The document discusses various topics related to highway engineering such as:
1. It defines key terms like the central road fund, National Highway Act of 1956, and the Central Road Research Institute.
2. It discusses classifications of roads under the Nagpur plan and modified classifications under the Third Road Development Plan.
3. It covers highway geometric design elements like carriageway width, camber, super elevation, horizontal and vertical curves.
The document provides an overview of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) in India. It discusses the ministry's role in formulating policies and regulations related to road transport. It outlines the ministry's history and organizational structure. It also summarizes some of the key specifications issued by MoRTH related to road and bridge construction, including specifications for earthworks, pavement layers, drainage, and other aspects of road projects. The document thus provides a high-level introduction to MoRTH and the specifications it issues for road development and transport in India.
This document is a project report on road modification survey and construction submitted by Mohammad Danish Anwar in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses an industrial training placement with the PWD department where the trainee gained experience in road construction and survey tasks using an autolevel machine. The report provides details on road materials testing, construction methodology, types of pavement and coatings, and concludes the road work was successfully completed.
The document discusses the geometric design of roads, specifically horizontal curves. It covers key elements of geometric design like alignment, profile, and cross-section. Horizontal curve design is an important part that influences safety and efficiency. Parameters like design speed, superelevation, extra widening, and minimum radius are discussed in detail according to Indian Road Congress standards. Methods for building superelevation and effecting widening on curves are also summarized.
This document discusses sight distance, which refers to the length of road visible to a driver at any time. It defines three types of sight distance - stopping sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and intersection sight distance. Stopping sight distance is the minimum distance required for a driver to stop safely without collision. Overtaking sight distance is the minimum distance required for a vehicle to safely pass another traveling in the opposite direction. Intersection sight distance allows drivers to see any hazards and stop if needed when approaching an intersection. The computation of sight distances depends on factors like reaction time, vehicle speed, braking efficiency, road gradient, and the speeds of multiple vehicles in overtaking situations.
The document discusses various key terms related to the geometric design of roads. It defines and describes superelevation, gradient, sight distance, camber, and recommended crossfall percentages for different road surface types. Superelevation refers to the banking of curves to counteract centrifugal force on vehicles. Gradient refers to the longitudinal slope of the road. Sight distance is the visibility required for maneuvers. Camber is the cross-sectional shape providing crossfall drainage. Recommended crossfall ranges from 1.7% to 4% depending on surface type.
PRESENTATION ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION INTERNSHIP NH34 BY IMRUL QUESHImrul Quesh
This document provides an overview of road construction and quality control processes. It discusses the importance of roads for transportation and economic development. It then describes the planning process for road projects, including maintaining files, analyzing labor and equipment needs, and preparing plans. The document outlines different types of road structures, quality control procedures and tests, and safety measures for road works. Machinery used on road construction sites is also listed. Overall, the document covers key aspects of road construction projects from planning and design to quality assurance and safety.
this report is helpful for highway work or road construction, its also useful for pavement works or pavement design. this report told about bitumen road work construction, in this report cement used for work in side of road.its helpful for those civil engineers who want to submit there training report or seminar report.
The document provides an overview of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) in India. It discusses the ministry's role in formulating policies and regulations related to road transport. It outlines the ministry's history and organizational structure. It also summarizes some of the key specifications issued by MoRTH related to road and bridge construction, including specifications for earthworks, pavement layers, drainage, and other aspects of road projects. The document thus provides a high-level introduction to MoRTH and the specifications it issues for road development and transport in India.
This document is a project report on road modification survey and construction submitted by Mohammad Danish Anwar in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses an industrial training placement with the PWD department where the trainee gained experience in road construction and survey tasks using an autolevel machine. The report provides details on road materials testing, construction methodology, types of pavement and coatings, and concludes the road work was successfully completed.
The document discusses the geometric design of roads, specifically horizontal curves. It covers key elements of geometric design like alignment, profile, and cross-section. Horizontal curve design is an important part that influences safety and efficiency. Parameters like design speed, superelevation, extra widening, and minimum radius are discussed in detail according to Indian Road Congress standards. Methods for building superelevation and effecting widening on curves are also summarized.
This document discusses sight distance, which refers to the length of road visible to a driver at any time. It defines three types of sight distance - stopping sight distance, overtaking sight distance, and intersection sight distance. Stopping sight distance is the minimum distance required for a driver to stop safely without collision. Overtaking sight distance is the minimum distance required for a vehicle to safely pass another traveling in the opposite direction. Intersection sight distance allows drivers to see any hazards and stop if needed when approaching an intersection. The computation of sight distances depends on factors like reaction time, vehicle speed, braking efficiency, road gradient, and the speeds of multiple vehicles in overtaking situations.
The document discusses various key terms related to the geometric design of roads. It defines and describes superelevation, gradient, sight distance, camber, and recommended crossfall percentages for different road surface types. Superelevation refers to the banking of curves to counteract centrifugal force on vehicles. Gradient refers to the longitudinal slope of the road. Sight distance is the visibility required for maneuvers. Camber is the cross-sectional shape providing crossfall drainage. Recommended crossfall ranges from 1.7% to 4% depending on surface type.
PRESENTATION ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION INTERNSHIP NH34 BY IMRUL QUESHImrul Quesh
This document provides an overview of road construction and quality control processes. It discusses the importance of roads for transportation and economic development. It then describes the planning process for road projects, including maintaining files, analyzing labor and equipment needs, and preparing plans. The document outlines different types of road structures, quality control procedures and tests, and safety measures for road works. Machinery used on road construction sites is also listed. Overall, the document covers key aspects of road construction projects from planning and design to quality assurance and safety.
this report is helpful for highway work or road construction, its also useful for pavement works or pavement design. this report told about bitumen road work construction, in this report cement used for work in side of road.its helpful for those civil engineers who want to submit there training report or seminar report.
This document provides an overview of road and pavement systems. It discusses the history of road development from ancient footpaths and animal trails to modern roads incorporating asphalt and concrete. The key components of a pavement system including the embankment, subgrade, base, and pavement layers are described. Modern pavements are classified as either flexible (asphalt) or rigid (concrete), and their characteristics such as material properties, stress distribution, cracking behavior, and construction practices are compared.
Introduction to transportation engineeringCivil Zone
Transportation engineering involves the planning, design, and management of transportation facilities to provide safe and efficient movement of people and goods. A key aspect of transportation engineering is road design. Some essential elements of a typical road cross-section include the traveled way for vehicles, shoulders for stopped vehicles and bicycles, medians to separate opposing traffic, drainage channels to remove surface water, and barriers or guardrails to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway. Transportation engineers must consider all of these elements and their widths, slopes, and designs to develop roadways that are effective and safe for users.
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, median, shoulders, kerb, traffic barriers, drainage channels, and side slopes. It provides details on the purpose and design considerations for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. The key factors in selecting appropriate cross-section elements are the expected traffic volumes and composition, as well as safety and physical constraints of the area where the road is located.
Widening of pavements (Highway Engineering)youtube link: https://youtu.be/mLB...Harish Shakya
This document discusses the widening of pavement on horizontal curves due to mechanical and psychological factors. Mechanical widening accounts for off-tracking of vehicles' rear wheels on curves and is calculated based on traffic lanes, wheel base length, and curve radius. Psychological widening considers the design speed and curve radius to address driver comfort. The total widening is the sum of mechanical and psychological widths. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate calculating off-tracking and extra widening for given curve parameters and vehicle/design specifications.
Highway & road geomatric and its component Sumit Kumar
Highway engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining roads, bridges and tunnels to ensure safe transportation. It is a branch of civil engineering. Road geometry refers to the proper planning and design of visible dimensions like lane width, shoulders, slopes, and curves to provide optimum speed, comfort and safety at minimum cost. Key elements of road geometry include right of way, formation width, carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, medians, kerbs, camber and gradient. There are two main types of pavement: flexible pavement made of asphalt layers on a gravel base, and rigid pavement typically made of concrete slabs suitable for airports and highways.
The document discusses the geometric design of highways. It covers key elements like cross-section design, horizontal and vertical alignment, sight distance considerations. Factors affecting design like design speed, traffic, and topography are also covered. Elements of cross-section like carriageway, formation width, and right of way are described. Horizontal alignment includes design of super elevation, transition curves, and setback distance. Sight distance standards for stopping, overtaking are provided.
The document discusses road safety audits and inspections. It outlines the key stages and principles of road safety audits, including forming an audit team to critically review project materials. The audit team identifies road safety concerns from the perspective of all road users. Audit reports document the issues found and recommendations to address them. The goal is to design roads that are safe and accessible for all users, with a focus on vulnerable pedestrians and cyclclists.
Geometric Design - Horizontal and vertical curvessachin dass
The document discusses key aspects of highway geometric design including horizontal and vertical alignment. It covers topics such as superelevation design, centrifugal force effects, transition curves, extra widening for curves, and vertical curve types. The key points are:
- Superelevation is used to counteract centrifugal force when negotiating curves, and its design considers factors like design speed, radius of curve, and coefficient of friction.
- Transition curves are used between tangents and circular curves to gradually change curvature and introduce superelevation for driver comfort.
- Extra widening is required for curves to accommodate off-tracking of vehicles and driver tendencies, calculated based on number of lanes, wheel base, design
The document outlines the details of Nagpur's first 20-year road plan presented by a civil engineer. It included 5 categories for road design, recommendations on geometric design, bridges, and highway organizations. The plan aimed to provide 2 lakh km of surfaced roads and the remaining unsurfaced by 1963, with a total road length of 532,700 km and density of 16 km per 1,000 sq km. It was based on a star and grid pattern for the road network, considering existing roads and obligatory points. The farthest point from a metalled road would be 8 km in developed/agricultural areas and 32 km in non-agricultural areas. 15% clearance was provided for development. The
This document discusses various types of pavement distress and maintenance. It begins by outlining different types of distress that can occur in flexible and rigid pavements such as alligator cracking, rutting, longitudinal cracking, and joint spalling. It then describes various maintenance activities like patching and overlaying to address these distresses. Evaluation methods like the Benkelman beam test are also covered. Strengthening techniques for pavements include different types of overlays to support increased loads. Proper design and construction of pavement layers is emphasized to prevent failures.
Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway alignment due to various reasons such as topographic considerations, obligatory points.
The geometric design elements pertaining to horizontal alignment of highway should consider safe and comfortable movement of vehicles at the given design speed of the highway.
It is therefore necessary to avoid sudden changes in direction with sharp curves or reverse curves which could not be safely and conveniently negotiated by the vehicles at design speed.
Improper design of horizontal alignment of roads would necessitate speed changes resulting m higher accident rate and increase in vehicle operation cost.
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
This document discusses railway turnouts. It begins by defining a turnout as the combination of points and crossings that allows a train to move from one track to another, either parallel or diverging. It then describes the key components of a turnout, including tongue rails, stock rails, lead rails, and a vee crossing. It also explains the classification of turnouts as left-hand or right-hand depending on the direction of diversion. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and working principle of a turnout. The document concludes by stating that turnouts are essential for diverting traffic but can cause issues if not designed and maintained properly.
This document discusses key aspects of highway geometric design, including:
- Highway geometric design involves designing elements like cross-sections, horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distances, and intersections within economic limitations and traffic requirements.
- Design controls and criteria are influenced by factors such as road classification, terrain, traffic volumes, design vehicle, design speed, sight distance, and land use.
- Elements of road cross-sections include traffic lanes, shoulders, medians, barriers, curbs, gutters, and sidewalks. Lane and shoulder widths vary based on road type and conditions.
- Horizontal alignment connects straight sections and uses circular curves, which are classified as simple, compound, reverse, or broken back curves based on curvature
This document is a summer training report submitted by Ravi Gupta for his Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report provides an overview of the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh and discusses the construction of cement concrete pavement. It describes the different types of pavements and materials used in concrete pavement construction, including cement, sand, aggregate, and minerals. The report outlines the procedures for constructing concrete pavement, from preparing the subgrade to placing, curing and protecting the concrete. It also includes cost analysis and conclusions from the summer training project observing concrete pavement construction.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and different modes of transportation. It discusses highways, railways, airways, and waterways in detail. For highways, it covers their historical development in India including key committees and acts that helped develop the road network like the Jayakar Committee, Central Road Fund, and Motor Vehicles Act. It also discusses classification of highways in India based on various factors.
This document summarizes the classification of roads and elements of road cross-sections. It discusses the different types of urban and rural roads based on location, carriageway, surface, and season. The key components of a road cross-section are also outlined, including the carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, and kerbs. Camber or cross slope is defined as the transverse slope provided to a road surface to drain water, and can take parabolic, straight, or combined forms.
This document provides an overview of road and pavement systems. It discusses the history of road development from ancient footpaths and animal trails to modern roads incorporating asphalt and concrete. The key components of a pavement system including the embankment, subgrade, base, and pavement layers are described. Modern pavements are classified as either flexible (asphalt) or rigid (concrete), and their characteristics such as material properties, stress distribution, cracking behavior, and construction practices are compared.
Introduction to transportation engineeringCivil Zone
Transportation engineering involves the planning, design, and management of transportation facilities to provide safe and efficient movement of people and goods. A key aspect of transportation engineering is road design. Some essential elements of a typical road cross-section include the traveled way for vehicles, shoulders for stopped vehicles and bicycles, medians to separate opposing traffic, drainage channels to remove surface water, and barriers or guardrails to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway. Transportation engineers must consider all of these elements and their widths, slopes, and designs to develop roadways that are effective and safe for users.
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
The document discusses the typical elements that make up the cross-section of a road, including the traveled way, roadway, median, shoulders, kerb, traffic barriers, drainage channels, and side slopes. It provides details on the purpose and design considerations for each element, such as recommended widths for different road types. The key factors in selecting appropriate cross-section elements are the expected traffic volumes and composition, as well as safety and physical constraints of the area where the road is located.
Widening of pavements (Highway Engineering)youtube link: https://youtu.be/mLB...Harish Shakya
This document discusses the widening of pavement on horizontal curves due to mechanical and psychological factors. Mechanical widening accounts for off-tracking of vehicles' rear wheels on curves and is calculated based on traffic lanes, wheel base length, and curve radius. Psychological widening considers the design speed and curve radius to address driver comfort. The total widening is the sum of mechanical and psychological widths. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate calculating off-tracking and extra widening for given curve parameters and vehicle/design specifications.
Highway & road geomatric and its component Sumit Kumar
Highway engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining roads, bridges and tunnels to ensure safe transportation. It is a branch of civil engineering. Road geometry refers to the proper planning and design of visible dimensions like lane width, shoulders, slopes, and curves to provide optimum speed, comfort and safety at minimum cost. Key elements of road geometry include right of way, formation width, carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, medians, kerbs, camber and gradient. There are two main types of pavement: flexible pavement made of asphalt layers on a gravel base, and rigid pavement typically made of concrete slabs suitable for airports and highways.
The document discusses the geometric design of highways. It covers key elements like cross-section design, horizontal and vertical alignment, sight distance considerations. Factors affecting design like design speed, traffic, and topography are also covered. Elements of cross-section like carriageway, formation width, and right of way are described. Horizontal alignment includes design of super elevation, transition curves, and setback distance. Sight distance standards for stopping, overtaking are provided.
The document discusses road safety audits and inspections. It outlines the key stages and principles of road safety audits, including forming an audit team to critically review project materials. The audit team identifies road safety concerns from the perspective of all road users. Audit reports document the issues found and recommendations to address them. The goal is to design roads that are safe and accessible for all users, with a focus on vulnerable pedestrians and cyclclists.
Geometric Design - Horizontal and vertical curvessachin dass
The document discusses key aspects of highway geometric design including horizontal and vertical alignment. It covers topics such as superelevation design, centrifugal force effects, transition curves, extra widening for curves, and vertical curve types. The key points are:
- Superelevation is used to counteract centrifugal force when negotiating curves, and its design considers factors like design speed, radius of curve, and coefficient of friction.
- Transition curves are used between tangents and circular curves to gradually change curvature and introduce superelevation for driver comfort.
- Extra widening is required for curves to accommodate off-tracking of vehicles and driver tendencies, calculated based on number of lanes, wheel base, design
The document outlines the details of Nagpur's first 20-year road plan presented by a civil engineer. It included 5 categories for road design, recommendations on geometric design, bridges, and highway organizations. The plan aimed to provide 2 lakh km of surfaced roads and the remaining unsurfaced by 1963, with a total road length of 532,700 km and density of 16 km per 1,000 sq km. It was based on a star and grid pattern for the road network, considering existing roads and obligatory points. The farthest point from a metalled road would be 8 km in developed/agricultural areas and 32 km in non-agricultural areas. 15% clearance was provided for development. The
This document discusses various types of pavement distress and maintenance. It begins by outlining different types of distress that can occur in flexible and rigid pavements such as alligator cracking, rutting, longitudinal cracking, and joint spalling. It then describes various maintenance activities like patching and overlaying to address these distresses. Evaluation methods like the Benkelman beam test are also covered. Strengthening techniques for pavements include different types of overlays to support increased loads. Proper design and construction of pavement layers is emphasized to prevent failures.
Often changes in the direction are necessitated in highway alignment due to various reasons such as topographic considerations, obligatory points.
The geometric design elements pertaining to horizontal alignment of highway should consider safe and comfortable movement of vehicles at the given design speed of the highway.
It is therefore necessary to avoid sudden changes in direction with sharp curves or reverse curves which could not be safely and conveniently negotiated by the vehicles at design speed.
Improper design of horizontal alignment of roads would necessitate speed changes resulting m higher accident rate and increase in vehicle operation cost.
The clear distance ahead of vehicle which is visible to the driver is known as sight distance
The minimum distance within which a driver can safely stop his vehicle without any collision with some vehicle, animal or any other object is known as stopping sight distance.
This document discusses railway turnouts. It begins by defining a turnout as the combination of points and crossings that allows a train to move from one track to another, either parallel or diverging. It then describes the key components of a turnout, including tongue rails, stock rails, lead rails, and a vee crossing. It also explains the classification of turnouts as left-hand or right-hand depending on the direction of diversion. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and working principle of a turnout. The document concludes by stating that turnouts are essential for diverting traffic but can cause issues if not designed and maintained properly.
This document discusses key aspects of highway geometric design, including:
- Highway geometric design involves designing elements like cross-sections, horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distances, and intersections within economic limitations and traffic requirements.
- Design controls and criteria are influenced by factors such as road classification, terrain, traffic volumes, design vehicle, design speed, sight distance, and land use.
- Elements of road cross-sections include traffic lanes, shoulders, medians, barriers, curbs, gutters, and sidewalks. Lane and shoulder widths vary based on road type and conditions.
- Horizontal alignment connects straight sections and uses circular curves, which are classified as simple, compound, reverse, or broken back curves based on curvature
This document is a summer training report submitted by Ravi Gupta for his Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The report provides an overview of the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh and discusses the construction of cement concrete pavement. It describes the different types of pavements and materials used in concrete pavement construction, including cement, sand, aggregate, and minerals. The report outlines the procedures for constructing concrete pavement, from preparing the subgrade to placing, curing and protecting the concrete. It also includes cost analysis and conclusions from the summer training project observing concrete pavement construction.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering and different modes of transportation. It discusses highways, railways, airways, and waterways in detail. For highways, it covers their historical development in India including key committees and acts that helped develop the road network like the Jayakar Committee, Central Road Fund, and Motor Vehicles Act. It also discusses classification of highways in India based on various factors.
This document summarizes the classification of roads and elements of road cross-sections. It discusses the different types of urban and rural roads based on location, carriageway, surface, and season. The key components of a road cross-section are also outlined, including the carriageway, shoulders, side slopes, and kerbs. Camber or cross slope is defined as the transverse slope provided to a road surface to drain water, and can take parabolic, straight, or combined forms.
The document discusses road classification in Malaysia. It outlines 5 categories of roads: 1) Highways which connect state capitals, airports and ports and are supervised by the Malaysia Highway Board and funded/constructed by the federal government. 2) Federal roads which connect towns and cities within a state and are funded by state or federal government. 3) State roads which are constructed and maintained by state public works departments. 4) Local roads which are constructed and maintained by local authorities and partially funded by federal government. 5) Rural roads which are constructed and maintained by district offices and funded by state government.
Transportation plays a vital role in a country's economic and social development by enabling the movement of goods, services, and people. Road transportation in particular is critical for India given that over 75% of its population lives in rural areas. Historically, India began developing roads as early as 3500 BC but larger scale construction began under the Romans and further improved under Mughal rule to facilitate administration, military operations, and commerce. Today, a well-planned road network connecting villages to markets is essential to improve rural livelihoods and drive overall economic growth.
A presentation on highway geometric design which includes:
definition,
Goals,
Road Alignment,
Its cross section,
Pavement Design, &
Theory about super Elevation
The document discusses key aspects of highway geometric design. It defines geometric design as dealing with the visible dimensions and layout of highways, which aims to fulfill requirements for driver comfort, efficiency and safety. Proper design can help reduce accidents and severity. Factors affecting design include design speed, topography, traffic, environment, economics, vehicle properties, and human characteristics. Highway alignment involves both horizontal and vertical positioning, with horizontal alignment comprising straight sections connected by curves. Super elevation provides transverse sloping across curves to counteract centrifugal force. Pavement design involves layered structures above the subgrade to provide an acceptable ride quality and other factors.
This document discusses various methods of irrigation, including surface irrigation methods like furrow irrigation, contour farming, and flooding methods. It also discusses subsurface irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip/trickle irrigation. For each method, it describes the basic components and process, as well as advantages and disadvantages. Surface irrigation methods are best suited for row crops, while sprinkler and drip irrigation methods reduce evaporation and allow more precise water and fertilizer application. Drip irrigation in particular minimizes water usage and loss. The document emphasizes matching the appropriate irrigation method to field and crop conditions.
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land or soil to assist in crop growth. Historically, irrigation was labor intensive and dependent on weather, but modern irrigation is more machine intensive, market-focused, and allows farmers to control water supply independent of rains. There are several irrigation methods, including surface irrigation where land is fully flooded, sprinkler irrigation where water is distributed through sprinklers, and drip irrigation where water is supplied drop-by-drop directly to plant roots, making it the most efficient method. While modern irrigation techniques are more costly to install initially, they are also more efficient and effective at delivering the right amount of water to increase crop yields.
This document summarizes Aidin Massahi's dissertation proposal on using multi-resolution modeling to assess active traffic management strategies on urban streets. The proposal discusses using dynamic traffic assignment simulation models at different levels of resolution (macroscopic, mesoscopic, microscopic) to evaluate strategies like adaptive ramp metering, variable speed limits, and dynamic lane control. The goals are to develop methods to assess impacts on performance measures like mobility, reliability, safety and emissions, and to demonstrate the methods on a real-world case study. The literature review covers previous uses of multi-resolution modeling and different traffic simulation packages to analyze active traffic management.
India has the largest road network in the world with over 40 lakh kilometers of roads. However, road conditions are generally poor which leads to around 95,000 traffic fatalities per year, the second highest in the world. The government plans to spend $1.7 trillion to improve road infrastructure through public-private partnership projects, but progress has been slow due to issues like lack of skilled labor, land acquisition problems, and corruption. Improving road quality and adopting a strict maintenance program overseen by the National Highway Authority of India could help address these issues and reduce accidents.
This the finest presentation by which you'll easy have the concept of the sight distance in highways engineering and also you'll learn the types of sight distance in the highways engineering.
This document provides course information for several semesters of a mechanical engineering program, including course codes, titles, credit hours, and descriptions. In semester 3, students take 18 credit hours of core mechanical engineering courses covering topics like transforms and partial differential equations, manufacturing technology, thermodynamics, kinematics of machinery, and fluid mechanics. They also complete 9 credit hours of labs. Semesters 4 and 5 continue this format of theoretical and practical mechanical engineering courses.
The document outlines India's second 20-year road plan from 1961-1981. It aimed to expand the country's road network to over 10.5 million km by 1981. The plan categorized roads into 5 types - national highways, state highways, major district roads, other district roads, and village roads. It also provided formulas to calculate the expected road length in each category based on factors like the area's development level and number of towns by population size.
Road transport and highways in india by rashi saxenaRashi Saxena
This document discusses key legislations related to road transport and national highways in India. It outlines the National Highways Act of 1956 which defines national highways and gives responsibilities to the central government. It also describes the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988 which consolidates laws around motor vehicles and defines related terms. Some issues with road transport development are multiple agencies, limited local authority, and urban transport being a marginal function. Solutions proposed include governance reforms, a national urban transport policy, and mass transit system development.
The document discusses road networks, including their functions and components. It reviews literature on road network concepts and Vision 2040, which outlines expectations for reliable, environmentally-friendly, and accessible road infrastructure. The document also examines road network operations, traffic management, and the role of road networks in social and economic development.
India has one of the largest road networks in the world spanning over 4.6 million kilometers. The network consists of national highways, state highways, major district roads, and rural roads. While India has made significant improvements in expanding and modernizing its road infrastructure in recent decades, issues around maintenance, expansion, safety, and congestion persist due to the large size and usage of the network. Future plans aim to continue enhancing the network through the addition of more expressways and improving rural connectivity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in highway engineering. It defines things like the central road fund, National Highway Act of 1956, CRRI (Central Road Research Institute), and classified road systems. It also describes highway geometric concepts such as cross section elements, horizontal and vertical curves. Different types of surveys for highway projects are outlined. Materials used in flexible and rigid pavements are defined. Methods of pavement evaluation and common causes of pavement failure are also summarized.
This document summarizes the design of a proposed highway project in Bijapur, Karnataka. It includes the location details, survey methods used, components designed like pavement thickness, horizontal curves, vertical curves, and a box culvert. The design considers the longitudinal profile, cross-sections, and block contouring. Calculations are shown for pavement thickness, horizontal curve elements like radius, length, super elevation, extra widening, and sight distances. Vertical curve length is designed based on stopping and overtaking sight distances. Earthwork quantities of cutting and filling are also provided.
GUIDELINES FOR THE SURFACE EVENNESS OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTSJoel 'almeida
Surface evenness ofhighway pavements refers to the regularity
of surface finish both in longitudinal and transverse directions.
Almost in all major highway works executed, control of surface
evenness has been introduced as a mandatory requirement. The
existing standards and tolerances of surface evenness are prescribed
in IRC Special Publication 16-! 977 which was based on the
Report of the IRC Subcommittee on Surface Characteristics of
Pavements. The Subcommittee was constituted by the Specifications
and Standards Committee in November, 1968 under the
Convenorship of Shri Mahabir Prasad. The Subcommittee presented
its Report in 1975 and was endorsed by the Specifications and
Standards Committee in its meeting held on 5^^ January, 1976.
Later the Report was approved by the Executive Committee and
the Council at their meetings held on 14'^ April, 1976 and 27"^
August, 1976 respectively which was printed as IRC:SP: 16-1977.
This document contains technical data related to surveying including coordinates, distances, angles, and curve information. It lists numerical values for point locations, radii, azimuths, chord lengths and other surveying measurements. The data is labeled as being for Curve #1 and is from the School of Applied Technology in the Civil Engineering department at Humber.
Highway geometric design deals with dimensions and layout of visible features like horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distances, and intersections. Elements of geometric design include cross section, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignments, and intersections. Cross section elements comprise pavement characteristics, carriageway width, cross slope, median/separator, kerbs, road margins, and formation width. Horizontal alignment design considers factors like design speed, horizontal curves, super elevation, transition curves, pavement widening on curves, and setback distance. Super elevation is provided to counteract centrifugal forces on curves and is limited to a maximum of 7% as per Indian standards.
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
This document discusses various factors that influence the geometric design of highways, including topography, land use, functional road classification, design speed, design vehicle, traffic volume, environmental and safety considerations, and economics. It describes key elements of horizontal alignment like straights, circular curves, transition curves, superelevation, and curve widening. Minimum radii for circular curves are provided for different design speeds. The objectives and methods for implementing transition curves and superelevation are also summarized.
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It provides details on different types of highway alignment and the factors that control alignment such as terrain, materials, and costs. It also outlines the various stages of engineering surveys conducted for highway projects, including map studies, reconnaissance surveys, preliminary surveys, and final location surveys. Key considerations for surveys are topography, drainage, soils and estimating construction aspects. The document also briefly discusses highway classification systems in India and the roles of organizations like the Indian Roads Congress.
transportation Engineering.Highway planning,alignment and geometry.ayudge
Broad description of highway planning,alignments and geometric design,factors involved in it.
history of road development in india.
all 20 year plan.
stopping sight distance.
overtaking sight distance.
P.I.E.V theory and lots more.
1. Highway engineering deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of roads. The document discusses the importance of road transportation and provides classifications of roads according to the Nagpur Plan.
2. Flexible pavements are constructed in layers and consist of a soil subgrade, sub-base course, base course, and surface course. Rigid pavements use cement concrete and can transmit wheel loads through a wider area.
3. Key terms related to road cross-sections include carriageway, width of roadway or formation, right of way or road land width, shoulders, side slopes, formation level, and camber.
The document discusses the planning and design of a road project connecting two locations. It defines key terms like road and modes of transport. It outlines the necessity of road transport for movement of people and goods. The main components of a road project are surveys, preparation of maps, road alignment, and earthworks. It provides details on types of surveys, maps, factors considered for alignment, and earthwork operations and computations. Further, it discusses concepts like road gradient, curves, and design of vertical and summit curves. It also includes a sample design of pavement cross-section.
The document discusses various aspects of railway transportation engineering. It begins by defining zonal railways and noting that India is divided into nine zonal railways, each responsible for management and planning. It then lists advantages of railways such as facilitating mass migration, transport during emergencies, and religious travel. The document also defines various railway terms like gauges, formation, ash pits, and others. It discusses factors influencing gauge selection and describes different types of surveys conducted for new railway lines. Finally, it provides definitions and requirements of key elements of permanent ways like rails, sleepers, ballast and their functions in the railway track system.
The document summarizes the key elements of geometric design of highways. It discusses factors that influence design like design speed, traffic, and terrain. The core elements covered are cross-sectional components like pavement width and slope, sight distances for stopping and overtaking, and horizontal alignment features. Horizontal curves require super elevation to balance the centrifugal force on vehicles as they turn, in order to reduce skidding and risk of overturning. The document provides definitions and design considerations for various geometric aspects of highway engineering.
This document discusses various concepts related to transportation engineering and highway geometric design. It defines key terms like transition curves, horizontal curves, vertical curves, gradient, sight distance, super elevation and camber. It discusses factors that influence highway alignment and geometric design such as terrain, design speed, sight distance requirements. It also provides recommended values of super elevation and camber for different pavement types.
The document discusses various elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It provides guidelines for elements like pavement width, super elevation, horizontal curve radius, and transition curves based on factors such as design speed, terrain, and traffic volume. The key objectives of geometric design elements are to ensure safety, comfort, and efficient traffic flow.
The document discusses the Indian Road Congress (IRC), which is the apex body for highway engineers in India. It was established in 1934 to promote road development in the country. The IRC provides a forum for highway engineers to discuss issues related to road construction and maintenance. It also develops standard specifications and practices. The document then discusses the classification of roads in India according to the IRC into national highways, state highways, major district roads, other district roads and village roads. It provides details on the normal right of way widths for different road classifications and terrains. It also discusses other concepts related to road engineering like formation level, camber, gradients, etc.
Introduction of basic transportation engineeringGhan Shyam
This document discusses road alignment and classification. It defines road alignment as the position of the center line of the highway on the ground. There are two types of alignment: horizontal and vertical. It also lists factors that affect road alignment such as availability of construction materials, obligatory points, grades, crossings, geology, drainage, traffic, land acquisition, economics, and other miscellaneous factors. The document also discusses engineering surveys used in locating highway alignment and classifications of roads based on use, carriageway, pavement surface, location, traffic, and function.
This document discusses junction design and traffic engineering. It defines different types of junctions including intersections and interchanges. Factors that affect junction loads are discussed. The types of movements at junctions like turning, merging, and diverging are also outlined. Conflict points and areas at intersections are explained. Methods to reduce conflicts at four-leg junctions using techniques like channelization are presented. Selection factors for junction types and different types of sight distances at junctions are also summarized. Finally, traffic light design and terminology used in traffic light phasing are covered.
This document contains practice questions from 5 units of the 7th semester Traffic Engineering and Management course for the Anna University November/December 2019 exams. It includes 50 questions on topics like vehicular characteristics, traffic volume studies, types of traffic signals and intersections, channelization, traffic management techniques, and more. The questions range from short definitions and explanations to longer multi-part design and analytical problems. The document is intended as a study guide to help students prepare for the upcoming exams.
The document contains a question bank for the subject Transportation Engineering II with questions related to railway, airport and harbor engineering. It is divided into four units - Railway Planning and Design, Railway Track Construction, Airport Planning and Design, and Airport Layouts, Visual Aids and Air Traffic Control. The questions cover topics like railway gauges and components, factors affecting railway alignment, airport wind rose diagrams, requirements of airport drainage, types of aircraft parking systems, and airport lighting systems. The question bank has been prepared by a student for the Noorul Islam University, Department of Civil Engineering.
This document contains a question bank for the subject Transportation Engineering II covering Railway Engineering, Docks and Harbour Engineering, and Airport Engineering from Noorul Islam University, Kumaracoil Department of Civil Engineering. It includes 20 multiple choice questions related to railway planning, design, track construction, maintenance, and operation. The questions cover topics like advantages of railways, railway gauges, factors affecting gauge selection, railway components like ballast and sleepers, and railway infrastructure elements like points, crossings, and yards.
This document provides an overview of transportation engineering. It defines transportation engineering as a branch of civil engineering involved in planning, designing, operating, and maintaining transportation systems such as roadways, railways, airways and waterways. It then describes different modes of transportation including various types of roads, railways, airports and waterways. For each mode, it discusses their classification, components, advantages and disadvantages. The document aims to introduce the key concepts in transportation engineering.
Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural specification)IJERA Editor
The motive of undertaking this project of “Design & Construction of B.I.T. Driveway (As per rural
specification)” is to study and evaluate the performance in real design and working conditions of the rural road
flexible pavement with IRC:37-2001 and IRC:SP:20-2002. In this paper, the work is carried out to measure the
traffic volume on the top surface of the B.I.T. Driveway. Rural connectivity is taken as one of the major
component in increasing the agricultural output and earning capacity of the rural population. There is a marked
improvement in quality of life by way of better educational facilities, improved health services, improved
attendance by the school teachers as well as students.
Water pollution is any change in water quality that harms living organisms or makes water unsuitable for use. It causes over 14,000 daily deaths worldwide. Pollution can come from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like factories and cities. Increased nutrients cause eutrophication and hypoxia, reducing oxygen levels and harming marine life. Many pollutants accumulate up the food chain. Water quality is measured through tests of bacteria, oxygen levels, and chemical concentrations. Proper management is needed to address this global public health and environmental issue.
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1. The document discusses various topics related to surveying including tacheometry, leveling, and triangulation. It provides definitions and explanations of terms like tacheometer, analytic lens, substance bar, and different tacheometric measurement systems.
2. Examples are given for calculating horizontal and vertical distances using tacheometric observations. The document also includes multi-part problems for determining reduced levels, horizontal distances, and elevations from tacheometric data.
3. Additional surveying concepts covered include permanent and temporary bench marks, arbitrary bench marks, extension of baselines, trigonometric leveling, axis signal corrections, and geodetic surveying. Triangulation methods and terms
The document provides formulas and definitions related to strain energy, statically indeterminate structures, columns, and other strength of materials topics.
1) It defines strain energy as the work done in straining an elastic body, also called resilience. Formulas are given for calculating strain energy due to axial loads, bending, torsion, shear, and more.
2) Statically indeterminate structures are defined as those where forces on members cannot be determined from equilibrium alone. Continuous beams are provided as an example.
3) Columns and struts are defined, and the two types of column failure - crushing and buckling - are explained. Slenderness ratio is defined for relevance to buckling failure in
The document summarizes key concepts related to mechanics of solids, including:
1. Definitions of stress, strain, Hooke's law, shear stress, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and strain energy.
2. Methods for analyzing plane trusses and thin cylindrical shells.
3. Types of beams, loading conditions, shear force and bending moment diagrams.
4. Methods for determining deflection, including double integration, moment area, and Macaulay's method.
Motivation is defined as the driving force that allows humans to achieve their goals. Motivation can be intrinsic, stemming from internal interests or enjoyment, or extrinsic, coming from external rewards or pressures. It is important to define motivation for oneself, as what motivates one person may be different from another. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation from internal enjoyment of a task, whereas extrinsic motivation comes from outside rewards or threats of punishment. The seven rules of motivation are to set major goals with mini-goals, finish what you start, socialize with others of similar interests, learn how to learn independently, harmonize natural talents with motivating interests, increase knowledge in inspiring subjects, and take risks while learning from failures.
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highway engineering
1. CE 1255 Highway Engineering
1. Define central road fund?
On the recornmendation of Jayhawker committee, central
Road fund came into existence on 1st march 1929, Upon the authority
of a resolution adopted by the Indian legislature.
2. Define National Highway Act 1956?
In 1956, National Highway act was passed declaring the
National Highways and empowering the central Govt to declare any
other highway to be NH. This act came into force with effect from
15th April 1957.
m
3. Explain CRRI?
CRRI- The central Road Research Institute Delhi in 1950
co
It is an organ of the council of scientific and industrial research, and
in function include.
4. Write Short notes on Highway Research Board?
N.
This board was set up by I.R.C in 1973 to give proper
direction and guidance to road research work in India.
5. What are classified roads in Nagpur plan?
1. National Highways (NH)
va
2. State Highways (SH)
3. District Roads:
(1) Major district Roads
na
(2) Other district Roads
4. Village roads.
6. Define Express ways?
aa
These roads are of higher, day than National highway. There
are Such roads on which only font moving vehicles like car and
jeeps are classified.
7. What are the modified classification of Road system by Third
M
RDP (1981-2001)
1. Primary System
2. Secondary System
3. Tertiary system
8. What are type of Road patterns?
1. Rectangular (or) Black pattern.
2. Radial (or) Star and black pattern.
9. Write short notes or Nagpur plan (or) Its 20-year Road plan.
The first attempt for proper Scientific planning of roads in
India, Wan made in chief Engineers conference held at Nagpur in 1943.
2. Nagpur conference finalized at 20 years (1943-1963) road development
plan.
10. Write short notes on Second twenty year road plan (1961-81)
A Second road development programmer (1961-81) was finalized
by the chief engineers connected with road development, both at centre
and Staten in a meeting held at Hyde Chad in 1959.
11. What are the fundamental principles of alignment?
1. Length of road should be shortest
2. The Proposed road should form a most economical line.
3. The alignment should provide corny.
12. What are the function which control the selection of alignment?
m
1. Volume and type of traffic
2. Obligatory points
co
3. Canal river (or) railway crossings
4. Geotechnical standard to he adopted
13. Define obligatory point?
highway alignment.
N.
Obligatory point are such points which act to control points in
14.What are special considerations for him road alignment?
1. Stability 2. Drainage 3. Geometric standard 4. Deep writing
va
and heavy fillings should he avoided.
15.What are the varies type of Engineering surveys?
1. Map shady
na
2. Reconnaissance survey
3. Preliminary survey
4. Detailed Survey
aa
16.What are two type of road project?
1. A new highway Project
2. Re-alignment (or) revenging Highway project
17.What are head involved in Highway Geometric?
M
1. Cross Section eleventh like camber, Super elevation
2. Sight distance character sight like stopping sight distance,
overtaking sight distance etc.
3. Honzontal and vertical alignments
18.Define camber?
Traverse slope given to the road surface in called camber. It is
provided mainly to drain off rain water from the road surface.
19.What are the factors deepens on camber?
1. Account of Surface
2. Type ground surface
3. 20.What camber recommended in WBM Road?
Water Bound Macadam road
1 to 33 (3%) 1 in 40 (2.5%).
21. What camber recommended in bihiminour road?
Bihiminour surface 1 in 40 (2.5%) 1 in 50 (2%)
22. What camber recommended in cement concrete Road?
Cement concrete Road 1 in 50 (2%) 1 in 60 (1.7%)
23. What are the different type of camber?
1. parabolic camber
2. Sloped camber
3. Composite camber
m
24. Define carriage way width?
Metal led puce strip of road meant for vehicular traffic
co
movement in called carriage way.
25. Define dual carriageways?
Each portion of the carriageway is reserved for traffic moving in
N.
opposite direction. Such carriage ways are called dual carriageways.
26. What are the width of carriage way in meteor two lane without
raised wert state highways?
State highways 7.0 m
va
27. Write note on high speed barrier herb?
This herb is 23cm to 45cm to height . This herb is mainly used
at initial location such as bridge and hill roads.
na
28. Define formation width?
Formation width is also called road way. It is the sum of
width of carriage way shoulders, and separations it provided
aa
29. Define Right of way:-
Area to the acquired along the road alignment in called right
of way.
30. Define sight distance?
M
Sight distance in the actual length of road over which a driver
sitting at a specified height in a vehicle can see objects either moving
(or) stationary on the road surface.
31. What are classification of sight distance depending upon the
situation?
1. Stopping sight distance
2. Sate overtaking sight distance
3. Sight distance at intersection
32. Define S.S. D?
4. Stopping sight distance is the minimum distance required with
in which a vehicle moving at designed speed can be stopped without
colliding with a stationary object on the road surface.
33. What is the height of driver eye above the road surface?
IRC recommended height of driver eye is 1.22m.
34. Define reaction time:-
It is the time in seconds which a driver can take from the
instant the objects visible to him to the instant the brakes are
effectively applied.
35. Define perception period?
Perception period is the time taken by an average driver to
m
realize a danger a head before actually trying to apply the breaker.
36. Define overtaking sight distance (OSD)
co
The distance visible to the driver of a vehicle intending to
overtake another slow moving vehicle, without causing any
inconvenience (or) possibility of accident to the traffic in the opposite
distance.
37. Define design speed?
N.
direction in called overtaking sight distance (or) safe passing sight
Design speed can be defined as the speed which is permissible
va
for safe and comfortable driving on a given surface of the highway.
38. What are the two effects of centrifugal force?
1. Tendency to overturn the vehicle.
na
2. Tendency to skid the vehicle laterally.
39. Define super elevation?
The outer edge of the road in raised above the inner edge
aa
called super elevation (or) cant (or) banking.
40. What is the elation between super elevation, continuant of friction
and centrifugal force
elf = v2
M
____
127R
e = super elevation whose value is taken an 40 (or) 1/15
f = Lateral frictional coefficient whose value in
R = Radian of curve in metros .
g = 9.8
V = speed of vehicle in m/sec.
5. 41. What is the maximum rules of super elevation ?
v2
e = ----
225R
This formula assumer that centrifugal force corresponding to 75% of
the designed speed is balanced by super elevation and the next winter
acted by the side friction.
42. Define horizontal curve?
It is a curve in plan to provide change in the direction of the
central time by the road surface.
m
43. What are the factors attesting the design of curve?
1. Design speed of the vehicle
co
2. Allowable friction
3. Maximum allowable super elevation.
4. Permissible centrifugal ration.
44. Define vertical curve? N.
It is a curve in the longitudinal section of a highway to
provide a easy change of the gradient.
45. What are curve used in a highway.
va
1. Circular curve
2. Transition curve
3. Parabolic curve
na
46. What is the value of radian of the simple curve?
R= 1720m app
47. Define compound curve?
aa
A compound curve currish of a serial of hoot (or) more
simple curve that run in the same direction and joint at common
tangent point.
48.Define Reverse curve?
M
A reverse curve consist of two simple curve opposite direction
that point at the common tangent point. This common point in
called the point of reverse curve
49. What are the types of transition curve?
1. True spiral (or clothed.
2. cubic spiral.
3. cubic parabolic.
4. Lemniscate’s.
50. What are characteristics of Transition curve?
1. It should meet the straight path tangentially
6. 2. It should meet the circular curve tangentially
51. What is the equation of a spiral transition curve?
Ls = m √ Q
Where m = √2RL = a constant
Q = tangent of deflection angle in radians
52. How many methods to determine the length of transition curve?
(1) By the rate of charge of radial acceleration
(2) By empirical formula
53 . Define gradient?
It is the rate of rise (or) fall of road level along if length
54. What are the factors governs the gradient?
m
(1) characteristics – of the traffic.
(2) Physical factors of the site such a drainage, safety,
co
(3) Bridge, approach Road and railway Line intersection etc.
55. What are different types of gradient?
1. Maximum gradient
2. Puling gradient
3. Limiting gradient
4. Exceptional gradient
N.
56. What are the driaclvantager of Exceptional gradient?
va
1. More fuel consumption
2. More friction losses
3. Efficiency of engine reducer
na
4. Early fatigue to animals.
57. What are the hyper of vertical curve?
1. Summit curve
aa
2. Valley curve
58. what is the minimum Radian of vertical curve?
The minimum ration of the curve is given by
M
L
R = ---
Q
59. What is the length of valley curve?
L= 0.38 (NV 3) ½
L = Total Length of valley curve
N = Deviation angle
v = Design speed in triumph
60.What are the materials required for W.B.M roads?
1. Coarse aqqregate.
2. Screenings.
7. 3. Filler materials
61. What are type of bituminous road?
1. Surface dressing
2. Bituminous bound macadam
62. Define seal coat?
Premised snail bitumen (or) surface dressing type seal coat is
applied either immediately (or) after a few days.
63. What are method adopted consummation of cement concrete
pavement?
1. Cement grout method
2. Rolled concrete method.
m
3. cement connate slab method
64. What types of join provided in cement concrete pavements?
co
1. Expansion joint
2. Contraction joint
3. warping joint.
1. Soft wood
2. Impregnated fiber board
N.
65. What material used as joint Filler?
3. Cork (or) cork bound with bitumen
va
4. Coir fiber
66. What mate rich used an joint sealer?
1. Birdmen
na
2. Rubén bitumen
67. Write short notes on Hair pin bend?
A hair pin bend should he located on the hill side
aa
having the minimum slope and maximum stability It should be sate
against land slide and ground water. Hair pin bends with long arms
and further spacing should he provided.
68. What are the methods of pavement?
M
1. Flexible pavement
2. Rigid pavement
69. what are the component of a fallible pavement?
1, Soil sub grade
2. sub base course
3. Base course
4. Wearing course
70. Define sub grade?
The soil sub grade in a layer of natural soil prepared to
receive the other lays of the pavement.
8. 71. What properties posses soil sub grade?
a, strength
b, Drainage
c. Ease of compaction
d, permanency of compaction etc.
72.. What are tests conducted the strength properties of the sub
grade?
1. California bearing ratio tests
2. California resistance value test
3. Plate bearing test
4. Trysail shear test
m
73. Define bone course?
It is the foundation layer, designed for the structural stability
co
The main function of the bare course in edible pavements is to
improve the load supporting capacity by distributing the load through
a finite ethicalness’.
74. Define leaving course ? N.
It is that component of pavement with which the wheels of vehicular
are in archival contain.
75. What are the factors attaching stability of pavement?
va
a. Traffic factors.
b. Mosher factors.
c. Climatic factors.
na
d. Soil factors
e. Stets dissipation factors.
76. Define contact presume?
aa
Contact presume = loud on wheel
____________
contact area
77. Define Rigidity factor?
M
Rigidity factor = contact presume
_____________
Type presume
78. What is ESUL?
Equivalent Single Used Load
79. What understand by Repetition of load?
The repeated loading may produce permanent and non uniform
deformation of sub grade.
80. What are the causes of increase in moisture?
9. 1. Percolation of surface water through Erath in the pavement
surface.
2. Entry of water through edger of the pavement
3. Seepage
4. Capillary rise from high water table
81. What is meaning of frost heave?
The terms frost heave return to rising up of the pavement
portion.
82. What method is used for strengthening of flexible pavement?
Benkelman Beam Reflection method.
83. What is the basic principle of Benkelman Beam deflection
m
method?
The deflection method is based on the concept that pavement
co
section which have been conditioned by traffic elastically under a
load.
84. What are the factor considered deformation under a given load?
1. sub grade soil type N.
2. Soil mousier content and its compaction
3. Thickness of pavement layers
4. Drainage conditions.
va
85. What are factors causing stressor in slab?
1. used loads
2. cyclic changer in temperature
na
3. Changes in moisture
4. Volumetric changer in bare course.
86. Define hand aggregator give example?
aa
Hand aggregator are used to resist crushing effect and adverse
weather effect (ex) granite trap
87. What is the user of soft aggregator ?
They can also be used in lower layer of good type of roads. Soft
M
aggregator are usable in low cost road.
88. What are the proportion of aggregator?
1. Strength 2.Hardness 3. Toughens 4. Sound ness
5, shape of aggregate 6. Bushmen adhesion properly
7. cementations
89. What are test for Road aggregator?
1. Abrasion test
2. Lost angler abrasion test
90. Define Elongation index?
10. This test is also suitable for aggregate of size greater than
6.3mm and is carried our in the same way a how been explained
in flakiness index
91. What are the proportion of bihiminour material
1. consistency
2. Durability
92. What are test of bitumen?
1. Generation test
2. Ductility test
3. Solubility test
93. What are different grade of bitumen?
m
30/40, 80/100 , 60/70
94. Define emulsion?
co
Emulsion is a combination of water bitumen and an
emulsifying agent.
95. What are test for bitumen emulsion?
1. Sieve test
2. Mining test
N.
96. What are general causer of pavement failure?
1. Faulty material of commotion
va
2. Faulty construction and improper quality control during
construction.
97. What are typical failover of flexible pavement?
na
1. Shear failure
2. Longitudinal cracks.
98. What are typical failure of cement concrete pavements?
aa
1. mud pumping 2. spelling of join
99. what are the classification of maintenance?
1. Routine maintenance (0r) repairs
2. Periodic maintenance
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3. Special repairs.
100. What are two methods of pavements evaluation?
1. Structural evaluation of pavement
2. Evaluation of pavement surface conditions.