Carbon ceramic-brakes
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Carbon-ceramic brakes use a carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide material that offers significant advantages over conventional cast iron brakes. The C/C-SiC material is produced by infiltrating liquid silicon into a carbon-carbon composite core to form a silicon carbide surface layer, providing high friction coefficients even at high temperatures. Carbon-ceramic brakes are lighter than cast iron brakes, improve driving behavior, and offer long lifespan without distortion or judder. As a result, they are used in super-sport cars, luxury SUVs, aircraft, trains, and elevators.
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Aircraft Control Systems - Electrical - Mechanical - fly by wire and Landing Systems
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Basic aircraft control system
The document summarizes the basic control systems of an aircraft, including primary, secondary, and auxiliary flight controls. Primary controls include elevators, ailerons, and rudders which control pitch, roll, and yaw respectively. Secondary controls include trim tabs which help balance aircraft forces. Auxiliary controls include flaps, spoilers, and slats which provide additional lift, especially at lower speeds. The document describes the purpose and function of each control surface.
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The document provides an overview of the basic components and structures of aircraft, including the fuselage, wings, empennage, power plant, and landing gear. It describes the typical materials used in aircraft construction and gives examples of different structural designs for the fuselage, wings, empennage, and landing gear. Key terms related to aircraft components and structures are also defined.
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This document summarizes a presentation on improving wind turbine drivetrain bearing reliability. It discusses common bearing damage modes in the generator, gearbox, and main shaft and presents upgrades to address them including wear-resistant coatings, case carburization, improved geometries and materials. Specific enhancements are outlined for main shaft spherical roller bearings, planetary and high-speed gearbox bearings, and generator bearings. Test results of upgraded bearings show reduced wear and longer lifespans. The presentation emphasizes using condition monitoring and lubrication best practices to further improve bearing health and reliability.
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Learn about methods to more quickly and economically machine materials such as high nickel-based super alloys or intermetallics such as gamma titanium aluminide. Philip Varghese, group leader of Saint-Gobain’s Advanced Application Engineering, showcases emerging trends in grinding of materials, with focus on turbine engine aerospace components. Originally presented at IMTS 2016.
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So fuel-cells
Solid oxide fuel cells are made of ceramic plates packed into multilayer disks. Each cell consists of an anode, cathode, and electrolyte. They operate at very high temperatures between 800 to 1000 degrees Celsius. Hydrocarbons like methane are oxidized at the anode while oxygen is reduced at the cathode, creating an ionic current through the electrolyte. Solid oxide fuel cells can be used in power plants and have efficiencies as high as 70%.
Shape memory-materials
Shape memory materials have two crystal structures and can change between the structures through heating and cooling, allowing the material to remember its original shape. These materials are thermoplastic and display pseudo-elastic behavior, making them suitable for applications such as morphing wings, reusable molds, deployable mirrors, and portable bridges where the ability to change shape and remember the original is useful.
Shape memory-alloys
Buehler discovered NiTi alloy (Nitinol) in 1962, which formed the basis for commercial use of shape memory alloys. SMAs have seen commercial use since the late 1980s, first being used for couplings on oil pipes. SMAs can be deformed when cool but return to their original trained shape upon heating. Common applications of SMAs utilize their pseudo-elastic property at room temperature, such as in eyeglasses and cell phone antennas. Future uses could include self-repairing vehicles, mailboxes that return to shape in the sun, and morphing airplanes and submarines.
Shape memory-alloy
Shape memory alloys were discovered in 1932 using brass and later gold cadmium, but were not utilized until 1962 when nickel-titanium was discovered by Buehler and coworkers. There are two main types of shape memory alloys: one-way alloys that remember only one shape and two-way alloys that can switch between two shapes. Common shape memory alloys include nickel-titanium and copper-based alloys, with applications in aerospace, medical devices like dentistry tools and tweezers, and mobile telephones.
Scandium
Scandium is a rare metallic element discovered in Scandinavia in 1869. It is a silvery metal that develops a slight yellow or pink tint when exposed to air. Scandium is mainly used to strengthen aluminum alloys for aerospace components and sports equipment through increasing alloy strength and improving weld quality. It provides the highest increment of strengthening per atomic percent of any alloying element added to aluminum.
Rare earth-magnets
Rare earth magnets have evolved from loadstones and steels to modern alloys like samarium-cobalt and neodymium-iron-boron. They are made through processes like compressing alloy flakes or sintering powder under high heat. Rare earth elements make strong magnets through quantum effects that align electron spins into a magnetized crystal structure with high magnetic properties. These magnets find applications in technologies like MRI machines, sensors, motors, and audio devices.
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Powder coating is a finishing process where pigmented resin powder is applied to a product through electrostatic spraying, then cured in an oven. It produces a smooth, durable coating that is highly resistant to corrosion, solvents, chips and scratches. Powder coating offers superior appearance and mechanical properties compared to liquid coatings, with 95-98% material usage and no need for solvents, mixing or recovery systems. The process involves two main types of powder - thermoplastic which re-melts, and thermoset which chemically cross-links during curing to form a thin, non-remelting coating.
Polyurethane
Polyurethane is an elastomer invented by Professor Dr. Otto Bayer in the early 20th century. It is formed through a process called diisocyanate polyaddition where a polyol is reacted with a diisocyanate or polymeric isocyanate. This process allows a wide range of polyurethanes to be manufactured for different applications. Polyurethane can be flexible, rigid, or rebond foams and is widely used in applications like composite wood products, sealants, adhesives, and carpet cushion.
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Polymer-based solar cells use thin film polymers that can convert sunlight into electric current through one of two processes: a photosynthesis approach using a porous film and electrolytes or a full organic approach combining an electron acceptor and donor. While thin film polymers currently have issues with high temperatures, they offer benefits over other options as they are less costly to produce, can be made in any size or shape needed, and are lightweight enough to supplement power for devices like phones, houses, radios and laptops.
Polymer based-solar-cells
Polymer-based solar cells are made of thin films of polymers like polyphenylene vinylene and copper phthalocyanine or carbon fullerenes. They are lightweight, designable, and have low environmental impact but are dark in color. Polymer solar cells can be used in low energy calculators, battery chargers, electrical feeders, and charging backpacks. While cheaper than silicon cells, polymer cells are less efficient and degrade more easily.
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The document discusses the manufacturing process and applications of plastic lumber. Plastic is made from high density polyethylene and molded into products like railroad ties and bridges. Railroad ties last longer than wood and are more cost effective over time, with 15 million wood ties being replaced yearly. A plastic bridge in Missouri was the first to support vehicle traffic, replacing a wooden bridge at a lower cost. While plastic has lower stiffness and strength than wood in extreme temperatures, it holds fasteners similarly to wood and weighs about the same.
Photovoltic solar-cell
Solar cells have existed since 1839 but were not practical until the 1970s energy crisis sparked interest. Now solar cells are used in building integrated photovoltaics (BIP) by placing solar panels on walls, roofs, and in transparent "power glass." BIP uses a thin film coating applied via a reel-to-reel process to turn conventional glazing into electricity-generating material. BIP has applications in windows, atriums, roofs, and curtain walls, making it especially useful for commercial and industrial facilities.
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NOMEX is a flame and heat resistant long chain polyamide fiber made from meta-phenylenediamine and isophthaloyl chloride. It is spun into fibers and formed into sheets that can be made into honeycomb shapes. NOMEX has a wide variety of uses including heat and electrical insulation, automotive, aviation, protective apparel, and firefighting gear due to its flame resistant and lightweight properties.
Nitrile rubber
The document discusses nitrile rubber, which is a polymeric mixture of butadiene and acrylonitrile in a 2:1 ratio. Higher levels of acrylonitrile yield properties like low temperature flexibility and increased hardness. Nitrile rubber is a highly polar elastomer that exhibits large and reversible elastic deformation. It has excellent tensile strength, elongation, low temperature flexibility, compression set, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance. However, it has fair to poor flame resistance and gas permeability.
Nickel titanium-alloys
Shape memory alloys, specifically nickel titanium, were first observed in the 1930s and can remember their original shape. They have two solid phases and are commonly used today in medical devices, appliances, and safety devices. Potential future applications include use in car and airplane engines, car frames, engine cooling, and engine lubrication controls due to shape memory alloys' ability to remember their original shape.
Natural fibre-composites
This document discusses natural fiber composites made from hemp. It notes that Henry Ford developed a plant-based car made from hemp in 1940. Today, companies like Ford are using hemp composites for parts like door trim panels and under-the-hood sound dampeners. Hemp fibers are cleaned, heated, and glued together with natural or synthetic resins to form composites. Composites made from hemp are lighter, more energy efficient to produce, and can replace plastics and some metals in vehicles and other applications. By 2010, it was anticipated that natural fibers would replace 20% of the fiberglass used in US cars.
Nanotubes
This document discusses carbon nanotubes, which are cylindrical shells of graphitic carbon that were discovered in 1991. It has three main sections: the first provides a definition and potential applications of carbon nanotubes, the second discusses the history of discoveries related to carbon nanotubes, and the third outlines current and potential future technological uses, including for space exploration, electronics, and energy storage.
Nanotube
Nanotubes are flat layers of graphite rolled into tubes. They can be single-walled or multi-walled, and have different configurations including armchair, zigzag, and chiral. Nanotubes have exceptional properties such as high tensile strength, elasticity, density, thermal and electrical conduction, and chemical inertness. Potential applications of nanotubes include using them to reinforce composites, in electrical fields, and in fuel cells.
Nanomachines
Nanomachines are mechanical or electromechanical devices that are measured in nanometers, which are units of 10-9 meters or millionths of a millimeter. K. Eric Drexler popularized the idea of nanomachines in the 1980s and 1990s, with the goal of building an "assembler" nanomachine that can manipulate individual atoms to rearrange raw materials and produce useful items. The main engineering challenge is gaining control over molecular engineering and chemical synthesis to be able to position individual atoms and form new stable molecular structures like simulated nanogears.
Micro electro-mechanical-systems-mems
MEMS stands for micro-electro-mechanical systems, which involves integrating sensors, actuators, and electronics onto a common silicon substrate using microfabrication technology. MEMS can be made from materials like gallium arsenide, titanium nickel, and piezoelectric materials. The main steps in fabricating MEMS are deposition, lithography, and etching - which allow for creating thin films and precisely etching patterns. In the future, MEMS technology is expected to enable cost reduction, increased functionality, improved reliability, decreased size, and decreased mass compared to conventional technologies.
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Carbon ceramic-brakes
- 2. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Silicon CarbideCarbon Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC)(C/SiC) •C/C Brakes were introduced in aircraft •Suffered serious dissadvantages •Low coefficient of friction below 450 C •High rate of wear for the pads •C/C-SiC •Woven carbon reinforced carbon core material •Thin surface layer of SiC
- 3. ManufactureManufacture Preparation of a C/C compositePreparation of a C/C composite corecore Liquid silicon infiltrationLiquid silicon infiltration VacuumVacuum High temperatureHigh temperature SiC layer is formed on the surfaceSiC layer is formed on the surface of C/C coreof C/C core Grinding of the sliding surface ofGrinding of the sliding surface of diskdisk
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