- 27. • Hydrophobic “Water-fearing” –Molecule is not polar, cannot form H bonds and is “repelled” from water – Insoluble • Hydrophillic “Water-loving” – Molecule is polar, forms H bonds with water – Soluble Water Molecule
- 28. Organelles • Cellular machinery •Two general kinds – Derived from membranes – Bacteria-like organelles
- 29. Bacteria-Like Organelles • Derivedfrom symbiotic bacteria • Ancient association • Endosymbiotic theory – Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria
- 30. Plasma Membrane • Containscell contents • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
- 33. Phospholipids • Polar – Hydrophylichead – Hydrophobic tail • Interacts with water High Cholesterol.avi
- 35. Movement Across thePlasma Membrane • A few molecules move freely – Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen • Carrier proteins transport some molecules – Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer – Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
- 37. Membrane Proteins 1. Channelsor transporters – Move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals
- 38. Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins –Identify cell type 4. Enzymes – Catalyze production of substances
- 39. Reports • New lookat cell membrane ( Ms. M. Dawa) • Protein, fatty molecules and cellular energy in endocytosis (Ms. R. Madriaga) • Ions (Ms. L. Balila) • Creating Artificial Cell Membrane (Ms. Analiza Suello)
- 40. Cell Walls • Foundin plants, fungi, & many protists • Surrounds plasma membrane
- 41. Cell Wall Differences •Plants – mostly cellulose • Fungi – contain chitin
- 42. Cytoplasm • Viscous fluidcontaining organelles • Components of cytoplasm – Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol – Organelles (not nucleus) – Storage of substances
- 43. Cytoskeleton • Filaments &fibers • Made of 3 fiber types – Microfilaments – Microtubules – Intermediate filaments • 3 functions: – mechanical support – anchor organelles – help move substances Cytoskeleton Structure and Function.avi A Day in the Life of a Motor Protein.avi
- 44. A = actin,IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
- 45. Cilia & Flagella •Provide motility • Cilia – Short – Used to move substances outside human cells • Flagella – Whip-like extensions – Found on sperm cells • Basal bodies like centrioles
- 46. Cilia & FlagellaStructure • Bundles of microtubules • With plasma membrane
- 47. Centrioles • Pairs ofmicrotubular structures • Play a role in cell division
- 48. Membranous Organelles • Functionalcomponents within cytoplasm • Bound by membranes
- 49. Nucleus • Control centerof cell • Double membrane • Contains – Chromosomes – Nucleolus
- 50. Nuclear Envelope • Separatesnucleus from rest of cell • Double membrane • Has pores
- 51. DNA • Hereditary material •Chromosomes – DNA – Protiens – Form for cell division • Chromatin The Structure of DNA.avi
- 52. Nucleolus • Most cellshave 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA • Forms ribosomes DNA replication - 3D.avi DNA Replication Process 3D Animation.avi From DNA to protein - 3D.avi
- 53. Central Dogma inSummary • The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA to make a functional product, a protein • DNA contains the information needed to make all of our proteins, and that RNA is a messenger that carries this information to the ribosomes
- 54. • Ribosomes serveas factories in the cell where the information is ‘translated’ from a code into the functional product. • The process by which the DNA instructions are converted into the functional product is called gene expression • Gene expression has two key stages - transcription and translation
- 55. From existing DNAto make new DNA (DNA replication) From DNA to make new RNA (transcription) From RNA to make new proteins (translation).
- 56. • In transcription,the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages. • In translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.
- 57. Reports • Nuclear Envelope(Ms. K. Tiñas) • Nuclear Pore (Mr. J. Tiongco)
- 58. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Helpsmove substances within cells • Network of interconnected membranes • Two types – Rough endoplasmic reticulum – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- 59. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum •Ribosomes attached to surface – Manufacture protiens – Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER • May modify proteins from ribosomes
- 60. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum •No attached ribosomes • Has enzymes that help build molecules – Carbohydrates – Lipids
- 61. Reports • ER stress(Mr. R. Alonzo and Ms. S. Franial)
- 62. Golgi Apparatus • Involvedin synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping station of cell
- 63. Golgi Apparatus Function 1.Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
- 64. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued) 4.Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
- 66. Report • Golgi appratusby Cryo-electron Tomography (Mr. A. Pandoma)
- 67. Lysosomes • Contain digestiveenzymes • Functions – Aid in cell renewal – Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders
- 68. Vacuoles • Membrane boundstorage sacs • More common in plants than animals • Contents – Water – Food – wastes
- 69. Making Connections • Choose3 statements from your notes that you consider significant • Connect them to Yourself, Other Texts and the World
- 70. Bacteria-Like Organelles • Release& store energy • Types – Mitochondria (release energy) – Chloroplasts (store energy) Endosymbiosis.avi
- 71. Mitochondria • Have theirown DNA • Bound by double membrane
- 72. Mitochondria • Break downfuel molecules (cellular respiration) – Glucose – Fatty acids • Release energy – ATP How Mitochondria Create Energy.avi Preventing Mitochondrial Aging.avi
- 73. Chloroplasts • Derived formphotosynthetic bacteria • Solar energy capturing organelle
- 74. Photosynthesis • Takes placein the chloroplast • Makes cellular food – glucose
- 75. Review of EukaryoticCells
- 76. Review of EukaryoticCells
- 78. Molecule Movement &Cells • Passive Transport • Active Transport • Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) • Exocytosis
- 79. Passive Transport • Noenergy required • Move due to gradient – differences in concentration, pressure, charge • Move to equalize gradient – High moves toward low
- 80. Types of PassiveTransport 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion
- 81. Diffusion • Molecules moveto equalize concentration
- 82. Osmosis • Special formof diffusion • Fluid flows from lower solute concentration • Often involves movement of water – Into cell – Out of cell
- 83. Solution Differences &Cells • solvent + solute = solution • Hypotonic – Solutes in cell more than outside – Outside solvent will flow into cell • Isotonic – Solutes equal inside & out of cell • Hypertonic – Solutes greater outside cell – Fluid will flow out of cell
- 85. Facilitated Diffusion • Differentiallypermeable membrane • Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell • Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water) • No energy is used
- 86. Process of FacilitatedTransport • Protein binds with molecule • Shape of protein changes • Molecule moves across membrane
- 87. Active Transport • Molecularmovement • Requires energy (against gradient) • Example is sodium-potassium pump
- 88. Endocytosis • Movement oflarge material – Particles – Organisms – Large molecules • Movement is into cells • Types of endocytosis – bulk-phase (nonspecific) – receptor-mediated (specific)
- 89. Process of Endocytosis •Plasma membrane surrounds material • Edges of membrane meet • Membranes fuse to form vesicle
- 90. Forms of Endocytosis •Phagocytosis – cell eating • Pinocytosis – cell drinking
- 91. Exocytosis • Reverse ofendocytosis • Cell discharges material
- 92. Exocytosis • Vesicle movesto cell surface • Membrane of vesicle fuses • Materials expelled Membrane Transport in Cells Symport, Antiport, Co transport 3D Animation- Eplanation.avi
- 93. Concept Mapping • OsmoticProperties • Cells • Hydrostatic Pressure • Equilibrium • Semi-permeable membrane • Tonicity • Lysis • Permeability • Isotonic • Hypotonic • Hypertonic • Passive Diffusion • Passive Transport • Facilitated Transport • Active Transport • Crenation