This document discusses modal analysis of composite sandwich panels through finite element modeling. A CAD model of a composite sandwich panel with an aluminum honeycomb core and composite face sheets is created and meshed. Material properties are applied to the different components. Free vibration analysis is conducted and the first three natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained for simply supported and cantilever boundary conditions. The finite element results are compared to analytical calculations for the cantilever case, showing good agreement with errors under 9% for the first two modes. In conclusion, the natural frequencies of the composite sandwich panel are calculated for different boundary conditions through finite element analysis.
Stress in Bar of Uniformly Tapering Rectangular Cross Section | Mechanical En...Transweb Global Inc
This document summarizes stress in a bar with a uniformly tapering rectangular cross section. It defines the width of the larger and smaller ends (b1 and b2), length (L), thickness (t), and modulus of elasticity (E). It describes how to calculate the cross-sectional area (A) as a function of position (x), tensile stress (σ), and total elongation or extension (δL) of the bar when an axial pull force P is applied. As an example, it gives values to calculate the extension of a steel plate that tapers from 200mm to 100mm width over 500mm length, under an axial force of 40kN.
The purpose of this project is to compare the Normal Stresses induced in the Knuckle-Joint due to application of Tensile Force of 12KN by manual calculations and using Ansys Workbench. Also, to find minimum and maximum stress and Deformation in the Joint. In this report, Stresses found analytically are compared with the stresses found by the Analysis Software.
The document discusses buckling and its theories. It defines buckling as the failure of a slender structural member subjected to compressive loads. It provides examples of structures that can experience buckling. It explains Euler's theory of buckling which derived an equation for the critical buckling load of a long column based on its bending stress. The assumptions of Euler's theory are listed. Four cases of long column buckling based on end conditions are examined: both ends pinned, both ends fixed, one end fixed and one end pinned, one end fixed and one end free. Effective lengths are defined for each case and the corresponding critical buckling loads given. Limitations of Euler's theory are noted. Rankine's empirical formula for calculating ultimate
1. The document presents a project report on stress analysis of leaf springs used in a Tata Ace goods carrying vehicle.
2. A finite element analysis was conducted to analyze stresses in a steel leaf spring under a 4169N load and compare with analytical calculations.
3. The FEA results found a maximum bending stress of 185.651 MPa, which is below the analytically calculated value of 233.42 MPa and below the yield strength of the 65Si7 steel material used.
This report presents the structural analysis of knuckle joint using finite element analysis. The analysis considered the fracture failure of the structure from a loading of 70 kN axial load. It was found that the structure has a factor of safety of 2 for this loading and failure mode. The structure is therefore satisfactory for the desire design condition. The model is done with solid work and imported into Ansys. The FEM analysis had done with different mesh type and compared the result obtained. Further study in this direction can made by using various diameter of the pin, choosing the different material and the capacity to withstand load.
How civil structures are designed? What are the methodologies to design a civil structure? If you wonder the same, you are at the right place to quench your quest.
The Working Stress Method (WSM) and Limit State Method (LSM) are explained in the easiest terms with their respective assumptions.
By the end, a comparative statement shall further strengthen your concepts.
This document discusses shear force and bending moment diagrams. It explains the concepts of shear force and bending moment and how to draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for beams subjected to different types of loading. The document is intended as a guide for students to understand shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Whenever a body is subjected to an axial tension or compression, a direct stress comes into play at every section of body. We also know that whenever a body is subjected to a bending moment a bending moment a bending stress comes into play.
Stress in Bar of Uniformly Tapering Rectangular Cross Section | Mechanical En...Transweb Global Inc
This document summarizes stress in a bar with a uniformly tapering rectangular cross section. It defines the width of the larger and smaller ends (b1 and b2), length (L), thickness (t), and modulus of elasticity (E). It describes how to calculate the cross-sectional area (A) as a function of position (x), tensile stress (σ), and total elongation or extension (δL) of the bar when an axial pull force P is applied. As an example, it gives values to calculate the extension of a steel plate that tapers from 200mm to 100mm width over 500mm length, under an axial force of 40kN.
The purpose of this project is to compare the Normal Stresses induced in the Knuckle-Joint due to application of Tensile Force of 12KN by manual calculations and using Ansys Workbench. Also, to find minimum and maximum stress and Deformation in the Joint. In this report, Stresses found analytically are compared with the stresses found by the Analysis Software.
The document discusses buckling and its theories. It defines buckling as the failure of a slender structural member subjected to compressive loads. It provides examples of structures that can experience buckling. It explains Euler's theory of buckling which derived an equation for the critical buckling load of a long column based on its bending stress. The assumptions of Euler's theory are listed. Four cases of long column buckling based on end conditions are examined: both ends pinned, both ends fixed, one end fixed and one end pinned, one end fixed and one end free. Effective lengths are defined for each case and the corresponding critical buckling loads given. Limitations of Euler's theory are noted. Rankine's empirical formula for calculating ultimate
1. The document presents a project report on stress analysis of leaf springs used in a Tata Ace goods carrying vehicle.
2. A finite element analysis was conducted to analyze stresses in a steel leaf spring under a 4169N load and compare with analytical calculations.
3. The FEA results found a maximum bending stress of 185.651 MPa, which is below the analytically calculated value of 233.42 MPa and below the yield strength of the 65Si7 steel material used.
This report presents the structural analysis of knuckle joint using finite element analysis. The analysis considered the fracture failure of the structure from a loading of 70 kN axial load. It was found that the structure has a factor of safety of 2 for this loading and failure mode. The structure is therefore satisfactory for the desire design condition. The model is done with solid work and imported into Ansys. The FEM analysis had done with different mesh type and compared the result obtained. Further study in this direction can made by using various diameter of the pin, choosing the different material and the capacity to withstand load.
How civil structures are designed? What are the methodologies to design a civil structure? If you wonder the same, you are at the right place to quench your quest.
The Working Stress Method (WSM) and Limit State Method (LSM) are explained in the easiest terms with their respective assumptions.
By the end, a comparative statement shall further strengthen your concepts.
This document discusses shear force and bending moment diagrams. It explains the concepts of shear force and bending moment and how to draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for beams subjected to different types of loading. The document is intended as a guide for students to understand shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Whenever a body is subjected to an axial tension or compression, a direct stress comes into play at every section of body. We also know that whenever a body is subjected to a bending moment a bending moment a bending stress comes into play.
This document summarizes research on the mechanical efficiency of natural materials like wood, bone, and skin. It discusses how the microstructure and composition of materials like tendon, ligament, cartilage, and bone contribute to their different mechanical properties and abilities to withstand forces. The paper presents an updated set of materials property charts comparing properties like modulus and density for natural materials. These charts help illustrate how nature has optimized different materials for functions like transmitting force or withstanding flexure through variations in composition and structure.
CE8395-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS-Unit-III-Torsion (Springs)Dr.S.SURESH
This document discusses different types of springs used in mechanical engineering. It covers helical springs and leaf springs. For helical springs, it provides the nomenclature and expressions to calculate maximum shear stress, spring deflection, and stiffness. It also includes examples of calculations for these values. For leaf springs, it discusses their applications in vehicles and provides the expression to calculate maximum bending stress and central deflection, along with example calculations.
Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism.
Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem; Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams and portal frames by equilibrium and mechanism methods.
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
This document contains a question bank for the course CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. It includes 80 questions related to fluid properties and flow characteristics that cover topics like fluid classification, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, compressibility, and flow concepts. The questions are multiple choice or short answer and are intended to assess students' understanding of key concepts in fluid mechanics.
This document summarizes key concepts related to structural analysis including:
1) The effects of axial and eccentric loading on columns including direct stress, bending stress, and maximum/minimum stresses.
2) Maximum and minimum pressures at the base of dams and retaining walls including calculations of total water/earth pressure, eccentricity, and stability conditions.
3) Forces and stresses on chimneys and walls due to wind pressure including calculations of direct stress from self-weight, wind force, induced bending moment, and maximum/minimum stresses.
This document contains a question bank for the subject Design of Bridges taught in the second semester at Valliammai Engineering College. It includes questions divided into parts A, B and C covering two units - short span bridges and design principles of long span RC bridges. The questions test different cognitive levels ranging from remember to evaluate and cover topics such as types of bridges, loading standards, design of slab bridges, box girder bridges, balanced cantilever bridges, arch bridges and box culverts. Design problems related to the analysis and design of bridges under different loadings are also included.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
Columns are structural members that experience compression loads. They can buckle if loaded beyond their buckling (or critical) load. Short columns fail through crushing, while long columns fail through lateral buckling. The Euler formula calculates the buckling load of a long column based on its properties and end conditions. The Rankine-Gordon formula provides a more accurate calculation of buckling load that applies to all column types by accounting for both buckling and crushing. Proper design of columns involves ensuring they are loaded below their safe loads, which incorporate factors of safety applied to the theoretical buckling loads.
The document discusses plastic analysis of structural elements like beams, frames, and slabs. It covers topics such as:
1. Plastic analysis methods for beams including kinematic method and incremental/hinge-by-hinge method.
2. Determining the plastic moment capacity and plastic section modulus for cross-sections.
3. Performing plastic analysis on continuous beams by calculating the minimum plastic moment required for each span.
This document provides an overview of simple stress and strain concepts including:
- Stress is defined as the internal resisting force per unit area acting on a material. It can be expressed as the limit of the distributed force over an infinitesimal area as the area approaches zero.
- Normal stress is the intensity of force acting normally to a section, while shear stress is the intensity of force acting tangentially.
- For long, slender beams that experience uniform tensile or compressive stress, the average normal stress can be calculated as the total force divided by the cross-sectional area.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LEAF SPRING BY USING COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LIGHT VEHI...IAEME Publication
The document describes the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring to replace the steel leaf spring on a Mahindra Commander 650 DI light vehicle. Leaf springs are commonly used for vehicle suspension but are heavy. The goal was to design a composite leaf spring using glass fiber reinforced polymer (E-glass/epoxy) that is lighter than the steel spring while maintaining stiffness. The composite leaf spring design was modeled in Pro/ENGINEER and analyzed in ANSYS software. Results showed the composite leaf spring design weighed 85% less than the steel design while meeting the stiffness requirements.
By the end of this presentation you will be able to identify different types of Beams, supports and loads which are seen commonly in this world
Note: There is also background voice for this presentation which give brief explanation about every slide, for activating audio I think you need to download this presentation
This project report analyzes the strength and stability of a composite diving board modeled with ANSYS. The aim of this report is to find if a composite diving board has comparable mechanical characteristics with that of an Olympic diving board.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Bridge Deck using Grillage Method - As Per IRCIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a bridge deck using the grillage method according to IRC standards. It discusses modeling the bridge deck as a grillage of beams in Staad Pro software to represent the stiffness of the actual deck. Loads including self-weight, wearing coat, footpath live load, and vehicular live loads are applied to the grillage model. Linear static analysis is performed to determine bending moments and shear forces. The maximum bending moment of 464 kNm and maximum shear force of 316 kN occur under a 70R tracked vehicle based on IRC impact factors. The grillage method provides accurate results for bridge analysis if member properties are properly specified.
. Differentiate Between Column & strut
2. Buckling Load
3. Limitations of Euler’s Formula
CONTENTS
Strut
Column
Differentiate Between Column & Strut
Failure Of Column Or Strut
Long Column
Short Column
Buckling Load
Column End Condition And Effective Length
What Is Euler’s Formula
Some Assumptions Of The Euler’s Formula
Euler’s Formula
Limitation Of Euler’s Formula
The experiment involves tensile testing of materials using an Instron load frame and BlueHill data acquisition software. Four materials - 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, A-36 hot rolled steel, PMMA, and polycarbonate - were tested with cylindrical specimens containing a reduced gage section. Testing was conducted according to ASTM standards. The data gathered was used to calculate properties like elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, which were plotted on stress-strain curves. The purpose was to determine key mechanical properties of each material and familiarize students with tensile testing procedures.
R.K.Bansal - A Textbook Of Strength Of Materials_ Mechanics of Solids (2012, ...MADHANT5
This document is the title page and preface of a textbook on strength of materials written by Dr. R.K. Bansal. It provides information about the author and his qualifications. The preface explains that the textbook contains solved problems from engineering examinations to help students understand concepts. It also thanks various people for their encouragement and help in preparing the book. The objective is to provide a simple and easy to understand resource for students to learn about strength of materials.
This document provides information about the Strength of Materials CIE 102 course for first year B.E. degree students. It includes a list of 10 topics that will be covered in the course, such as simple stress and strain, shearing force and bending moment, and stability of columns. It also lists several reference books for the course and provides an overview of concepts that will be discussed in the first chapter, including stress, strain, stress-strain diagrams, and ductile vs brittle materials.
This document contains information about stresses and Mohr's circle analysis:
1. It defines principal stresses and planes, and describes the uses of Mohr's circle in finding normal, resultant, and principal stresses and their planes.
2. Several example problems are presented involving calculating stresses on planes at various angles, determining principal stresses and maximum shear stresses, and drawing and using Mohr's circles to analyze two-dimensional stress systems.
3. Information is also provided about thin cylindrical shells, including the stresses induced in thin-walled cylinders under internal pressure and the assumptions made in their analysis.
Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Basalt-Core Reinforced...IRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental study on the mechanical properties of composite materials made from basalt fibers reinforced with a core material. Samples were produced using a compression molding process and tested according to ASTM standards to evaluate properties like strength and stiffness. Test results showed that the addition of a core material to the basalt fibers improved mechanical properties while also reducing material costs compared to pure basalt composites. The document provides background on composite materials and sandwich structures, as well as details on common core materials and manufacturing methods.
IRJET- Study Analysis of Metal Bending in a Sheet Metal using Finite Elem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the bending of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum sandwich panels with different core materials using finite element analysis software. Sandwich panels with cores of polypropylene, polystyrene, carbon fiber, and glass fiber were modeled and their deformation and stress distributions under bending forces were compared to a monolithic aluminum sheet. The sandwich panels exhibited better bending resistance and damage resistance than the aluminum sheet. Overall, sandwich panels with the same thickness are recommended over aluminum sheets due to their better resistance to external forces. The study aims to find alternative materials to aluminum for use in aircraft to improve resistance to impacts from bird strikes.
This document summarizes research on the mechanical efficiency of natural materials like wood, bone, and skin. It discusses how the microstructure and composition of materials like tendon, ligament, cartilage, and bone contribute to their different mechanical properties and abilities to withstand forces. The paper presents an updated set of materials property charts comparing properties like modulus and density for natural materials. These charts help illustrate how nature has optimized different materials for functions like transmitting force or withstanding flexure through variations in composition and structure.
CE8395-STRENGTH OF MATERIALS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS-Unit-III-Torsion (Springs)Dr.S.SURESH
This document discusses different types of springs used in mechanical engineering. It covers helical springs and leaf springs. For helical springs, it provides the nomenclature and expressions to calculate maximum shear stress, spring deflection, and stiffness. It also includes examples of calculations for these values. For leaf springs, it discusses their applications in vehicles and provides the expression to calculate maximum bending stress and central deflection, along with example calculations.
Introduction-Plastic hinge concept-plastic section modulus-shape factor-redistribution of moments-collapse mechanism.
Theorems of plastic analysis - Static/lower bound theorem; Kinematic/upper bound theorem-Plastic analysis of beams and portal frames by equilibrium and mechanism methods.
This document discusses the design of two-way slabs. It defines a two-way slab as having a ratio of long to short spans of less than 2. The main types of two-way slabs described are flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs with beams, flat plates, and waffle slabs. The basic steps of two-way slab design are outlined, including choosing the slab type and thickness, the design method, calculating moments, determining reinforcement, and checking shear strength. Two common design methods are described: the direct design method which uses coefficients, and the equivalent frame method which analyzes frames cut between columns.
This document contains a question bank for the course CE6451 - Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. It includes 80 questions related to fluid properties and flow characteristics that cover topics like fluid classification, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, compressibility, and flow concepts. The questions are multiple choice or short answer and are intended to assess students' understanding of key concepts in fluid mechanics.
This document summarizes key concepts related to structural analysis including:
1) The effects of axial and eccentric loading on columns including direct stress, bending stress, and maximum/minimum stresses.
2) Maximum and minimum pressures at the base of dams and retaining walls including calculations of total water/earth pressure, eccentricity, and stability conditions.
3) Forces and stresses on chimneys and walls due to wind pressure including calculations of direct stress from self-weight, wind force, induced bending moment, and maximum/minimum stresses.
This document contains a question bank for the subject Design of Bridges taught in the second semester at Valliammai Engineering College. It includes questions divided into parts A, B and C covering two units - short span bridges and design principles of long span RC bridges. The questions test different cognitive levels ranging from remember to evaluate and cover topics such as types of bridges, loading standards, design of slab bridges, box girder bridges, balanced cantilever bridges, arch bridges and box culverts. Design problems related to the analysis and design of bridges under different loadings are also included.
This document provides details on the design of a continuous one-way reinforced concrete slab. It includes minimum thickness requirements, equations for calculating moments and shear, maximum reinforcement ratios, and minimum reinforcement ratios. An example is then provided to demonstrate the design process. The slab is designed to have a thickness of 6 inches with 0.39 in2/ft of tension reinforcement in the negative moment region and 0.33 in2/ft in the positive moment region.
Columns are structural members that experience compression loads. They can buckle if loaded beyond their buckling (or critical) load. Short columns fail through crushing, while long columns fail through lateral buckling. The Euler formula calculates the buckling load of a long column based on its properties and end conditions. The Rankine-Gordon formula provides a more accurate calculation of buckling load that applies to all column types by accounting for both buckling and crushing. Proper design of columns involves ensuring they are loaded below their safe loads, which incorporate factors of safety applied to the theoretical buckling loads.
The document discusses plastic analysis of structural elements like beams, frames, and slabs. It covers topics such as:
1. Plastic analysis methods for beams including kinematic method and incremental/hinge-by-hinge method.
2. Determining the plastic moment capacity and plastic section modulus for cross-sections.
3. Performing plastic analysis on continuous beams by calculating the minimum plastic moment required for each span.
This document provides an overview of simple stress and strain concepts including:
- Stress is defined as the internal resisting force per unit area acting on a material. It can be expressed as the limit of the distributed force over an infinitesimal area as the area approaches zero.
- Normal stress is the intensity of force acting normally to a section, while shear stress is the intensity of force acting tangentially.
- For long, slender beams that experience uniform tensile or compressive stress, the average normal stress can be calculated as the total force divided by the cross-sectional area.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LEAF SPRING BY USING COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LIGHT VEHI...IAEME Publication
The document describes the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring to replace the steel leaf spring on a Mahindra Commander 650 DI light vehicle. Leaf springs are commonly used for vehicle suspension but are heavy. The goal was to design a composite leaf spring using glass fiber reinforced polymer (E-glass/epoxy) that is lighter than the steel spring while maintaining stiffness. The composite leaf spring design was modeled in Pro/ENGINEER and analyzed in ANSYS software. Results showed the composite leaf spring design weighed 85% less than the steel design while meeting the stiffness requirements.
By the end of this presentation you will be able to identify different types of Beams, supports and loads which are seen commonly in this world
Note: There is also background voice for this presentation which give brief explanation about every slide, for activating audio I think you need to download this presentation
This project report analyzes the strength and stability of a composite diving board modeled with ANSYS. The aim of this report is to find if a composite diving board has comparable mechanical characteristics with that of an Olympic diving board.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of Bridge Deck using Grillage Method - As Per IRCIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the analysis and design of a bridge deck using the grillage method according to IRC standards. It discusses modeling the bridge deck as a grillage of beams in Staad Pro software to represent the stiffness of the actual deck. Loads including self-weight, wearing coat, footpath live load, and vehicular live loads are applied to the grillage model. Linear static analysis is performed to determine bending moments and shear forces. The maximum bending moment of 464 kNm and maximum shear force of 316 kN occur under a 70R tracked vehicle based on IRC impact factors. The grillage method provides accurate results for bridge analysis if member properties are properly specified.
. Differentiate Between Column & strut
2. Buckling Load
3. Limitations of Euler’s Formula
CONTENTS
Strut
Column
Differentiate Between Column & Strut
Failure Of Column Or Strut
Long Column
Short Column
Buckling Load
Column End Condition And Effective Length
What Is Euler’s Formula
Some Assumptions Of The Euler’s Formula
Euler’s Formula
Limitation Of Euler’s Formula
The experiment involves tensile testing of materials using an Instron load frame and BlueHill data acquisition software. Four materials - 6061-T6 aluminum alloy, A-36 hot rolled steel, PMMA, and polycarbonate - were tested with cylindrical specimens containing a reduced gage section. Testing was conducted according to ASTM standards. The data gathered was used to calculate properties like elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, which were plotted on stress-strain curves. The purpose was to determine key mechanical properties of each material and familiarize students with tensile testing procedures.
R.K.Bansal - A Textbook Of Strength Of Materials_ Mechanics of Solids (2012, ...MADHANT5
This document is the title page and preface of a textbook on strength of materials written by Dr. R.K. Bansal. It provides information about the author and his qualifications. The preface explains that the textbook contains solved problems from engineering examinations to help students understand concepts. It also thanks various people for their encouragement and help in preparing the book. The objective is to provide a simple and easy to understand resource for students to learn about strength of materials.
This document provides information about the Strength of Materials CIE 102 course for first year B.E. degree students. It includes a list of 10 topics that will be covered in the course, such as simple stress and strain, shearing force and bending moment, and stability of columns. It also lists several reference books for the course and provides an overview of concepts that will be discussed in the first chapter, including stress, strain, stress-strain diagrams, and ductile vs brittle materials.
This document contains information about stresses and Mohr's circle analysis:
1. It defines principal stresses and planes, and describes the uses of Mohr's circle in finding normal, resultant, and principal stresses and their planes.
2. Several example problems are presented involving calculating stresses on planes at various angles, determining principal stresses and maximum shear stresses, and drawing and using Mohr's circles to analyze two-dimensional stress systems.
3. Information is also provided about thin cylindrical shells, including the stresses induced in thin-walled cylinders under internal pressure and the assumptions made in their analysis.
Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Basalt-Core Reinforced...IRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental study on the mechanical properties of composite materials made from basalt fibers reinforced with a core material. Samples were produced using a compression molding process and tested according to ASTM standards to evaluate properties like strength and stiffness. Test results showed that the addition of a core material to the basalt fibers improved mechanical properties while also reducing material costs compared to pure basalt composites. The document provides background on composite materials and sandwich structures, as well as details on common core materials and manufacturing methods.
IRJET- Study Analysis of Metal Bending in a Sheet Metal using Finite Elem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the bending of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum sandwich panels with different core materials using finite element analysis software. Sandwich panels with cores of polypropylene, polystyrene, carbon fiber, and glass fiber were modeled and their deformation and stress distributions under bending forces were compared to a monolithic aluminum sheet. The sandwich panels exhibited better bending resistance and damage resistance than the aluminum sheet. Overall, sandwich panels with the same thickness are recommended over aluminum sheets due to their better resistance to external forces. The study aims to find alternative materials to aluminum for use in aircraft to improve resistance to impacts from bird strikes.
The document analyzes the free vibration of sandwich beam structures using finite element modeling. Three models are created in MSC PATRAN/NASTRAN software: a 1D beam model, 2D shell model, and 3D solid model. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are calculated for beams made of aluminum (AL), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), and an AL-CPVC sandwich construction beam, under different boundary conditions. The finite element results show good agreement with analytical models for the AL and CPVC solid beams, with less than 2% error. However, for the AL-CPVC sandwich beam, the analytical solution over-predicts the natural frequencies, with errors increasing from 27% for the first
A Review on Stressed Skin Behaviour of Steel Façade FrameIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the stressed skin behavior of steel facade frames. Some key findings include:
1) Introducing steel cladding to a facade frame, and connecting it with fasteners, increases the overall stiffness of the frame and allows it to resist lateral loads through stressed skin action.
2) Factors like the number and gauge of fasteners, frame dimensions, and cladding type influence the strength and deformability of the stressed skin system.
3) Finite element analysis confirmed that stressed skin behavior reduces calculated frame stresses and deformations compared to an unclad frame.
Review on Structural Performance of Honeycomb Sandwich PanelIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the structural performance of honeycomb sandwich panels. It discusses how honeycomb cores provide high strength-to-weight ratios and good mechanical properties. The structural properties of honeycomb structures depend on factors like face sheet thickness, core thickness, cell diameter, cell angle, and foil thickness. Failure by debonding of the face sheets from the core is a major issue. Research has studied how varying the geometric parameters of honeycomb structures affects their static and dynamic performance. Findings show that parameters like face sheet thickness, core thickness, cell diameter, and core material most influence the structural response of honeycomb sandwich panels.
This document discusses composite materials, which consist of a combination of two materials - a reinforcing material embedded in a matrix material. Some key points:
- Composites have properties that individual materials lack, including high strength and stiffness but lower weight.
- There are two main types of composites - particle-reinforced and fiber-reinforced. Fiber-reinforced composites are the most important technologically.
- Composites are manufactured using various techniques like filament winding, resin transfer molding, and pultrusion. Future improvements could make composites more cost-effective and suitable for more complex shapes.
- Composites offer benefits like design flexibility, high strength to
Experimental investigation on effect of shear connector in light weight concreteIAEME Publication
This study experimentally investigates the effect of shear connectors in lightweight concrete composites. Lightweight concrete was produced using quarry dust and glass fibers as partial replacements for normal fine aggregates. Composite beams were produced using cold formed steel sections and lightweight concrete. Different arrangements of stud shear connectors were tested in both normal and lightweight concrete. The results showed that increasing the glass fiber content improved the compressive strength and bond strength between the steel and concrete. The failure modes and strengths of the composite beams were compared. It was found that lightweight concrete composites with higher glass fiber content performed comparably to normal concrete composites.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF SHEAR CONNECTOR IN LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Composite construction is well established for some decades as a construction method. The light steel gives two advantages which are cheaper and lighter. One of the important parameters which affects the ultimate strength of the composite section is the bond at the interface of the steel
and the concrete which relies on the shear forces existing between the steel section and the concrete core where mechanical connectors are provided. Based on the literature survey, Stud connectors are to be used in this experimental work, because of its excellent load carrying capacity and better
ductility.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Abstract Cylindrical pressure vessels are widely used for commercial, under water vehicles and in aerospace applications. At present the outer shells of the pressure vessels are made up of conventional metals like steels and aluminum alloys. The payload performance/ speed/ operating range depends upon the weight. The lower the weight the better the performance, one way of reducing the weight is by reducing the weight of the shell structure. The use of composite materials improves the performance of the vessel and offers a significant amount of material savings. Moreover, the stacking sequence is very crucial to the strength of the composite material. This Project involves various objective functions such as stiffness, buckling load and Weight at each level of optimization. Usually composite pressure vessels are designed for minimum mass under strength constraints. A graphical analysis is presented to find optimum fiber orientation for given layer thicknesses. In the present work, an analytical model is developed for the Prediction of the minimum buckling load with / without stiffener composite shell of continuous angle ply laminas (±45°,±55°,±65°,±75°,±85°) for investigation. Comparisons are made for two different approaches i.e. the finite element model and the theoretical model. A 3-D finite element analysis is built using ANSYS-12.0 version software into consideration, for static and buckling analysis on the pressure vessel. Index Terms: Composite material, Shells, Fiber orientation, Layer thickness, Stiffeners, Critical Pressure and Buckling
This document summarizes a study on the parametric behavior of a base isolated building with eccentricity in the superstructure and various locations of base isolators. A 3-story reinforced concrete building was modeled with fixed base conditions and 4 base isolated conditions with isolator distributions that produced 5%, 10%, and 15% mass eccentricity. The properties of lead-rubber bearing isolators were defined. The stiffness of isolators was varied to shift the center of isolators and induce eccentricity between the mass center and isolator center. Dynamic analysis found that the base isolated model with isolators positioned at the mass center minus the stiffness center had the longest period, indicating best performance in reducing seismic forces.
ANALYSIS OF HYBRID SANDWICH PLATE STRUCTURESIRJET Journal
This document analyzes hybrid sandwich plate structures through finite element analysis. It discusses honeycomb sandwich structures, which consist of two face plates and a honeycomb core material for its high strength to weight ratio. Hybrid structures are introduced to improve honeycomb structure properties by combining different core shapes. The analysis compares in-plane and out-of-plane compression of honeycomb and hybrid structures. Finite element analysis is conducted in ANSYS to study buckling, bending and dynamic behavior. Materials including carbon fiber, glass fiber and aluminum are modeled with their properties defined.
Comparative Study of Seismic Analysis of Building with Light Weight and Conve...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In recent decades, the lightweight materials are used
in construction instead of conventional material. Lightweight
construction is considered to be favourable due to the saving
in construction cost and materials. AAC block is a lightweight
structural material with excellent acoustic and thermal
insulation properties. Due to the use of lightweight material in
construction in seismic zone reduce the percentage of
damages. In this paper the attempt has been made to carry out
the project comparative study of seismic analysis of building
with lightweight and conventional material. Structural model
of multi storey building (G+3) and analysis is carried out in
STAAD-Pro by RSM (Response Spectrum Method). Building
using infill AAC (Autoclaved aerated concrete) block and
conventional clay brick masonry are designed for the same
seismic hazard in accordance with the applicable provisions
given in Indian codes. The analytical results of the buildings
will be compared. The project is also aimed at getting
familiarity with STAAD-Pro.2008.
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This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Specifically, it summarizes several journal articles that used ferrocement panels encasing aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. Specimens were cast with different ferrocement panel configurations and tested to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear behavior. Test results showed that ferrocement panels improved the flexural strength and ductility of the sandwich slabs compared to conventional slabs. The ferrocement encasement also ensured composite action between the core and face sheets.
Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Concrete ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Ferrocement panels consist of thin cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced steel wire mesh. They possess high strength and bending ability. The document discusses previous research using ferrocement panels to encase aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. It also describes the materials, manufacturing process, and testing of sample slabs with different ferrocement panel configurations.
Flexural Strength of Solid and Glue-Laminated Timber BeamsIJERA Editor
An investigation into the flexural strength of solid and laminated timber beams under working conditions was
conducted. Six locally available species, which consist of three hardwoods and three softwoods were
investigated, which were Berlina, Danta, Alstonia, Agba, Ohia, and Obeche. The dimension of the hardwoods
solid beams are 100mm×100mm×900mm and softwoods solid beams are 150mm×150mm×900mm. The result
showed that the density of Berlina is 0.00128g/mm3, Danta is 0.000903g/mm3, Alstonia is 0.00816g/mm3, Agba
is 0.000724g/mm2, Ohia is 0.000716g/mm3 and Obeche is 0.000568g/mm3 and the weight for Berlina was
11.58kg, Danta was 8.13kg, Alstonia was 7.75kg, Agba was 14.67kg, Ohia was 14.5kg and Obeche was 11.5kg.
Comparing it with the maximum load the species could carry, Berlina was 108kN, Danta was 85.0kN, Alstonia
was 66.0kN, Agba was 50.0kN, Ohia was 103kN and Obeche was 60.0kN. Futhermore, twenty-four (24)
laminated timber beams of the same dimensions were manufactured with six (6) different species, viz: Afara,
Okwen, Danta, Obeche, Alstonia, Bombax. These beams were glued together using top-bond gum and allowed
to dry for twenty-four hours after which they were weighed before testing. The twenty-four beams were tested
to failure and the deflection reading taken from the dial-guage. Finally, a curve of deflection against the load
was plotted. It can be seen that with a stress of 10.80N/mm2, 8.50N/mm2, 6.60N/mm2, 2.222N/mm2, 4.58N/mm2
and 2.67N/mm2 the design stress, deflection criteria cannot be ignored, after comparing result from the
experiment, limiting deflection and actual deflection. A theoretical and experimental correlation of strength
evaluation was established for glue solid and glue laminated beams which were formed from combining timber
with glue.
MH-1 PDF.pptx Major project phase 1 sandwichPavanM77
This document provides an overview of a project investigating the mechanical performance of 3D printed sandwich structures for wind blade applications. It discusses composite materials and sandwich structures, including auxetic core and aux-hex core sandwich structures. The advantages of sandwich structures over composite laminates and the advantages of using 3D printing to fabricate sandwich panels are described. The document outlines the project timeline in a Gantt chart and provides references for further information.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create a new material with unique characteristics. The document discusses the history, types, manufacturing, and applications of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in industries like automotive and aerospace due to advantages like higher strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, while remaining lightweight. New techniques like textile composites aim to lower costs and improve performance of composites.
Finite ElementAnalysis of Doubly Curved Thin Concrete ShellsHARISH B A
thin shell is a “Three-dimensional spatial structure made up of one or more curved surfaces whose
thickness is small compared to their other dimensions”. Shells belong to the class of stressed skin structures which,
because of their geometry and small flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads primarily by direct stresses acting in
their plane. The shells are subjected to pure membrane state of stress, under appropriate loading and boundary
condition the resulting bending and twisting moments are either zero or small which may be neglected. The coordinates
of funicular shells are determined by masonry mould method by developing a computer program. In this study doubly
curved thin shells are analysed using finite element software SAP 2000. Doubly curved shells which are in square plan
having 10mX10m and 15mX15m are considered and shells in rectangular plan having dimensions 10mX15m
and 15mX20m are considered. The behavior of shells under self-weight, live load varying from 0-20KN/m (UDL) is
obtained. In this case study deflection curves, membrane stress and stress contour diagram are obtained. It is observed
that with the increase in rise and thickness of funicular shell the deflection are reduced. The membrane stresses
decreases with the increase in rise and thickness of concrete funicular shell. The aim of this study is to develop shells of
different sizes and investigation is done on the shells by finite element analysis under given uniformly distributed load,
to find out the behavior of shells in various cases using standard software, Structural Analysis Package (SAP 2000).
Beam-Column joints are critical regions in reinforced con
which are most vulnerable or sensitive to seismic forces. Hence strengthening and
rehabilitant beam-column joint is imperative to save the structure and its inhabitants
in case of earthquake forces. Numerous and large scale retrofit
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are being undertaken worldwide. This
experimental study aims to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening beam
joints using synthetic fibres. In this study, Aramid fiber (synthetic fibr
strengthening and rehabilitant of beam
and tested under monotonic loading with the help of universal testing machine. At the
end, test results of control and rehabilitated samples were compared t
experimental conclusions in all tested specimens will embolden future investigations
in same direction for long term performance to enhancing this AFRP in structural
applications.
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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MODAL ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANEL
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN
ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696 VOLUME 2, ISSUE - 10, OCT.-2015
1 | P a g e
MODAL ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE SANDWICH PANEL
Mr. Deshmukh P.V.
Department of Mechanical Engineering N.B.N. Sinhgad College of Kegaon, Solapur, India
Mr. Shrigandhi G.D.
Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T. College of Engineering, Kothrud, Pune India
ABSTRACT
Use of Sandwich construction for an aircraft structural component is very common to the present day. One of the primary
requirements of aerospace structural materials is that they should have low density, very stiff and strong. Sandwich panels are thin-walled
structures fabricated from two flat sheets separated by a low density core. We have investigated here is of aluminium honeycomb structure
because of excellent crush strength and fatigue resistance. Sandwich panels have a very high stiffness to weight ratio with respect
equivalent solid plate because of low density core. FEA modeling is developed by consideration of rotary inertia. The free vibration
analysis of sandwich panels is studied. Four noded isoparametric shell element is used for FEA. The effects of sandwich design
parameters, such as face thickness, core thickness and pitch, on the global bending and vibration responses are determined. Convergence
study is also included for high accuracy of the results. Analytical results are based on classical bending theory. Mode shapes and
corresponding natural frequencies are studied for simply supported sandwich panel and cantilever condition.
Keywords: FEA, Mode Shape, Natural Frequencies, Sandwich Construction, Stiffness ratio
INTRODUCTION
Sandwich panels have high strength to weight ratios hence have been successfully used for many years in the aviation and aerospace
industries, as well as in marine, and mechanical and civil engineering applications. Also they have attendant high stiffness. The use of the
sandwich constructions in the aerospace structures can be traced back to Second World War when British De Havilland Mosquito bomber
had utilized the sandwich constructions. In the early use, the sandwich structure was very simple in construction, with simple cloth, fabric
or thin metal facings were used and soft wood were used as the core. [6]
The conventional sandwich construction comprises a relatively thick core of low-density material which separates top and bottom
faceplates (or faces or facings) which are relatively thin but stiff. The materials that have been used in sandwich construction have been
many and varied but in quite recent times interest in sandwich construction has increased with the introduction of new materials for use in
the facings (e.g. fiber- reinforced composite laminated material) and in the core (e.g. solid foams).
Sandwich Structure Types:
Detailed treatment of the behavior of honeycombed and other types of sandwich panels can be found in monographs by Plantema [3] and
Allen [4].These structures are characterized by a common feature of two flat facing sheets, but the core takes many generic forms;
continuous corrugated sheet or a number of discrete but aligned longitudinal top-hat, zed or channel sections. The core and facing plates
are joined by spot-welds, rivets or self-tapping screws.[3]
Construction of Sandwich:
Sandwich construction is a special kind of laminate consisting of a thick core of weak, lightweight material sandwiched between two thin
layers (called "face sheets") of strong material. This is done to improve structural strength without a corresponding increase in weight. The
choice of face sheet and core materials depends heavily on the performance of the materials in the intended operational environment.
Figure 1.1 Sandwich panel with (a) continues corrugated-core (b) top-hat core (c) zed-core (d) truss-core
Because of the separation of the core, face sheets can develop very high bending stresses. The core stabilizes the face sheets and develops
the required shear strength. Like the web of a beam, the core carries shear stresses. Unlike the web, however, the core maintains
continuous support for the face sheets. The core must be rigid enough perpendicularly to the face sheets to prevent crushing and its shear
rigidity must be sufficient to prevent appreciable shearing deformations. Although a sandwich composite never has a shearing rigidity as
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN
ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
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great as that of a solid piece of face-sheet material, very stiff and light structures can be made from properly designed sandwich
composites.
Figure 1.2 Laminate composite and sandwich composite
To see the core effect upon sandwich strength, let us consider the honeycomb-core and the truss-core sandwich composite. The honeycomb
sandwich has a ratio of shear rigidities in the xzand yzplanes of approximately 2.5 to 1. The face sheets carry in-plane compressive and
tensile loads, whereas the core stabilizes the sheets and builds up the sandwich section. The truss-core sandwich has a shear rigidity ratio
of approximately 20 to 1. It can carry axial loads in the direction of the core orientation as well as perform its primary function of
stabilizing the face sheets and building up the sandwich section.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES USED IN SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION:
No single known material or construction can meet all the performance requirements of modern structures. Selection of the optimum
structural type and material requires systematic evaluation of several possibilities. The primary objective often is to select the most
efficient material and configuration for minimum-weight design.
Face Materials:
Almost any structural material which is available in the form of thin sheet may be used to form the faces of a sandwich panel. Panels for
high-efficiency aircraft structures utilize steel, aluminium or other metals, although reinforced plastics are sometimes adopted in special
circumstances. In any efficient sandwich the faces act principally in direct tension and compression. It is therefore appropriate to determine
the modulus of elasticity, ultimate strength and yield or proof stress of the face material in a simple tension test. When the material is thick
and it is to be used with a weak core it may be desirable to determine its flexural rigidity.
Core Materials:
A core material is required to perform two essential tasks; it must keep the faces the correct distance apart and it must not allow one face to
slide over the other. It must be of low density. Balsa wood is one of the original core materials. It is usually used with the grain
perpendicular to the faces of the sandwich. The density is rather variable but the transverse strength and stiffness are good and the shear
stiffness moderate. Modern expanded plastics are approximately isotropic and their strengths and stiffness’s are very roughly proportional
to density.
In case of aluminium honeycomb core, all the properties increase progressively with increases in thickness of the foil from which the
honeycomb is made.
CURRENT APPLICATION:
Aerospace Field:
In Aerospace industry various structural designs are accomplished to fulfill the required mission of the aircraft. Since a continually
growing list of sandwich applications in aircraft/helicopter (example-Jaguar, Light Combat Aircraft, Advanced Light Helicopter) includes
fuselages, wings, ailerons, floor panels and storage and pressure tanks as shown in figure.
Fig 3.1.1 Application of sandwich structure
Honeycomb sandwich structures have been widely used for load-bearing purposes the aerospace due to their lightweight, high specific
bending stiffness and strength under distributed loads in addition to their good energy-absorbing capacity [8]. In a new space-formed
system called "Sunflower," the reflector is of honeycomb construction, having a thin coating of pure aluminum protected by a thin coating
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ISSN: 2394-3696 VOLUME 2, ISSUE - 10, OCT.-2015
of silicon oxide to give the very high reflectivity needed for solar-energy collection. Thirty panels fold together into a nose-cone package
in the launch vehicle.
Fig 3.1.2 Application of sandwich structure
(1. Rotor Blades, 2.Main and Cargo Doors, 3.Fuselage Panels, 4.Fuselage, 5. Boom and Tail section)
Building Construction:
Architects use sandwich construction made of a variety of materials for walls, ceilings, floor panels, and roofing. Cores for building
materials include urethane foam (slab or foam-in-place), polystyrene foam (board or mold), phenolic foam, phenolic-impregnated paper
honeycomb, woven fabrics (glass, nylon, silk, metal, etc.), balsa wood, plywood, metal honeycomb, aluminum and ethylene copolymer
foam. Facing sheets can be made from rigid vinyl sheeting (fiat or corrugated) ; glass-reinforced, acrylic-modified polyester; acrylic
sheeting; plywood; hardwood; sheet metal (aluminum or steel); glass reinforced epoxy; decorative laminate; gypsum; asbestos; and poured
concrete.
Damped Structures:
An increasing number of vibration problems must be controlled by damping resonant response. By using a symmetric sandwich panel with
a visco-elastic core, various degrees of damping can be achieved, depending on the core material properties, core thickness, and
wavelength of the vibration mode.
SANDWICH PRINCIPLES:
The basic prerequisite for high-performance structural component parts as used in aerospace applications is light-weight design wherever
possible. An essential component of these light-weight structures is load-bearing and buckling optimized shell elements. The classical
method to obtain improved buckling properties is using sandwich structures have also proven their worth in a number of fields. The
performance of a sandwich structure depends primarily upon the efficiency of surface skins and the distance between them. A great
distance between the surface skins produces a correspondingly great geometrical moment of inertia, thus leading to high bending stiffness.
Since this arrangement subjects the core of the sandwich to a relatively small amount of stress, it can be reduced in weight significantly.
Extremely thin-walled sandwich structures present the problem of how force is introduced and the sandwich structure's sensitivity towards
impact loads. This means that a minimum wall thickness is required for the surface skins to be able to ensure that it is adequate to the
purpose.
Fig 4.1 Typical geometry of sandwich plate Fig 4.2 Aluminium honeycomb core
`
Face Sheets:
The face sheets provide the flexural rigidity of the sandwich structure. It should also possess tensile and compressive strength. [1]
Cores:
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The purpose of the core is to increase the flexural stiffness of the panel. The core in general has low density in order to add as little as
possible to the total weight of the sandwich construction. The core must be stiff enough in shear and perpendicular to the faces to ensure
that face sheets are distant apart. In addition the core must withstand compressive loads without failure.[7]
Aluminum Honeycomb:
These cores are available in variety of materials for sandwich structures. These cores can be formed to any shape or curve without
excessive heating or mechanical force. Honeycombs have very high stiffness perpendicular to the faces and the highest shear stiffness and
strength to weight ratios of the available core materials. The most commonly used honeycombs are made of aluminum or impregnated
glass or aramid fiber mats such as nomex and thermoplastic honeycombs.
Fig 4.3.1Typical sandwich structure
Composite material is the combination of two or more constituent materials, and forms a light weight and high strength structure. The
matrix and reinforcement material make the material stiffer and stronger. A typical sandwich structure, the below shown figure is a special
class of composite material in which a thick foam core is attached by two thin, stiff, skin and a thick core which is lighter in weight.
Honeycombs have a higher strength-to-weight ratio than foam, but foams may be used in several forms of structural constructions, for the
same characteristics. Also, the compression strength of a foam core prevents the thin facesheet/skin from failure due to buckling. It is
mainly a thermoset, polymer, light weight and strong structure.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
Introduction:
The Finite Element Method is essentially a product of electronic digital computer age. Though the approach shares many features common
to the numerical approximations, it possesses some advantages with the special facilities offered by the high speed computers. In
particular, the method can be systematically programmed to accommodate such complex and difficult problems as non homogeneous
materials, non linear stress-strain behaviour and complicated boundary conditions. It is difficult to accommodate these difficulties in the
least square method or Ritz method and etc. an advantage of Finite Element Method is the variety of levels at which we may develop an
understanding of technique. The Finite Element Method is applicable to wide range of boundary value problems in engineering. In a
boundary value problem, a solution is sought in the region of body, while the boundaries (or edges) of the region the values of the
dependant variables (or their derivatives) are prescribed. [4]
Advantages of FEM:
The advantages of finite element method are listed below:
1. Finite element method is applicable to any field problem: heat transfer, stress analysis, magnetic field and etc.
2. In finite element method there is no geometric restriction. The body or region analyzed may have any shape.
3. Boundary conditions and loading are not restricted. For example, in a stress analysis any portion of the body may be supported, while
distributed or concentrated forces may be applied to any other portion.[5]
Limitations of FEM:
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The limitations of finite element method are as given below:
1. To some problems accurate results are not obtained to the approximations used
2. For vibration and stability problems the cost of analysis by FEA is prohibitive.
3. Stress values may changes from fine mesh to its counterpart.
CAD model of composite panel
Meshing in Hyper mesh:
The CAD model is imported to hyper mesh and the geometry cleanup is done. The appropriate element size is selected according to the
geometry features. Then using quad element the aluminium honeycomb is meshed and then the composite plates maintaining the
connectivity. The meshed model is checked for element criteria.
Application of Material Properties:
Element type Quad 4
Element size 3
No of elements 59316
No of nodes 50562
Table: 1
Material properties Aluminium core:
Property Value
Young’s Modulus, E 68.9 GPa
Poisson’s Ratio ,ν 0.33
Density, ρ 2700 kg/m3
Yield Stress, σyield 214 MPa
Ultimate Tensile Stress, σuts 241 MPa
Table: 2
Material Properties of Glass Fibers:
Property Value
Longitudinal Modulus, E1 59 GPa
Lateral Modulus, E2 20GPa
Poisson’s Ratio ,ν 0.35
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Lonitudinal tension strength Xt 2000 MPa
Lonitudinal compression strength Xc 1240 MPa
Transverse tension strength Yt 82 MPa
Transverse compression strength Yc 200 MPa
Density, ρ 2.02 g/cm3
In plane shear S 165 MPa
Table: 3
Modal Analysis:
Free modal analysis-Total three modes of vibration are plotted by free modal analysis. The Composite panel natural frequencies can be
obtained by modal analysis; the following modes are listed as shown in figure.
Sr.No Modes Frequencies(HZ)
1 Mode 1 8.492E-3
2 Mode 2 8.835E-3
3 Mode 3 9.086E-3
Table: 4
Mode1 Mode 2
Mode 3
Cantilever Beam Condition: Mode shapes and Natural frequencies in HZ of a composite sandwich panel-
Mode 1
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Mode 2 Mode 3
Sr. No Mode Shapes Frequencies
1 Mode 1 4.38930E+1
2 Mode 2 3.13398E+2
3 Mode 3 8.46819E+2
Table: 5
CONCLUSION:
The Natural Frequency of a Composite sandwich material for a free-free and cantilever beam condition is calculated.
Sr. no Mode
Shapes
Free-Free
Condition
Cantilever
Condition
Analytical Results of Cantilever
Condition
Error
1 Mode 1 8.492E-3 4.38930E+1 HZ 48.16HZ 8.86%
2 Mode 2 8.835E-3 3.13398E+2HZ 301.860HZ 3.68%
3 Mode 3 9.086E-3 8.46819E+2HZ 845.223HZ 0.188%
Table: 6
Thus, by studying above comparison table we can predict the behaviour of composite sandwich panel made of materials aluminium and
carbon fiber plastics. And with this conclusion composite sandwich panel can be used to appropriate application. Also with this analysis
optimizing time can be minimized. To increase the higher accuracy, above analytical results can be validated by performing
experimentation on Fast Fourier Transformer.
REFERENCES:
1) K. swaminathan, T. kant, “Analytical solution for free vibration of laminated composite and sandwich plates based on higher order
refined theory” Volume 53(2001).
2) Satyjit P. Shettiger, ShriramSirvara, “Finite element Modal analysis Of Composite Sandwich Panel” R & D center , P E S institute Of
Technology Bangalore.560085.
3) A.J.M. Ferreira a,*, G.E. Fasshauer b, R.C. Batra c, J.D. Rodrigues a, “Static deformations and vibration analysis of composite and
sandwich plates using a layer wise theory and RBF-PS discretizations with optimal shape parameter.” Volume 86 (2008).pp 328-343.
4) Xiaoyan Yan, “Energy Finite Element Analysis Developments for High FrequencyVibration Analysis of Composite Structures” 2008.
5) Sinha P. K. Composite Materials and Structures. I.I.T. Kharagpur: Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2006.
6) H G Allen. Analysis and Design of Structural Sandwich Panels.Pergamon: Oxford, 1969.
7) Zhen W. and Wanji C., “Free vibration of laminated composite and sandwich plates using global–local higher-order theory.” Journal of
Sound and Vibration.Volume 298, (2006): p. 333–349)