determinate and indeterminate structuresvempatishiva
This topic I am uploading here contains some basic topics in structural analysis which includes types of supports, reactions for different support conditions, determinate and indeterminate structures, static and kinematic indeterminacy,external and internal static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy for beams, frames, trusses.
need of finding indeterminacy, different methods available to formulate equations to solve unknowns.
Truss is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.
a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
determinate and indeterminate structuresvempatishiva
This topic I am uploading here contains some basic topics in structural analysis which includes types of supports, reactions for different support conditions, determinate and indeterminate structures, static and kinematic indeterminacy,external and internal static indeterminacy, kinematic indeterminacy for beams, frames, trusses.
need of finding indeterminacy, different methods available to formulate equations to solve unknowns.
Truss is a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.
a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016: chapter 9.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller: chapter 11.
This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response. Most buildings, however, have higher modes of response, which are uniquely activated during earthquakes. The figure just shows the second mode, but there are higher 'shimmy' (abnormal vibration) modes. Nevertheless, the first and second modes tend to cause the most damage in most cases.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
Use of Sandwich construction for an aircraft struct ural component is very common to the present day. O ne of the primary requirements of aerospace structural materials is t hat they should have low density,very stiff and st rong. Sandwich panels are thin-walled structures fabricated from two flat sheets separate d by a low density core. We have investigated here is of aluminium honeycomb structure because of excellent crush strength and fatigue res istance. Sandwich panels have a very high stiffness to weight ratio with respect equivalent solid plate because of low density core. FEA modeling is developed by consideration of rota ry inertia. The free vibration analysis of sandwich panels is studied . Four noded isoparametric shell element is used for FEA. The effects of sandwich design parameters,such as face thickness,core thickness and pitch,on the global bending and vibration resp onses are determined. Convergence study is also included for high accuracy of the res ults. Analytical results are based on classical ben ding theory. Mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies are studied for s imply supported sandwich panel and cantilever condi tion.
Arch is a curved structure designed to carry loads across a gap mainly by compression. The mechanical principle of the arch is precisely the same as that of the portal frame. The straight pieces of material joined by sharp bends are smoothed into a continuous curve. This increases the cost of construction but greatly reduces the stresses.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
CE- 416 Truss & Frame
1. Presented To
Sabreena Nasrin
B.Sc. Engg. (Civil), BUET
Lecturer at Ahsanullah University of
Science & Technology
Presented By
Md. Neshar Ahmed
Student ID: 10.01.03.151
4th Year, 2nd semester
&
Munshi Galib Muktadir
B.Sc. Engg. (Civil), BUET
Lecturer at Ahsanullah University of
Science & Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science &
Technology
2. A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined
together at their end points. Planar trusses lie in a single plane.
Typically a truss is a joint framed structure which is designed to
sustain inclined, vertical or horizontal loads occurring at or
between its points of supports and has the following
characteristics:
Straight Members
Members connected at their
intersections by means of frictionless
pins or hinges
Members so arranged that the truss is
loaded only at the joints
Typical figure of Truss & Frames
3.
4. Pitched Truss- Characterized by its triangular shape.
It is most often used for roof construction.
Parallel Chord Truss- Its named from its parallel top
and bottom chords. It is often used for roof
construction.
5. Flat Truss
Queen Post Truss
King Post Truss
Lenticular Truss
Bowstring Truss
Lattice Truss
6.
7.
8.
9. The analysis of trusses is usually based on the following
simplifying assumptions:
The centroidal axis of each member coincides with the line connecting
the centers of the adjacent members and the members only carry axial
force.
All members are connected only at their ends by frictionless hinges in
plane trusses.
All loads and support reactions are applied only at the joints.
10. Method of Joints
Method of Joints: The axial forces in the members of a statically
determinate truss are determined by considering the equilibrium of its
joints.
Tensile(T) axial member force is indicated on the joint by
an arrow pulling away from the joint.
Compressive(C) axial member force is indicated by an
arrow pushing toward the joint.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. Effect of tension vs. compression on member sizes
Potential for stress reversal
Potential buckling failure modes and approaches to preventing
Overall lateral stability (lateral- torsional buckling)
Member redundancy: Determinate vs. Indeterminate Trusses
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. Truss Determinacy Formula
n = 2j – 3 →for determinacy
„ n = Number of truss bars
„ j = Number of joints
n > 2j -3 →indeterminate
n < 2j -3 →unstable
24. Multi forced members are generally known as Frames.
Frames are commonly used to support various external
loads.
Figure of Frames
25. Advantageous features of Framed
structure
1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry –consist of only columns
and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the main structural elements
2. Very rigid and stable –able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) and
lateral loads (wind)
3. Reduced dead load –absent of thick shear wall etc.
4. Roofed over at an earlier stage –every floor slab being finished becomes an
cover to protect the lower floors from sun and rain
5. Offer large unobstructed floor areas –without obstacle between columns
6. Flexible utilization of space
26. Advantages features of Framed structure
(continued)
7. Adaptable to almost any shape
8. Easily altered within limits of frame –regular or non-regular grid system is
very adaptable in spatial arrangement
9. Offsite preparation possible –especially for prefabricated construction
using pre-cast concrete or structural steel elements
10. May be designed to accommodate movement
11. Acceptable distribution of natural light –window openings can be
provided easily on eternal walls
12. Easy to design structurally including computer design –again, due to
simple geometry
27. Principle factors affecting choice of frame
Structural Design consideration
Foundation consideration
Standardization of members or design
Span and floor loads
Fire resistance requirement
Maintenance consideration
Integration of architectural & structural elements
28. Features of In-situ concrete frame construction
Construction aspects
1. In-situ concrete is inconsistent in quality in performance -mixing,
delivery, placing and compacting of concrete require very tight quality
control
2. Overlapping formwork, steel fixing and concreting process make site
operations more difficult –these works are to be done almost at the
same time at the same location
3. Formwork erection is often timely, expensive, environmental
unfriendly and labour intensive
4. Increase a lot of wet-work –difficult to maintain site
in a clean and tidy environment
29. Draw the FBD of the frame or machine and its
members as necessary.
Then identify any two-forced members
For a joint with more than two members or an
external force, it is advisable to draw a FBD of
the pin.
31. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUSSES AND FRAMES
Trusses
Frames
Members are subjected
to tension/compression
only
At least one member is
subjected to bending,
shear or torsion
Composed of rods
Composed of bars
Usually more simple to
calculate, more weight
effective
Usually more simple to
manufacture, and to
place in tight layout
34. Cost Effective
Can be installed quickly even without heavy
equipment to lift it into place
Unique properties of a triangular object allow trusses
to span across longer distances
A triangular truss maintains its shape, preventing shift
and sag. Thus giving stability to the structure.
The shape of a triangle allows all of the weight applied
to the sides to be redistributed down and away from
the centre.