The document provides information about different types of cell reproduction and genetics concepts. It discusses asexual reproduction, which requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring through mitosis. The types of asexual reproduction include budding, vegetative reproduction, and binary fission. Sexual reproduction involves the production of gametes through meiosis and the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote. Punnett squares are used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses and inheritance of traits or disorders. DNA, RNA, protein synthesis and gene technology concepts like gene splicing and genetic engineering are also summarized. Gel electrophoresis is described as a technique to determine relatedness between organisms based on separation of DNA bands by size.

1. Benchmark 3 Review
Notes
Honors Biology

2. Asexual Reproduction
Only one parent required
Genetically identical offspring created
Uses MITOSIS to make clone organisms
No gametes used

3. Types of Asexual
Reproduction
• Budding  Used by yeast and hydra
• Vegetative  Used by plants
• Binary Fission  Used by bacteria
QUESTION:
Which type of asexual reproduction
is shown to the right???

4. Sexual Reproduction
• Gametes are produced by the process of meiosis
– Crossing-Over of Meiosis I ensures genetic variation
between offspring
– Gametes are HAPLOID cells (N)
• Egg and sperm unit to form a zygote
– Zygote is the first DIPLOID cell (2N) of a new
individual. The zygote becomes a fully-formed
individual through mitosis

5. Production of Gametes

6. If a somatic cell has 100
chromosomes. . .
• Cells undergoing • Cells undergoing
MITOSIS will have MEIOSIS will have 50
100 chromosomes chromosomes each
each
• HAPLOID cells
• DIPLOID cells created created

9. Genetics Review
Genotypes Phenotypes
• Two alleles for an • Physical
autosomal trait characteristics
• HH – homozygous
dominant • Hh and HH create the
• Hh – heterozygous same phenotype
• Hh – homozygous
recessive

10. Punnett Squares for Autosomal
Traits
• What percentage of
children will have the
dominant
phenotype?
• What percentage of
children will have the
recessive
phenotype?

11. Sex-Linked Traits
• Carried on X- • Boys receive X-
chromosome chromosome and its
alleles from MOM
• Recessive alleles
cause disorders like • Use a SPECIAL
colorblindness, Punnett Square to
hemophilia, and predict
baldness

12. Sex-Linked Punnett Squares
• What percent of
males inherit the
disorder?
• What percent of
females are carriers
for the disorder?

13. Pedigrees
• Study the
pedigree to
the right.
• What kind of
trait is shown?
Explain. . .

14. DNA and RNA
• DNA is double- • RNA is single-
stranded stranded
• Base pair rules: • Makes a single-strand
– A—T copy off an open DNA
– C—G strand
• For ATT-CGA: what is • For ATT-CGA: what is
the complementary the complementary
DNA strand? RNA strand?

16. Functions
• DNA: contains thousands • RNA:
of genes written as
nucleotide sequences mRNA: carries gene information
from nucleus to ribosome
• Genetic code determined rRNA (ribosome): site where
mRNA instructions are read
by DNA nitrogen base
tRNA: carries amino acid to
sequence ribosomes according to mRNA
instructions
• Kept in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells

17. Steps of Protein Synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION:
• DNA gene opens to attach mRNA nucleotides
• mRNA copies DNA gene in the nucleus
• DNA closes back up as mRNA exits
TRANSLATION:
• mRNA attaches to a ribosome where tRNA
brings correct amino acids

19. Two Important Types of
Gene Technology
Gene splicing Genetic Engineering
• Genes from an organism • Used to replace undesired
are removed and inserted genes of an organism with
into another organism better ones
Example: inserting human Example: Glow in the dark
insulin-producing gene in puppies are created by
bacteria to produce insulin inserting the glowing gene
quickly and economically from jellyfish into the dog
DNA

21. Gel Electrophoresis
• Used to determine relatedness of
organisms
• Separates DNA bands by size
• Shorter segments travel the furthest
through the matrix

22. More Matching Bands = Closer
Relatedness