India has one of the largest road networks in the world spanning over 4.6 million kilometers. The network consists of national highways, state highways, major district roads, and rural roads. While India has made significant improvements in expanding and modernizing its road infrastructure in recent decades, issues around maintenance, expansion, safety, and congestion persist due to the large size and usage of the network. Future plans aim to continue enhancing the network through the addition of more expressways and improving rural connectivity.
Inland Water Transportation is an inter-modal transportation for moving goods and passengers.
There are 14,500 km of navigable waterways in India. Out of these, about 5,700 km is navigable by mechanized vessels.
Share of IWT in transportation in India is far lower as compared with many other countries which have exploited the benefits of IWT.
The IWT modal share in Netherlands is 42%, France 15%, Hungary 15%, Germany 14%, Belgium 13% and in US 15%.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. Its headquarters is located in Noida, UP. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration.
National Waterways come under purview of Central Government and Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), whereas other waterways are under the control of the state governments.
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
Inland Water Transportation is an inter-modal transportation for moving goods and passengers.
There are 14,500 km of navigable waterways in India. Out of these, about 5,700 km is navigable by mechanized vessels.
Share of IWT in transportation in India is far lower as compared with many other countries which have exploited the benefits of IWT.
The IWT modal share in Netherlands is 42%, France 15%, Hungary 15%, Germany 14%, Belgium 13% and in US 15%.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge of the waterways in India. Its headquarters is located in Noida, UP. It does the function of building the necessary infrastructure in these waterways, surveying the economic feasibility of new projects and also administration.
National Waterways come under purview of Central Government and Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), whereas other waterways are under the control of the state governments.
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
A Security Model for Virtual Infrastructure in the CloudEditor IJCATR
Accordin to easily manage cloud computing, flexibility and powerful resources on space, provide great potential for
improving cost efficiency. Cloud computin capabilities through the efficient use of shared hardware resources increases. Properties
mentioned above, incentive agencies and other users of their programs and sevices in this space with a series with a series of threats
and risks are also met.
This ensures higher accuracy virtualization and cloud infrastrure components of the virtual machines is. In this regard, particularly for
initial design thesis developed a new model called cloud protectionsystem, it is suggested and shown that the proposed model, can
increase supply security in the cloud. And packets received by sources and do not be discarded. How to test this architecture, in terms
of effectiveness and efficiency in the fight against offensive attacks mentioned above, partly expressed and tools for simulating and
measuring the efficiency of the system may be useful, recommended.
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Abstract Traffic congestion on city road networks is one of the main issues to be addressed by today’s traffic management schemes. The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using edge detection technique, object counting method and queue length estimation to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others. Using image-processing operations to calculate traffic density is cost effective as cameras are cheaper and affordable devices compared to any other devices such as sensors. Keywords: Edge detection, Object counting, vehicle queue length, traffic management, image processing.
this is the PPT created on the chapter 'lifelines of Indian economy'. Me and some of my friends created the slide we are of kendriya Vidyalaya Aurangabad. i hope you will enjoy this ppt...........best of luck.......
The Delhi Mumbai Expressway, a brilliant government initiative, would link India's two largest financial centers, the national capital of New Delhi and Mumbai, the country's commercial heartland.
India’s largest highway project -The Golden Quadrilateral projectSuresh Mandal
India’s largest highway project -The Golden Quadrilateral project
Posted on February 15, 2023
“The Golden Quadrilateral project, India’s largest highway project, was launched in 2001 as part of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP).”
The Golden Quadrilateral is a highway network that connects India’s four major metropolitan cities, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, forming a quadrilateral. The Golden Quadrilateral project, India’s largest highway project, was launched in 2001 as part of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP).
The Golden Quadrilateral and the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) are ongoing initiatives aimed at improving India’s road infrastructure. Some future plans for these projects include:
Completion of the remaining stretches: While most sections of the Golden Quadrilateral and the NHDP have been completed, there are still some sections that need to be finished. The government plans to complete these remaining stretches to ensure seamless connectivity across the country.
Upgradation and expansion: To keep up with the increasing traffic and freight movement, the government plans to upgrade and expand the existing highways. This includes widening the existing highways, building new bypasses, and constructing more lanes.
Use of technology: The government plans to use technology to improve road safety and traffic management. This includes the use of intelligent transportation systems, electronic toll collection, and real-time traffic monitoring systems.
Green initiatives: The government plans to incorporate green initiatives in the construction and maintenance of highways. This includes the use of eco-friendly materials and practices, and promoting the use of electric and hybrid vehicles.
New corridors: The government is also considering the development of new corridors to further improve connectivity. One such corridor is the Bharatmala Pariyojana, which aims to build new highways and expressways across the country.
The quadrilateral is 5,846 kilometres long in total, with four and six lane express highways. The project was estimated to cost Rs600 billion ($13.2 billion), but it was completed for roughly half that amount, at Rs308.58 billion. By January 2012, the entire length of the quadrilateral was operational.
For a large country like India to maintain national integration and socioeconomic development, an efficient road network is essential. The National Highway Authority of India maintains a large network of highways in India (NHAI).
These highways account for only 2% of total road infrastructure in the country, but they carry 40% of total national traffic.
The Cities which will get linked by the highway
Phase one of the NHDP is the Golden Quadrilateral highway network project. It connects major Indian cities such as New Delhi, Jaipur (Rajasthan), Gandhinagar (Gujarat), Mumbai and Pune (Maharashtra), Bangalore (Karnataka), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Visakhapatnam (Andhra Prades
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. INTRODUCTION
India has a road network of over
4,689,842 kilometres (2,914,133 mi) in
2013, the second largest road network in
the world.
At 0.66 km of roads per square kilometre
of land, the quantitative density of India's
road network is similar to that of the
United States (0.65) and far higher than
that of China (0.16) or Brazil (0.20).
3. The roads are primarily made of bitumen,
with some Indian National Highways
having concrete roads.
The concept of expressway roads is also
catching up in India, and the Mumbai-Pune
expressway and Delhi Gurgaon
expressway are the finest examples
4. HISTORY
The first evidence of road development in
the Indian subcontinent can be traced back
to approximately 2800 BC from the ancient
cities of Harrapa and Mohenjodaro of the
IndusValley Civilization.
The Grand Trunk Road was built by Sher
Shah Suri in 1540-45 connecting Sonargaon
near Dhaka in Bangladesh with Peshawar in
modern-day Pakistan linking several cities
from in India.
5. India inherited a poor road network
infrastructure at the time of its
independence in 1947. Beyond that,
between 1947 and 1988, India witnessed
no new major projects, and the roads
were poorly maintained. Predominantly all
roads were single lane, and most were
unpaved. India had no expressways, and
less than 200 kilometers of 4-lane
highways.
6. In 1988, an autonomous entity called the
National Highways Authority of India was
established in India by an Act of
Parliament, and came into existence on 15
June 1989
7. OVERVIEW
Road transport is vital to India's economy.
It enables the country's transportation
sector to contribute 4.7 percent towards
India’s gross domestic product, in
comparison to railways that contributed 1
percent, in 2009–2010.
India's road network carries over 65
percent of its freight and about 85
percent of passenger traffic.
8. Indian road network is administered by
various government authorities, given India's
federal form of government.The table below
describes the regulating bodies.
Road
classification
Authority responsible Total kilometres (as
of 2011)
National
Highways
Ministry of RoadTransport &
Highways (Central
government)
92,851
State Highways State governments (state's
public works department)
1,63,898
Major and other
district roads
Local governments, panchayats
and municipalities
17,05,706
Rural roads Local governments, panchayats
and municipalities
27,49,805
9. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS IN INDIA
The National Highways are the principal
highways moving across the length and
breadth of the nation, joining important
harbours, big commercial and tourism hubs,
state capitals, and so on.
National Highways in the country are
represented as NH and then the highway
number comes after it.
The national highway network in India is
supervised by the Ministry of State for
SurfaceTransport.
10. The public works departments of various
states look after the state roads and state
highways.
The state and union governments have
common responsibilities for constructing
thoroughfares and sustaining the
roadways in the country.
Indian national highways are further
classified based on the width of
carriageway of the highway.
11. As of March 2012, India had completed and
placed in use the following newly built
highways:
5,846 kilometers of its 4-lane Golden
Quadrilateral highway,
6,310 kilometres of its 4-lane North–South
and East–West Corridor highway,
353 kilometres of 4-lane port connectivity
highways,
4,553 kilometres of 4-lane inter-capital
highways,
961 kilometres of 4-lane bypass and other
national highways.
13. EXPRESSWAYS
Expressways make up approximately
1,208 km (751 mi) of India's road network,
as of 2013.
These high-speed roads are four-lane or six-
lane, predominantly access controlled
The 165 kilometerYamuna Expressway,
India's longest six-laned controlled-access
opened on 9 August 2012.
The government has drawn up a target to
lay 18,637 kilometre network of brand new
expressways by 2022
14. Name Distance State(s)
AhmedabadVadodara Expressway[3] 95 km (59.0 mi) Gujarat
Allahabad Bypass Expressway[4] 86 km (53.4 mi) Uttar Pradesh
Ambala Chandigarh Expressway[5] 35 km (21.7 mi) Punjab, Haryana
Belghoria Expressway[6] 8 km (5.0 mi) West Bengal
Chennai Bypass[7] 32 km (19.9 mi) Tamil Nadu
Chennai HSCTC[8] 107 km (66.5 mi) Tamil Nadu
Coimbatore Bypass[9] 28 km (17.4 mi) Tamil Nadu
Delhi Faridabad Skyway[11][12] 4.4 km (2.7 mi) National Capital Region
Delhi Noida Direct Flyway[13] 9.2 km (5.7 mi) National Capital Region
Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway[10] 27.7 km (17.2 mi) National Capital Region
Durgapur Expressway[14][15] 65 km (40.4 mi) West Bengal
Hosur Road Elevated Expressway[19] 9.9 km (6.2 mi) Karnataka
Hyderabad Elevated
Expressways[20][21] 11.6 km (7.2 mi) Telangana
Hyderabad ORR[23] 158 km (98.2 mi) Telangana
Jaipur Elevated Road[24] 8 km (5.0 mi) Rajasthan
Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway[25] 90 km (55.9 mi) Rajasthan
Kona Expressway[26] 8 km (5.0 mi) West Bengal
Mumbai Eastern Freeway[16][17][18] 16.8 km (10.44 mi) Maharashtra
Mumbai Pune Expressway[22] 94.5 km (58.7 mi) Maharashtra
Noida-Greater Noida Expressway[27] 24.5 km (15.2 mi) Uttar Pradesh
Panipat Elevated Expressway[28] 10 km (6.2 mi) Haryana
Raipur-Bhilai-Durg Expressway[29] 26 km (16.2 mi) Chhattisgarh
Yamuna Expressway[30][31] 165 km (102.5 mi) Uttar Pradesh
LIST OF EXPRESSWAYS
15. Name Distance State
Agra-Lucknow Expressway[32] 301 km (187.0 mi) Uttar Pradesh
Amaravathi Outer Ring road[33] 220 km (136.7 mi) Andhra Pradesh
Biju Expressway[34] 650 km (403.9 mi) Odisha
Bamroli-Althan Expressway[35] 12 km (7.5 mi) Gujarat
Bangalore-Chennai Expressway[36] 240 km (149.1 mi) Karnataka,Tamil Nadu
Bangalore-Mysore Infrastructure
Corridor[37] 111 km (69.0 mi) Karnataka
Chennai Elevated Expressways[38] Tamil Nadu
Chennai ORR[39] 62.3 km (38.7 mi) Tamil Nadu
Chennai Port-Maduravoyal Expressway[40] 19 km (11.8 mi) Tamil Nadu
Delhi Eastern Peripheral Expressway[41] 135.6 km (84.3 mi) National Capital Region
Delhi-Meerut Expressway[42] 150 km (93.2 mi) National Capital Region
DelhiWestern Peripheral Expressway[43] 135.6 km (84.3 mi) National Capital Region
Ganga Expressway[44][45] 1,047 km (650.6 mi) Uttar Pradesh
Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway[46] 800 km (497.1 mi) Maharashtra
Mumbai-Nashik Expressway[47][48] 150 km (93.2 mi) Maharashtra
Mumbai-Vadodara Expressway[49] 380 km (236.1 mi) Maharashtra, Gujarat
MumbaiWestern Freeway[50] 25.3 km (15.7 mi) Maharashtra
Shimla-Chandigarh Expressway[51] 120 km (74.6 mi) Punjab, Himachal Pradesh
Sion-Panvel Expressway[52] 25 km (15.5 mi) Maharashtra
Udhampur-Jammu highway[53] 64 km (39.8 mi) Jammu and Kashmir
Upper Ganga Canal Expressway[54][55] 150 km (93.2 mi) Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand
List of Expressways – Under Construction
16. STATE HIGHWAYS
State Governments have the authority
and responsibility to build road networks
and state highways.
State governments have been
implementing a number of state highway
projects since 2000. By 2010, state
highway projects worth $1.7 billion had
been completed, and an additional $11.4
billion worth of projects were under
implementation.
17. The State Highways provide linkages with
the National Highways, district
headquarters, important towns, tourist
centers and minor ports and carry the
traffic along major centers within the
state.
Their total length is about 137,712 km
18. MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS
These are important roads within a
district connecting areas of production
with markets and connecting these with
each other or with the State Highways &
National Highways. It also connectsTaluka
headquarters and rural areas to District
headquarters within the state.
19. RURAL ROADS
The rural roads in India forms a
substantial portion of the Indian road
network.
These roads are in poor shape, affecting
the rural population's quality of life and
Indian farmer's ability to transfer produce
to market post-harvest.
Over 30 percent of Indian farmer's
harvest spoils post-harvest because of the
poor infrastructure.
20. For the development of these rural roads,
Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana (or
"Prime Minister Rural Roads Scheme"), was
launched in December 2000 by the Indian
government to provide connectivity to
unconnected rural habitations.
In some parts of India, where the
government has attempted to manage it
directly as a local social spending program,
this program has produced limited results
and no lasting change over 10 years, in either
the quality or quantity of rural road
network.
21. Rural road network in India,
trends over 10 years
Kilometers
in 2001
Kilometers
as of May
2011
Kilometers
under
construction in
2011
Total rural roads 2.7 million 3.1 million 0.1 million
Paved, not maintained
rural roads
0.5 million
Unpaved rural roads 2.2 million 1.9 million
Paved, maintained rural
roads
728,871 53,634
New rural roads 322,900 82,743
22. ISSUES
The main roads in India are under huge
pressure and in great need of modernisation
in order to handle the increased
requirements of the Indian economy.
In addition to maintenance, the expansion of
the network and widening of existing roads
is becoming increasingly important.This
would then enable the roads to handle
increased traffic, and also allow for a
corresponding increase in the average
movement speed on India's roads.
23. The World Health Organization compilation
of road network safety data for major
economies found India to have the highest
number of road fatalities in the World, with
105,000 road-accident caused deaths in 2006
The low road densities per 1000 people has
created significant congestion and slow
speeds on existing roads inside cities.
Because of the congestion, the fuel efficiency
of the vehicles in India is very low.This
increases the overall fuel consumption per
equivalent kilometer travelled, besides
resulting in heavy pollution since the engines
run very inefficiently at such low speeds.
24. Efforts in India to address
issues related to road network
India's recent efforts to build modern highways and
improve its road network has made a significant
difference in trucking logistics.According to DHL, a
global logistics company, the average time to truck
shipments from New Delhi to Bengaluru (Bangalore),
a 2000+ kilometre journey, had dropped in 2008, to
about five days
By 2010, the average time to complete a road trip
from New Delhi to Mumbai, a 1400+ kilometer
journey, had dropped to about 35 hours. In contrast, a
similar journey takes about half the time in China, and
one third in European Union countries.
25. In a 2010 report, KPMG – one of the world's largest
audit and advisory services company – noted marked
improvements in Indian road network and logistics
efficiencies in recent years.[45] The report also
identified the competitive challenges faced by India.
Some findings of this report include:
The average road speed in India has increased to 30–
40 kilometers per hour.The worldwide average road
speed, which includes China, ranges between 60–80
kilometers per hour.
Four lane road network in India has increased to
7,000 kilometers. China, in comparison, has 34,000
kilometers of equivalent quality four lane roads.
Average surface freight costs have dropped to
US$0.07 per kilometer. Japan, in comparison, has
average surface freight costs of US$0.037 per
kilometer.
26. The KPMG report also notes that India's
road network logistics and transportation
bottlenecks hinder its GDP growth by
one to two percent (US$16 billion –
US$32 billion). In India's 2010 per capita
income basis, this is equivalent to a loss of
about 10 million new jobs every year.
The planned addition of over 12,000
kilometers of expressways in the next 10
years may help address some of such
issues.