This document discusses different types of structures and structural elements. It describes frame structures which have a skeleton framework and shell structures which rely on their molded shape for strength. It defines structural members, loads, and different types of forces including tension, compression, shear, torsion, and bending. It also outlines common structural elements such as beams, bridges, cantilevers, columns, ties, struts, and triangulation and provides examples of each. Finally, it notes some ways structures can impact the environment, both positively and negatively.

1. Structures Technology Department IES Amparo Sanz 1º E.S.O. European Section

2. INDEX Introduction Frame structures

3. Shell structures

4. Structural member

5. Redundant member What is force? Types of loads Types of force that act on a structure Tension

6. Compression/Pressure

7. Shear

8. Torsion

9. Bending Types of structures / Parts of structures. Beams

10. Bridges

11. Cantilevers

12. Columns and pillars

13. Ties

14. Struts

15. Triangulation Structures and the environment Damage to the environment Cover page

16. INTRODUCTION This chapter is about how materials can be formed into different shapes (or structures) to support loads and withstand pressures. Did you know you can make strong structures from fairly weak materials? Most structures are designed to support heavy loads. A bridge is an example of an everyday structure. Can you think of others? When you think of structures, you probably think of things like bridges, mobile phone masts and tall buildings. There are also other examples that we use every day, like chairs, tables, windows and presses. The two main kind of structures are: Frame structure: Frame structures are structures that have a “frame” or skeleton associated with them.

17. Shell structures: Shell structures rely on the shape they have been moulded into for their strength. They are usually lighter than frame structures. These structures may be man-made or may occur naturally . Cover page

18. FRAME AND SHELL STRUCTURES Cover page

19. Structural Members STRUCTURAL MEMBER A structural member is a part of a structure. Tension Compression Redundant REDUNDANT MEMBER A redundant member is a part of a structure that is neither in tension nor compression. Redundant members can be removed from structures without the structure weakening. A good design has not redundant members. Cover page

20. What is a force? A force is a push or a pull . Forces can make things move. Engines and motors make forces that cause machines to move. The force of gravity pulls everything downwards towards the earth. Force is measured in newtons (N), after Sir Isaac Newton. TYPES OF LOADS: Structures are built to support a load. Loads can be static (not moving) or dynamic (moving) Cover page

21. Types of forces that act on a structure Tension

22. Compression / Pressure