The document discusses the planning and design of a road project connecting two locations. It defines key terms like road and modes of transport. It outlines the necessity of road transport for movement of people and goods. The main components of a road project are surveys, preparation of maps, road alignment, and earthworks. It provides details on types of surveys, maps, factors considered for alignment, and earthwork operations and computations. Further, it discusses concepts like road gradient, curves, and design of vertical and summit curves. It also includes a sample design of pavement cross-section.

1. PROJECT

2. INTRODUCTION
 “ROAD” is defined as a formed path suitable for use by all
forms of non-guided vehicular transport.
 ROAD TRANSPORT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON
MODES OF TRANSPORT.
 A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or
more places. It can vary from the most fundamental of formed
tracks through remote territory to multi-lane, high-speed.
 Users of road include buses,trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and
pedestrians. motorways through, or linking cities.

3. NECESSITY OF ROAD
TRANSPORT
 It facilitates the movement of men and material from one place
to another.
 The road connecting Tergaon and Madnalli is now inadequate
for the rapidly growing population. Thus, an
improved,widened road is the need of the hour.
 Educational and cultural contact can be maintained with each
other.
 It helps in the growth of trade and other economic activities in
and outside the villages and towns.
 Strategic movement in case of emergency for defense,health
issues as well as peace time is necessary.

4. ROAD PROJECT
 Road project deals with the planning, designing and
construction of a new road, connecting two terminus
points or a town with an existing road. The road project
consists of:
 I) Survey,
 II) Preparation of maps.
 III) Road alignment.
 IV) Earthwork.

5. 1) SURVEY
To determine the location of a proposed road and to
collect the required data, the following road surveys are
withheld.
 Reconnaissance survey.
 Preliminary survey.
 Final location survey.
 Construction survey.

6. 2) PREPARATION OF MAPS
 Topographical maps.
 Proposed plans
 Agricultural and industrial maps
 Population maps.

7. 3) ROAD ALIGNMENT
 The route, along which the center line of a road is located
in the plan, is called Road Alignment.
The following points should be kept in mind while
aligning a road.
 It should ensure easy gradients and smooth curves.
 The alignment should be as short and straight as possible.
 There should be minimum cutting and banking.

8. 4) EARTHWORK
 Earthworks can be defined as all the operations invo
lved in the loosening, removing and depositing of
earth, soil and rock.
The principal earthworks operations are :-
 Stripping vegetation and topsoil
 Loosening material in cutting and borrow pits
 Excavating material
 Loading material from cuts etc. and hauling to fills or to
spoil

9. EARTHWORK
COMPUTATIONS
1)AREA BY RESOLUTION
 ₌
Where:
 s = one half of the perimeter of the triangle,
2) AREA BY FORMULA.
3) IRREGULAR SECTION METHOD

10. ROAD GRADIENT
Gradient of a road mainly depends on:
 Nature of traffic.
 Nature of ground.
 Rainfall of the locality.

11. CURVES
 Curves are provided whenever a road changes its
direction from right to left or (vice versa) or change its
alignment from up to down or (vice versa). Curves are a
critical element in the pavement design
 TYPES OF CURVES
 Horizontal curves
 Vertical curves

12. HORIZONTAL CURVES:
 Simple curve
 Compound curve
 Transition curve
 Reverse curve
VERTICAL CURVES:
 Sag curve
 Crest curve

13. CH PT

16. COMPUTATION

17. CHA
INA
GE
RL
FORM
ATIO
N
LEVE
L
Dept
h of
Fill
Dept
h of
CUT
Mean
depth
of fill
Area of
fill
Mean
Dept
h of
Cut
Area
of cut
Lengt
h
Volume
Of Fill
Volume
Of Cut

18. CROSS SECTIONS

19. DESIGN
OF
CURVES

20. DESIGN OF VERTICAL CURVE
Velocity, V=50kmph or v=13.89m/s
Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f=0.37
Reaction time as per IRC t=2.5s
Stopping Sight Distance SSD=vt + v2/2gf
=0.278Vt + (V2/254f)
SSD=61.35m
Intermediate Sight Distance ISD=2*SSD
=122.70m
Overtaking Sight Distance OSD=vbt+vbT+2s+vT
=0.278Vbt+0.278Vb+2s+.0278VT
Where Vb=V-16kmph
S=0.2Vb+6=12.8m
For V=50kmph, A=4kmph/s
T=√(14.4s/A)
=6.79sec
OSD= 207.74m
For 1st stretch i.e. at 185m chainage
n1=1in50
n2=1in60
N=n1-(-n2)
=1/50+1/60
=0.0367

21. DESIGN OF SUMMIT CURVE
For SSD, Considering L>SSD
L=NS2/4.4
=0.0365*61.352/4.4
=31.39m<SSD
Now L<SSD,
L=2S-4.4/N
=2*61.35-4.4/.0365
=2.81m
Now Considering OSD, L>OSD
L=NS2/9.6
=0.0365*207.752/9.6
=164.98m<OSD
For L<OSD
L=2S-9.6/N
=2*207.75-9.6/.0365
=153.89m
Provide Length of SUMMIT CURVE= 157m

22. DESIGN OF VALLEY CURVE
At chainage 1140m
n1=1in50
n2=1in30
N=-n1-n2
=-1/50-1/30
=-0.053
When L>SSD,
Length of Valley Curve L=NS2/(2h1+2Stanα)
Where h1=average height of light beam=0.75m
α=beam angle=1ͦ
L=NS2/(1.5+.035S)
L=0.053*61.352/(1.5+0.035*61.35)
=55.04m<SSD
Now L<SSD
L=2S-(1.5+0.035S)/N
=2*61.35-(1.5+0.035*61.35)/0.053
=53.88m
Provide Length of VALLEY CURVE L=55m

23. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT CROSS SECTION
Providing the Camber of 1in50
A = P (1+r)n+10
D = 200
n = 3
r = 8%
A = 200(1+0.08)13
A =544
Curve E = 330mm
For 330mm = 1 MSA
For 1 MSA
Total thickness = 375mm
Wearing curve = 20mm
Granular base = 225mm