The detection and measurement of radionuclides in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples collected from Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal-fired thermal power plant in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh, have been performed by gamma ray spectrometry technique. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples were 10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1; 56.91±2.77, 69.22±4.26 and 189.79±64.65 Bqkg-1; and 70.91±2.90, 115.26±5.79 and 205.53±65.56 Bqkg-1; respectively. These measured values were compared with other literature values. The calculated absorbed dose rates were found higher than the worldwide average values for both the bottom ash and fly ash samples. Moreover, the radium equivalent activity in all the samples was less than 370 Bqkg-1 and external hazard indices were less than unity (except in FA-1). Therefore, there is no probability of immediate health effect on workers and public due to natural radioactivity present in the samples.
The document discusses various types of fuels categorized by their physical state and origin. It describes natural solid fuels like wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite coal. It also discusses artificial solid fuels produced from coal and wood processing like coke, charcoal and briquettes. Liquid fuels discussed include petroleum and its refined products like petrol, diesel and kerosene. Natural gases mentioned are natural gas, coal gas and producer gas. The document also provides details on artificial gases like water gas, LPG and CNG.
The Potential Application of Gasification for Biomass Power Generation in Iso...IJERA Editor
Indonesia has renewable energy source very large, as biomass. Installed capacity power plants of Indonesia
now 53,585 MW, where the potential energy biomass is the largest of renewable sources of energy that owned
by Indonesia. The machine of gasification is designed to produce combustible gas (CO, H2, CH4). These
combustible gas are produced to replace fossil fuel as engine fuel to generate electricity. However, the
properties and characteristics of these combustible gas should meet the characteristic of the engine as every
engine has its own specific characteristic. In this research, Biomass Power Generation (BPG) which work more
properly with CO was used. High level of tar contained in produced combustible gas contaminates the engine
filter rapidly. Therefore, the machine cannot be operated at a longer time. The objective of this research was to
study the potential application of downdraft gasification machine with high content of CO and low production
of tar. Downdraft gasification machine which designed in this research had installed capacity as much as 50 kW
with reactor diameter and height were 900 mm and 1000 mm, respectively. The testing result showed that power
generated from this machine was 40 kW, efficiency 80 % and can be operated for 6 hours. The optimum
combustible gas produced by this machine occurred at CO, H2 and CH4 content were 21.75 %, 13.12 % and 1.12
%, respectively. Besides of using active carbon, tar removal was carried out using dust trap system (wet
scrubber). The potential reduction of value of greenhouse gases emission is about 37 until 67 %. Based on an
analysis calculation of financial , a test performance of gasification, and analysis of environmental impact, the
use of system gasification can be used on a system a power plant in the isolated area from national electricity
company in Indonesia.
Sustainable Strategies for the Exploitation of End-of-Life Permanent MagnetsNOMADPOWER
Rare Earth Magnets (REM), especially the NdFeB type, are essential components in high-performance electric motors and wind turbines, playing an important role in the shift towards a low-carbon energy matrix. However, little work has been done to understand how the production of REM can be in line with the global sustainable transition. To overcome this lack and help with future research, as well as decision-making, this paper provides a literature overview of which aspects of sustainability are being investigated in the REM supply chain, and how each of them contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This research is developed through a consistent analysis of 44 peer-reviewed publications, followed by an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Four main subjects of studies were identified: environmental impact; social impact; economic aspects and circular economy. Most of the studies focus on computing the environmental impact through life cycle assessment and discussing techniques towards exploring the circular economy concept. In addition to contributing to a greener economy, the majors identified strengths of REM are the great potential of its supply chain in reducing primary resource extraction, since REM recovery and recycling seem to be viable, and the promising techniques to minimize environmental impacts along the rare earth elements production chain.
This document summarizes an environmental impact assessment report for a proposed coal-based power plant in Gujarat, India. It describes the existing environmental conditions, including water quality, land use, flora and fauna in the area. It also outlines the potential impacts of the plant on water resources and biodiversity during construction and operation. Mitigation measures are proposed, such as developing green belts, controlling air emissions, and treating wastewater, to minimize adverse environmental impacts.
Design and development of pyrolysis batch reactor and characterization of tir...eSAT Journals
Abstract Owing to the increased fuel crises and rapid growth of transportation sector, it is very much necessary to identify and alternative to petroleum feed stocks. On the other hand disposal of solid waste material raises the hazard of environmental pollution. In order to bridge these gaps, a pyrolysis batch reactor was designed and fabricated in the present investigation with an overall dimension of 400 X 200 X 458 cm and handling capacity of 10 kgs per cycle. The yield of TPO was optimized with reaction temperature to produce high quantity of gaseous outputs. Elemental analysis, Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis were carried out and found that limonene was the major compound in the TPO. The FT IR analysis also revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the TPO. The physio-chemical properties of TPO were determined using Indian standard 1448 standards and were found to usable in internal combustion engine as treated TPO and blends of TPO with straight diesel. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Elemental analysis, Limonene, Calorific value, Sulphur.
Operation of Internal Combustion Engines on Digas for Electricity ProductionLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67668
The purpose of this research is to review engine performance and technology issues relating to generating electricity from digester gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Research performed at the Colorado State University (CSU) Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) and published material from other organizations is utilized.
Digester gas (digas) can be used effectively in internal combustion engines for electricity production to offset operating costs and/or sell to the electric utility. Stationary industrial engines are generally employed for this purpose. Four application areas where systems have been successfully demonstrated are sewage processing plants, animal waste facilities, landfills, and agricultural waste processing systems. Digas is generated through anaerobic digestion, or biomethanization, for all these cases. There are many common engine technical issues within these areas, although the digas generation systems employed in each case are different. In this presentation issues pertinent to running engines on digas are explored. The focus is on animal waste facilities, but the presentation draws upon the other application areas for technical insight related to engine technology. Specific stationary engine types are discussed. High engine efficiency and power density are important to the economic viability of anaerobic digestion systems. Engine operational and design changes to maintain high efficiency and power density for digas fueling are analyzed. Management of engine maintenance problems is also key to economic viability. Corrosive gases contained in digas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are evaluated.
Environmental impact of thermal power plantSiraskarCom
Environmental impact of thermal power plant, Different pollutants from thermal power plants, their effects on human health and vegetation, methods to control pollutants such as particulate matter; oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen, dust handling systems, ESP, scrubbers, water pollution, thermal pollution, noise pollution from TPP and its control
This document discusses utilizing landfill gas as an energy source from an old landfill in Skopje, Macedonia. Landfill gas is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and is a major pollutant from landfills. The old Vardariste landfill in Skopje could potentially generate 11.7 million cubic meters of landfill gas containing 43.5 million kWh of energy over 20 years if captured. This gas could be used to power a 100 kW generator, providing an alternative energy source and reducing pollution. Further investigation is needed to properly assess the landfill's gas collection and utilization capabilities.
The document discusses various types of fuels categorized by their physical state and origin. It describes natural solid fuels like wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite coal. It also discusses artificial solid fuels produced from coal and wood processing like coke, charcoal and briquettes. Liquid fuels discussed include petroleum and its refined products like petrol, diesel and kerosene. Natural gases mentioned are natural gas, coal gas and producer gas. The document also provides details on artificial gases like water gas, LPG and CNG.
The Potential Application of Gasification for Biomass Power Generation in Iso...IJERA Editor
Indonesia has renewable energy source very large, as biomass. Installed capacity power plants of Indonesia
now 53,585 MW, where the potential energy biomass is the largest of renewable sources of energy that owned
by Indonesia. The machine of gasification is designed to produce combustible gas (CO, H2, CH4). These
combustible gas are produced to replace fossil fuel as engine fuel to generate electricity. However, the
properties and characteristics of these combustible gas should meet the characteristic of the engine as every
engine has its own specific characteristic. In this research, Biomass Power Generation (BPG) which work more
properly with CO was used. High level of tar contained in produced combustible gas contaminates the engine
filter rapidly. Therefore, the machine cannot be operated at a longer time. The objective of this research was to
study the potential application of downdraft gasification machine with high content of CO and low production
of tar. Downdraft gasification machine which designed in this research had installed capacity as much as 50 kW
with reactor diameter and height were 900 mm and 1000 mm, respectively. The testing result showed that power
generated from this machine was 40 kW, efficiency 80 % and can be operated for 6 hours. The optimum
combustible gas produced by this machine occurred at CO, H2 and CH4 content were 21.75 %, 13.12 % and 1.12
%, respectively. Besides of using active carbon, tar removal was carried out using dust trap system (wet
scrubber). The potential reduction of value of greenhouse gases emission is about 37 until 67 %. Based on an
analysis calculation of financial , a test performance of gasification, and analysis of environmental impact, the
use of system gasification can be used on a system a power plant in the isolated area from national electricity
company in Indonesia.
Sustainable Strategies for the Exploitation of End-of-Life Permanent MagnetsNOMADPOWER
Rare Earth Magnets (REM), especially the NdFeB type, are essential components in high-performance electric motors and wind turbines, playing an important role in the shift towards a low-carbon energy matrix. However, little work has been done to understand how the production of REM can be in line with the global sustainable transition. To overcome this lack and help with future research, as well as decision-making, this paper provides a literature overview of which aspects of sustainability are being investigated in the REM supply chain, and how each of them contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This research is developed through a consistent analysis of 44 peer-reviewed publications, followed by an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Four main subjects of studies were identified: environmental impact; social impact; economic aspects and circular economy. Most of the studies focus on computing the environmental impact through life cycle assessment and discussing techniques towards exploring the circular economy concept. In addition to contributing to a greener economy, the majors identified strengths of REM are the great potential of its supply chain in reducing primary resource extraction, since REM recovery and recycling seem to be viable, and the promising techniques to minimize environmental impacts along the rare earth elements production chain.
This document summarizes an environmental impact assessment report for a proposed coal-based power plant in Gujarat, India. It describes the existing environmental conditions, including water quality, land use, flora and fauna in the area. It also outlines the potential impacts of the plant on water resources and biodiversity during construction and operation. Mitigation measures are proposed, such as developing green belts, controlling air emissions, and treating wastewater, to minimize adverse environmental impacts.
Design and development of pyrolysis batch reactor and characterization of tir...eSAT Journals
Abstract Owing to the increased fuel crises and rapid growth of transportation sector, it is very much necessary to identify and alternative to petroleum feed stocks. On the other hand disposal of solid waste material raises the hazard of environmental pollution. In order to bridge these gaps, a pyrolysis batch reactor was designed and fabricated in the present investigation with an overall dimension of 400 X 200 X 458 cm and handling capacity of 10 kgs per cycle. The yield of TPO was optimized with reaction temperature to produce high quantity of gaseous outputs. Elemental analysis, Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis were carried out and found that limonene was the major compound in the TPO. The FT IR analysis also revealed the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the TPO. The physio-chemical properties of TPO were determined using Indian standard 1448 standards and were found to usable in internal combustion engine as treated TPO and blends of TPO with straight diesel. Keywords: Pyrolysis, Elemental analysis, Limonene, Calorific value, Sulphur.
Operation of Internal Combustion Engines on Digas for Electricity ProductionLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67668
The purpose of this research is to review engine performance and technology issues relating to generating electricity from digester gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Research performed at the Colorado State University (CSU) Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) and published material from other organizations is utilized.
Digester gas (digas) can be used effectively in internal combustion engines for electricity production to offset operating costs and/or sell to the electric utility. Stationary industrial engines are generally employed for this purpose. Four application areas where systems have been successfully demonstrated are sewage processing plants, animal waste facilities, landfills, and agricultural waste processing systems. Digas is generated through anaerobic digestion, or biomethanization, for all these cases. There are many common engine technical issues within these areas, although the digas generation systems employed in each case are different. In this presentation issues pertinent to running engines on digas are explored. The focus is on animal waste facilities, but the presentation draws upon the other application areas for technical insight related to engine technology. Specific stationary engine types are discussed. High engine efficiency and power density are important to the economic viability of anaerobic digestion systems. Engine operational and design changes to maintain high efficiency and power density for digas fueling are analyzed. Management of engine maintenance problems is also key to economic viability. Corrosive gases contained in digas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are evaluated.
Environmental impact of thermal power plantSiraskarCom
Environmental impact of thermal power plant, Different pollutants from thermal power plants, their effects on human health and vegetation, methods to control pollutants such as particulate matter; oxides of sulphur; oxides of nitrogen, dust handling systems, ESP, scrubbers, water pollution, thermal pollution, noise pollution from TPP and its control
This document discusses utilizing landfill gas as an energy source from an old landfill in Skopje, Macedonia. Landfill gas is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and is a major pollutant from landfills. The old Vardariste landfill in Skopje could potentially generate 11.7 million cubic meters of landfill gas containing 43.5 million kWh of energy over 20 years if captured. This gas could be used to power a 100 kW generator, providing an alternative energy source and reducing pollution. Further investigation is needed to properly assess the landfill's gas collection and utilization capabilities.
This document discusses plasma arc gasification as a waste disposal and energy conversion method. It provides an introduction and overview of the plasma gasification process (PGP). The PGP involves using a plasma arc to gasify waste at high temperatures, producing a syngas that can be used to generate electricity and heat. The document describes the main components of PGP systems, including the plasma arc torch, reactors, and syngas cleaning systems. It also covers waste-to-energy potential, vitrification of waste residues, applications for managing different waste streams, and a conclusion with a SWOT analysis of the plasma gasification technology.
Environmental Impact of different Power Production Techniques using BiomassPatrick VanSchijndel
This document summarizes the results of a study comparing the environmental impacts of different biomass power production techniques using life cycle assessment (LCA). The techniques analyzed were: 1) Co-combustion of biomass in a conventional powder coal power plant, 2) Stand alone biomass firing with steam cycle, 3) Stand-alone biomass gasification with combined cycle and 4) Combustion in a domestic waste-incinerator. The LCA found that co-combustion in a coal power plant had the lowest environmental impact overall. Stand-alone gasification with a combined cycle had less impact than stand-alone combustion with a steam cycle, which had less impact than biomass combustion in a waste inciner
The document proposes installing a fuel cell system at the Western Treatment Plant in Werribee, Victoria to better utilize the plant's renewable energy resources. The plant currently produces biogas from sewage but flares excess gas. A 10MW fuel cell system using biogas and syngas from biosolids pyrolysis could generate power for on-site use and export to the grid. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make more sustainable use of the plant's waste products and renewable energy potential.
The document introduces the Microwave Steam Plasma (MSP) gasification technology for treating solid waste. MSP uses an electrode-less microwave plasma torch operating at temperatures over 13,000°F to break down organic materials in solid waste into a gaseous fuel of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The gaseous fuel or "syngas" can then be used to generate electricity or other end products. MSP offers greater flexibility in feedstocks compared to incineration, higher overall plant efficiency, and eliminates dioxins and furans produced by incineration. The document provides an overview of MSP technology and its advantages over other waste treatment methods.
This paper was written with the aim to present a short study about the real efficiency of electric and thermal energy produced by a state-of-the-art Biogas Plant as well for evaluating the real usage of agricultural land that is used today for all actually installed Biogas plants in Germany. Germany was used because statistics and specific data were best available for this type of study.
info@biz-consultant.net
www.biz-consultant.net
The document discusses plasma arc technology as an alternative waste treatment method. It begins by outlining the increasing waste generation problem in urban India. Plasma arc technology gasifies waste in an oxygen-starved environment to produce syngas, vitrified slag, and other products. The key components of a plasma gasification system and factors affecting performance are described. Plasma arc technology offers advantages over incineration like lower emissions and more energy efficient operation. While holding potential, the technology also faces limitations like high costs and lack of standards that have hindered wider adoption in India.
This document proposes replacing the Boardman coal power plant in Oregon with three hybrid natural gas/solar thermal power tower plants located near Lakeview, Oregon. Each plant would have a 125 MW nameplate capacity and utilize a power tower design with 1,160,000 square meters of heliostat area and 14 hours of thermal storage. The hybrid design uses both natural gas and solar thermal energy to generate power at a projected net annual efficiency of 37.2%. The project aims to reduce CO2 emissions by about half compared to the Boardman plant while providing baseload power. The estimated total project cost is $2.55 billion with an anticipated levelized cost of energy competitive with coal power generation.
This document summarizes an energy and environmental impact study of a cement plant in South Africa. It was found that insulating the preheater system was the most promising energy saving measure, with a payback period of only 7.5 months. Increasing the plant's exergetic efficiency from 39% to 43% through this measure would decrease environmental impacts according to the Eco Indicator method. The study also found that energy saving projects are generally less attractive in South Africa than Europe due to lower fuel prices and higher interest rates in South Africa.
Multispectral-TIR Data Analysis by Split Window Algorithm for Coal Fire Detec...inventionjournals
This document discusses using remote sensing to detect and monitor coal fires in the Jharia coal field in India. It provides background on coal fires, how they start and their impacts. It describes using the ASTER satellite to retrieve land surface temperature over Jharia in 2006 and 2009 using a split window algorithm. Land surface temperature is an important parameter for detecting thermally anomalous pixels indicating coal fire. The study aims to map and monitor the spatial and temporal dynamics of coal fires between 2006 and 2009.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Combustible gas from gasification, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysisNajib Altawell
This document discusses three methods for obtaining combustible gas from biomass materials: gasification, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. Gasification involves converting biomass into a gas mixture at high temperatures with air. Anaerobic digestion is the decomposition of wet biomass through bacterial action without air to produce biogas. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass absent of oxygen to produce gas and a solid residue.
The document discusses plasma energy technology (PET) as an alternative to using oil for coal-based power plants. PET uses high-temperature plasma to partially gasify coal and air mixtures, improving combustion and reducing emissions. It could eliminate the need for supplemental oil, improve efficiency, and lower costs due to less maintenance and fuel savings compared to traditional oil-assisted startup methods. An analysis for a 2x500 MW plant estimated capital cost savings of 36 crore rupees by avoiding fossil fuel-based startup systems, and operating cost savings of over 4.5 crore rupees annually from lower fuel and water usage. PET is presented as a ready technology to meet India's energy needs cleanly and securely.
Bionic's µfuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
Optical Control of Selectivity of High Rate CO2 Photoreduction Via Interband-...Pawan Kumar
Photonic crystals consisting of TiO2 nanotube arrays (PMTiNTs) with periodically modulated diameters were fabricated using a precise charge-controlled pulsed anodization technique. The PMTiNTs were decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to form plasmonic photonic crystal photocatalysts (Au-PMTiNTs). A systematic study of CO2 photoreduction performance on as-prepared samples was conducted using different wavelengths and illumination sequences. A remarkable selectivity of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction could be engineered by merely varying the spectral composition of the illumination sequence. Under AM1.5 G simulated sunlight (pathway#1), the Au-PMTiNTs produced methane (302 µmol h-1) from CO2 with high selectivity (89.3%). When also illuminated by a UV-poor white lamp (pathway#2), the Au-PMTiNTs produced formaldehyde (420 µmol h-1) and carbon monoxide (323 µmol h-1) with almost no methane evolved. We confirmed the photoreduction results by 13C isotope labeling experiments using GC-MS. These results point to optical control of the selectivity of high-rate CO2 photoreduction through selection of one of two different mechanistic pathways. Pathway#1 implicates electron-hole pairs generated through interband transitions in TiO2 and Au as the primary active species responsible for reducing CO2 to methane. Pathway#2 involves excitation of both TiO2 and surface plasmons in Au. Hot electrons produced by plasmon damping and photogenerated holes in TiO2 proceed to reduce CO2 to HCHO and CO through a plasmonic Z-scheme.
Nickel Decorated on Phosphorous-Doped Carbon Nitride as an Efficient Photocat...Pawan Kumar
Nickel nanoparticle-decorated phosphorous-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ni@g-PC3N4)
was synthesized and used as an efficient photoactive catalyst for the reduction of various
nitrobenzenes under visible light irradiation. Hydrazine monohydrate was used as the source
of protons and electrons for the intended reaction. The developed photocatalyst was found to be
highly active and afforded excellent product yields under mild experimental conditions. In addition,
the photocatalyst could easily be recovered and reused for several runs without any detectable
leaching during the reaction.
Coal bed methane and underground coal gasificationDan Wilson
A brief introduction to coal bed methane (CBM) and underground coal gasification. It includes yields and possible environmental impacts. A group presentation as part of my MSc at Keele University.
The Regional Carbon Freedom (Presented: 2019)Kalle Karttunen
The aim of the study is to promote ways to reach the goals of the carbon neutrality at the South Savo region in eastern Finland by examining the solutions for emission reductions and forest use. The study has taken the first step for reaching the cost-effective carbon neutrality at the regional level in Finland. The carbon dioxide neutral region means that the region's internal activity does not change the carbon content of the atmosphere. The carbon neutral society produces just as much carbon emissions as it can bind from the atmosphere.
The study started by updating the regional energy balance and its carbon influence. Second, the carbon impact on
forest use was measured. Finally, the cost-efficiency of alternative carbon neutrality solutions will be estimated. The
study will be carried out by combining alternative emission reduction solutions and forest management simulations
with computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. Permanent National Forest Inventory plots were used as an
input of forest management simulations. Then, applying a modified CGE model (RegFinDyn), the economic and
emission impacts of alternative carbon balance solutions will be assessed at the regional level.
Earlier results have shown that a more intensive use of forests decreases the carbon sequestration potential but
increases the regional socio-economic benefits. The carbon balance should be compensated either for emission
reduction solutions or by controlling the use of forests. It is important to choose the solutions which are not only the
emission efficient but also cost-efficient at the regional level.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended wi...ijtsrd
The waste management of scrap tyre causes impact on environment due to its non-degradable property. Therefore the recycling of tyre scrap is to be considered for improving the energy conversion from solid waste management. The objective of this project is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel blended with Tyre Prolysis Oil(TPO) in direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The tyre oil obtained at 713 K through pyrolysis process of waste tyre. The synthesized oil is then processed by desulphurization to reduce the sulphur content and transesterification for blending it with diesel. The various blends of composition 10%TPO and 90% diesel, 20%TPO and 80% diesel is prepared. Through these blends the improvement of performance and emission characteristics such as NOX, CO2, HC were identified and compared with conventional diesel fuel. K. Saravanan | Pon. Azhagiri | Dr. T. Senthil Kumar"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended with Diesel in Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14362.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14362/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-pyrolysed-fuel-of-tyre-blended-with-diesel-in-diesel-engine/k-saravanan
Clean coal technologies aim to reduce the environmental impact of coal energy production through methods like chemically washing coal, treating flue gas to reduce emissions, and carbon capture and storage. The presentation overview discusses supercritical technology, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), and magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. Supercritical plants operate at a higher temperature and pressure above the critical point for steam, improving efficiency by 0.69-1.96% over subcritical plants. IGCC turns coal into gas before combustion to reduce emissions, but has high costs. MHD generation could achieve efficiencies over 60% by using magnets to directly convert the kinetic energy of ionized gas into electricity in an open Bray
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and analyze steady flow through an engine intake system. A 3D model of the intake manifold and port system was analyzed using FLUENT software. The model was validated by comparing CFD results to experimental data. Good agreement was found between predicted and measured airflow rates. The CFD model can be used as a tool to optimize the intake system design and reduce the need for physical experiments.
This document discusses using a back propagation neural network (BPNN) to predict carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from a diesel engine. It begins by providing background on BPNN and how it was applied in this study. Experimental data on engine parameters and CO emissions were collected from tests. The data were divided into training and testing sets to train and validate the BPNN. Different combinations of engine parameters were used as inputs to the BPNN in various "strategies" to determine the best parameters for accurately predicting CO emissions. The BPNN architecture and training parameters were optimized to minimize error between predicted and actual CO emissions. The goal was to develop a method for predicting emissions to better control engine parameters and reduce pollution.
This document summarizes a study on liquefaction analysis of the Kakinada region in India using geotechnical borehole data. The study aims to determine the factor of safety against liquefaction for the region using standard penetration test (SPT) data. Deterministic liquefaction analysis is performed using SPT-based methods to calculate the factor of safety, which is the ratio of cyclic resistance ratio to cyclic stress ratio. Reliability analysis is also conducted considering uncertainties in models and parameters. Key findings from selected boreholes include the soil profile period, peak ground acceleration, and ground response spectrum at the surface.
This document discusses plasma arc gasification as a waste disposal and energy conversion method. It provides an introduction and overview of the plasma gasification process (PGP). The PGP involves using a plasma arc to gasify waste at high temperatures, producing a syngas that can be used to generate electricity and heat. The document describes the main components of PGP systems, including the plasma arc torch, reactors, and syngas cleaning systems. It also covers waste-to-energy potential, vitrification of waste residues, applications for managing different waste streams, and a conclusion with a SWOT analysis of the plasma gasification technology.
Environmental Impact of different Power Production Techniques using BiomassPatrick VanSchijndel
This document summarizes the results of a study comparing the environmental impacts of different biomass power production techniques using life cycle assessment (LCA). The techniques analyzed were: 1) Co-combustion of biomass in a conventional powder coal power plant, 2) Stand alone biomass firing with steam cycle, 3) Stand-alone biomass gasification with combined cycle and 4) Combustion in a domestic waste-incinerator. The LCA found that co-combustion in a coal power plant had the lowest environmental impact overall. Stand-alone gasification with a combined cycle had less impact than stand-alone combustion with a steam cycle, which had less impact than biomass combustion in a waste inciner
The document proposes installing a fuel cell system at the Western Treatment Plant in Werribee, Victoria to better utilize the plant's renewable energy resources. The plant currently produces biogas from sewage but flares excess gas. A 10MW fuel cell system using biogas and syngas from biosolids pyrolysis could generate power for on-site use and export to the grid. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make more sustainable use of the plant's waste products and renewable energy potential.
The document introduces the Microwave Steam Plasma (MSP) gasification technology for treating solid waste. MSP uses an electrode-less microwave plasma torch operating at temperatures over 13,000°F to break down organic materials in solid waste into a gaseous fuel of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The gaseous fuel or "syngas" can then be used to generate electricity or other end products. MSP offers greater flexibility in feedstocks compared to incineration, higher overall plant efficiency, and eliminates dioxins and furans produced by incineration. The document provides an overview of MSP technology and its advantages over other waste treatment methods.
This paper was written with the aim to present a short study about the real efficiency of electric and thermal energy produced by a state-of-the-art Biogas Plant as well for evaluating the real usage of agricultural land that is used today for all actually installed Biogas plants in Germany. Germany was used because statistics and specific data were best available for this type of study.
info@biz-consultant.net
www.biz-consultant.net
The document discusses plasma arc technology as an alternative waste treatment method. It begins by outlining the increasing waste generation problem in urban India. Plasma arc technology gasifies waste in an oxygen-starved environment to produce syngas, vitrified slag, and other products. The key components of a plasma gasification system and factors affecting performance are described. Plasma arc technology offers advantages over incineration like lower emissions and more energy efficient operation. While holding potential, the technology also faces limitations like high costs and lack of standards that have hindered wider adoption in India.
This document proposes replacing the Boardman coal power plant in Oregon with three hybrid natural gas/solar thermal power tower plants located near Lakeview, Oregon. Each plant would have a 125 MW nameplate capacity and utilize a power tower design with 1,160,000 square meters of heliostat area and 14 hours of thermal storage. The hybrid design uses both natural gas and solar thermal energy to generate power at a projected net annual efficiency of 37.2%. The project aims to reduce CO2 emissions by about half compared to the Boardman plant while providing baseload power. The estimated total project cost is $2.55 billion with an anticipated levelized cost of energy competitive with coal power generation.
This document summarizes an energy and environmental impact study of a cement plant in South Africa. It was found that insulating the preheater system was the most promising energy saving measure, with a payback period of only 7.5 months. Increasing the plant's exergetic efficiency from 39% to 43% through this measure would decrease environmental impacts according to the Eco Indicator method. The study also found that energy saving projects are generally less attractive in South Africa than Europe due to lower fuel prices and higher interest rates in South Africa.
Multispectral-TIR Data Analysis by Split Window Algorithm for Coal Fire Detec...inventionjournals
This document discusses using remote sensing to detect and monitor coal fires in the Jharia coal field in India. It provides background on coal fires, how they start and their impacts. It describes using the ASTER satellite to retrieve land surface temperature over Jharia in 2006 and 2009 using a split window algorithm. Land surface temperature is an important parameter for detecting thermally anomalous pixels indicating coal fire. The study aims to map and monitor the spatial and temporal dynamics of coal fires between 2006 and 2009.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Combustible gas from gasification, anaerobic digestion and pyrolysisNajib Altawell
This document discusses three methods for obtaining combustible gas from biomass materials: gasification, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. Gasification involves converting biomass into a gas mixture at high temperatures with air. Anaerobic digestion is the decomposition of wet biomass through bacterial action without air to produce biogas. Pyrolysis thermally decomposes biomass absent of oxygen to produce gas and a solid residue.
The document discusses plasma energy technology (PET) as an alternative to using oil for coal-based power plants. PET uses high-temperature plasma to partially gasify coal and air mixtures, improving combustion and reducing emissions. It could eliminate the need for supplemental oil, improve efficiency, and lower costs due to less maintenance and fuel savings compared to traditional oil-assisted startup methods. An analysis for a 2x500 MW plant estimated capital cost savings of 36 crore rupees by avoiding fossil fuel-based startup systems, and operating cost savings of over 4.5 crore rupees annually from lower fuel and water usage. PET is presented as a ready technology to meet India's energy needs cleanly and securely.
Bionic's µfuel catalytic MWDP (microwave depolymerization) process is a 2nd generation biomass/waste-to-fuel process ready for commercialization in 2011.
Optical Control of Selectivity of High Rate CO2 Photoreduction Via Interband-...Pawan Kumar
Photonic crystals consisting of TiO2 nanotube arrays (PMTiNTs) with periodically modulated diameters were fabricated using a precise charge-controlled pulsed anodization technique. The PMTiNTs were decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to form plasmonic photonic crystal photocatalysts (Au-PMTiNTs). A systematic study of CO2 photoreduction performance on as-prepared samples was conducted using different wavelengths and illumination sequences. A remarkable selectivity of the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction could be engineered by merely varying the spectral composition of the illumination sequence. Under AM1.5 G simulated sunlight (pathway#1), the Au-PMTiNTs produced methane (302 µmol h-1) from CO2 with high selectivity (89.3%). When also illuminated by a UV-poor white lamp (pathway#2), the Au-PMTiNTs produced formaldehyde (420 µmol h-1) and carbon monoxide (323 µmol h-1) with almost no methane evolved. We confirmed the photoreduction results by 13C isotope labeling experiments using GC-MS. These results point to optical control of the selectivity of high-rate CO2 photoreduction through selection of one of two different mechanistic pathways. Pathway#1 implicates electron-hole pairs generated through interband transitions in TiO2 and Au as the primary active species responsible for reducing CO2 to methane. Pathway#2 involves excitation of both TiO2 and surface plasmons in Au. Hot electrons produced by plasmon damping and photogenerated holes in TiO2 proceed to reduce CO2 to HCHO and CO through a plasmonic Z-scheme.
Nickel Decorated on Phosphorous-Doped Carbon Nitride as an Efficient Photocat...Pawan Kumar
Nickel nanoparticle-decorated phosphorous-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Ni@g-PC3N4)
was synthesized and used as an efficient photoactive catalyst for the reduction of various
nitrobenzenes under visible light irradiation. Hydrazine monohydrate was used as the source
of protons and electrons for the intended reaction. The developed photocatalyst was found to be
highly active and afforded excellent product yields under mild experimental conditions. In addition,
the photocatalyst could easily be recovered and reused for several runs without any detectable
leaching during the reaction.
Coal bed methane and underground coal gasificationDan Wilson
A brief introduction to coal bed methane (CBM) and underground coal gasification. It includes yields and possible environmental impacts. A group presentation as part of my MSc at Keele University.
The Regional Carbon Freedom (Presented: 2019)Kalle Karttunen
The aim of the study is to promote ways to reach the goals of the carbon neutrality at the South Savo region in eastern Finland by examining the solutions for emission reductions and forest use. The study has taken the first step for reaching the cost-effective carbon neutrality at the regional level in Finland. The carbon dioxide neutral region means that the region's internal activity does not change the carbon content of the atmosphere. The carbon neutral society produces just as much carbon emissions as it can bind from the atmosphere.
The study started by updating the regional energy balance and its carbon influence. Second, the carbon impact on
forest use was measured. Finally, the cost-efficiency of alternative carbon neutrality solutions will be estimated. The
study will be carried out by combining alternative emission reduction solutions and forest management simulations
with computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. Permanent National Forest Inventory plots were used as an
input of forest management simulations. Then, applying a modified CGE model (RegFinDyn), the economic and
emission impacts of alternative carbon balance solutions will be assessed at the regional level.
Earlier results have shown that a more intensive use of forests decreases the carbon sequestration potential but
increases the regional socio-economic benefits. The carbon balance should be compensated either for emission
reduction solutions or by controlling the use of forests. It is important to choose the solutions which are not only the
emission efficient but also cost-efficient at the regional level.
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended wi...ijtsrd
The waste management of scrap tyre causes impact on environment due to its non-degradable property. Therefore the recycling of tyre scrap is to be considered for improving the energy conversion from solid waste management. The objective of this project is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel blended with Tyre Prolysis Oil(TPO) in direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The tyre oil obtained at 713 K through pyrolysis process of waste tyre. The synthesized oil is then processed by desulphurization to reduce the sulphur content and transesterification for blending it with diesel. The various blends of composition 10%TPO and 90% diesel, 20%TPO and 80% diesel is prepared. Through these blends the improvement of performance and emission characteristics such as NOX, CO2, HC were identified and compared with conventional diesel fuel. K. Saravanan | Pon. Azhagiri | Dr. T. Senthil Kumar"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Pyrolysed Fuel of Tyre Blended with Diesel in Diesel Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14362.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14362/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-pyrolysed-fuel-of-tyre-blended-with-diesel-in-diesel-engine/k-saravanan
Clean coal technologies aim to reduce the environmental impact of coal energy production through methods like chemically washing coal, treating flue gas to reduce emissions, and carbon capture and storage. The presentation overview discusses supercritical technology, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), and magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. Supercritical plants operate at a higher temperature and pressure above the critical point for steam, improving efficiency by 0.69-1.96% over subcritical plants. IGCC turns coal into gas before combustion to reduce emissions, but has high costs. MHD generation could achieve efficiencies over 60% by using magnets to directly convert the kinetic energy of ionized gas into electricity in an open Bray
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and analyze steady flow through an engine intake system. A 3D model of the intake manifold and port system was analyzed using FLUENT software. The model was validated by comparing CFD results to experimental data. Good agreement was found between predicted and measured airflow rates. The CFD model can be used as a tool to optimize the intake system design and reduce the need for physical experiments.
This document discusses using a back propagation neural network (BPNN) to predict carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from a diesel engine. It begins by providing background on BPNN and how it was applied in this study. Experimental data on engine parameters and CO emissions were collected from tests. The data were divided into training and testing sets to train and validate the BPNN. Different combinations of engine parameters were used as inputs to the BPNN in various "strategies" to determine the best parameters for accurately predicting CO emissions. The BPNN architecture and training parameters were optimized to minimize error between predicted and actual CO emissions. The goal was to develop a method for predicting emissions to better control engine parameters and reduce pollution.
This document summarizes a study on liquefaction analysis of the Kakinada region in India using geotechnical borehole data. The study aims to determine the factor of safety against liquefaction for the region using standard penetration test (SPT) data. Deterministic liquefaction analysis is performed using SPT-based methods to calculate the factor of safety, which is the ratio of cyclic resistance ratio to cyclic stress ratio. Reliability analysis is also conducted considering uncertainties in models and parameters. Key findings from selected boreholes include the soil profile period, peak ground acceleration, and ground response spectrum at the surface.
This document studies the strength characteristics of concrete when sand is partially replaced by granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). Tests were conducted by replacing sand at 10%, 20%, and 30% with GBFS at various water-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7. The compressive strength was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days. The results show that replacing sand with 10-20% GBFS increased the compressive strength at lower water-cement ratios of 0.4-0.5. However, replacing sand with 30% GBFS decreased the compressive strength.
A three-step DMAIC process was implemented using Six Sigma methodology to reduce DM make up water consumption in a thermal power plant. The Define phase involved mapping the cycle make up water process and identifying critical success factors. In the Measure phase, four months of water consumption data was analyzed. The Analyze phase used tools like run charts, process capability analysis, fishbone diagrams, and pareto charts to identify root causes like blow down, valve passings, and leaks. The Improve and Control phases established actions to address the root causes, including training, process adjustments, and regular inspections. This led to an improvement in the process capability and a reduction in the DM make up water consumption.
The document analyzes the thermodynamic performance of a lithium bromide (LiBr) and water based vapor absorption air conditioning system that utilizes waste exhaust heat from a diesel engine. The system consists of a generator, condenser, evaporator, absorber, and solution heat exchanger. The effects of varying the temperatures of these components on the system's coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency are examined. The results show that COP increases with higher evaporator temperature but decreases with higher condenser and absorber temperatures. Exergy analysis indicates the condenser and absorber have higher exergy losses than the generator and evaporator. A small-scale LiBr-water system can feasibly operate using exhaust heat from
This document describes an experimental setup for a solar vapor absorption cooling system using a flat plate collector. The system consists of two main circuits: 1) A solar water heating system circuit that uses a flat plate collector to heat water which is then used in the generator. 2) A vapor absorption refrigeration circuit consisting of a generator, absorber, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger, using an ammonia-water working fluid. Experimental results showed a temperature drop of 7-8°C in the evaporator and a coefficient of performance of 0.75-0.79 for the solar powered vapor absorption system, lower than the maximum theoretical COP of 3.11 but demonstrating the potential to produce refrigeration from solar energy
Automatic parking and platooning for electric vehicles redistribution in a ca...IOSR Journals
This document describes a system for automatically redistributing electric vehicles between parking stations in a car sharing application. A leader vehicle driven by a human picks up and drops off other vehicles at stations to rebalance availability. The other vehicles can automatically exit parking spaces and join a platoon led by the leader vehicle for transport. An exit parking controller is presented that plans a collision-free path for a vehicle to exit a space in one or multiple maneuvers based on its geometry. Vehicles then follow the leader vehicle longitudinally and laterally in the platoon using control strategies. Perception systems allow vehicles to detect obstacles and other vehicles for safe autonomous maneuvers. The system aims to efficiently relocate vehicles between stations for car sharing applications.
This document describes linking design and manufacturing on a PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) platform. Specifically, an automobile fuel tank cap was modeled in Creo Parametric. An injection mold was then developed for the part. The complete design data was integrated into Windchill PLM software for data and process management. The fuel tank cap design, mold design, and NC programs for manufacturing the mold were generated. The design data was then imported into Windchill where it could be accessed and reviewed by authorized users, including providing customer feedback. Integrating the design and manufacturing data onto a PLM platform allows for efficient management of the product data and process throughout the lifecycle.
This document analyzes heat transfer in internal combustion engine cylinders made from different materials through modeling and simulation. It describes designing a cylinder with dimensions of 0.25m length, 0.25m width and 0.2m height. Materials analyzed include gray cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, and nickel. Transient thermal analysis in ANSYS is conducted with inside cylinder temperatures of 600°C, 1000°C and 2000°C and outside at 22°C. Graphs show total and directional heat flux over time. Gray cast iron has the lowest heat transfer rate due to its low thermal conductivity but can withstand high temperatures. Aluminum and other lightweight materials are alternatives for weight optimization, though cast iron remains common due to
This document summarizes research on an innovative no-fines concrete pavement model. It discusses how no-fines concrete has properties that make it suitable for use as rigid pavement on low-traffic volume roads. The document outlines a trial mix design for M20 grade no-fines concrete and describes achieving a density of 21 kN/m3 and flexural strength of 35 kg/cm2. It then proposes a pavement design that allows for storing water in the concrete to reduce runoff and recharge groundwater, with a perforated pipe to drain stored water.
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated heat transfer enhancement in rectangular fin arrays with circular perforations. The researchers measured heat transfer and other parameters for solid and perforated fins under varying flow conditions. For the perforated fins, they found enhancement in heat transfer compared to solid fins. Specifically, they tested parallel and cross fins made of aluminum with dimensions of 100mm by 60mm by 5mm thickness. Testing was done with air flow velocities from 3000-6000 Reynolds number. Temperature and other measurements were taken over time as heat was applied. Calculations were done to determine heat transfer coefficients, finding values of 233.3 W/m2-K for parallel fins and 242.58 W/m2-K for cross fins
The researchers used strain gauges to experimentally determine the drag coefficient of a scale model Toyota car. Tests were conducted in a subsonic wind tunnel from 21.17 to 33 m/s. Drag coefficients were obtained ranging from 1.10 to 0.53, decreasing about 50% over the speed range tested. Flow visualization showed recirculating vortices at the rear that influence drag. Measurement errors for velocity, drag force, and drag coefficient decreased with increasing air speed.
This document summarizes research using artificial neural networks to forecast the output power performance of a solar thermal lag Stirling engine. Input parameters like angular velocity, temperature, and tank volumes were used to train neural networks. The best network structure had inputs, hidden, and output layers. It was trained on 572 data points and showed high accuracy in predicting engine performance based on validation metrics. Graphs showed the neural network could successfully predict variables like gas temperature, tank volume, and output power under different operating conditions. The research demonstrated artificial neural networks are a useful tool for simulating Stirling engine performance without complex modeling equations.
This document discusses soil-structure interaction calculations for rigid hydraulic structures using the finite element method (FEM). It examines two common computational models: the Winkler and Pasternak models. The Winkler model represents soil behavior with independent vertical springs, while the Pasternak model adds a shear layer between the soil and structure. Equations are provided for deriving the stiffness matrix of a beam foundation considering each model. The influence of these models on displacements and developed stresses of rigid structures is evaluated through FEM calculations.
The document describes a study that used response surface methodology to develop a mathematical model for predicting brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) in a single cylinder diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel blends. Experiments were conducted varying injection pressure, compression ratio, load, and percentage of biodiesel. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and central composite design to obtain the optimal operating conditions. The model showed load had the most significant effect on BSFC, with higher loads resulting in lower BSFC. The mathematical model achieved good accuracy in predicting BSFC with an adjusted R-squared value of 96.78%.
Bipolar Disorder Investigation Using Modified Logistic Ridge EstimatorIOSR Journals
This study investigates factors contributing to bipolar disorder among 109 teaching and non-teaching university staff using a modified logistic ridge estimator. Sex, age, occupation, and body mass index were analyzed as factors beyond traditional genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. The modified logistic ridge estimator was found to have smaller standard errors than the standard logistic ridge estimator or logistic estimator. The results found that sex, age, and body mass index significantly contribute to bipolar disorder, with men and older adults (≥40 years) being more predisposed, and higher body mass index positively correlated with bipolar disorder. The probability of bipolar tendency was highest for non-teaching males aged 40 or older with the highest recorded body mass index
Group Search Optimization technique is used to minimize reactive power generation in a power system. The objective is to control generator voltages to reduce reactive power production while meeting system constraints. IEEE 14-bus test system is used with 4 generator buses. Generator voltages are optimized using Group Search Optimization, which finds the minimum reactive power of 5.26 MVAR after 26 iterations. Reactive power and line losses are reduced compared to the base case, showing the effectiveness of the technique in minimizing reactive power generation.
This document describes a system for classifying gender using both face images and voice samples. It analyzes features extracted from preprocessed voice and image data using autocorrelation and Fisherface algorithms, respectively. The results from each modality are then integrated to increase classification accuracy. Experimental results showed the voice-based system was more robust to variations, but combining modalities yielded a system that leveraged the strengths of each approach and improved performance under noisy conditions.
The document analyzes and designs a multi-cell post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge with a 35m span. Two different duct materials, HDPE and corrugated bright metal, are considered to determine the most economical design. Finite element modeling and analysis of the box girder is performed using CSI Bridge software. The design is done according to Indian code specifications, considering aspects such as section properties, load calculations, stress limits, prestressing calculations and loss estimates, and serviceability checks. Results for bending moments, shear forces, displacements and stresses are obtained and compared for both duct options.
This document discusses the impacts of coal combustion in thermal power plants in India. It focuses on the problems associated with fly ash, which makes up a large portion of the ash produced. Fly ash is currently collected using electrostatic precipitators, but large quantities still enter the environment. The document outlines several mitigation measures for fly ash utilization, including using it to make bricks, cement, ceramics, and as a soil fertilizer. It also discusses using fly ash in road construction and problems associated with increased radionuclides and other emissions from burning coal.
This document provides information on radioactive waste management in India. It discusses India's integrated system approach to managing radioactive waste from generation to disposal. This includes characterizing, segregating, treating, conditioning, and storing or disposing of various waste streams. The system aims to be safe, efficient and economically viable for managing waste from nuclear power and other applications.
atomic power and waste india how it get affected the environment -pdfrajdutt1111
This document summarizes India's radioactive waste management system and nuclear power program. The system aims to safely and economically manage radioactive waste from generation to disposal using an integrated approach. Nuclear power currently produces a small portion of India's energy but is growing, with 20 reactors currently operational and 7 more under construction. Radioactive waste comes from nuclear power generation and other uses, and is categorized as high or low level waste depending on its radioactivity.
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
The document presents a student's environmental impact assessment (EIA) report on a proposed thermal power plant. The report discusses the key components of the plant, including its fuel and water requirements. It analyzes the plant's potential environmental impacts, such as air and water pollution, effects on biodiversity, and solid waste management. It also describes the EIA process and examines the plant's compliance with relevant regulations to minimize environmental damage. In conclusion, the student expresses thanks to their teacher and college for providing the opportunity to study and report on the important topic.
Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to type man.. huh ..why are u wasting our time..all for money stupids.. environment..eia .. environment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental environmental and social economic assessment social environmental and social economic assessment assessment environmental and environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment economic assessment Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to type man.. huh ..why are u wasting our time..all for money stupids.. environment..eia .. environment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment environmental environmental and social economic assessment social environmental and social economic assessment assessment environmental and environmental and social economic assessment environmental and social economic assessment economic assessment Gives a detailed analysis of environmental impact assessment and social impact assessment report..how to do them.. benefits cost benefit analysis..eia..clearance .. ideologies..methods..reports..baseline monitoring..different case studies ..natural preservation..airnimoact..air pollution water pollution noise pollution ..how a eia can be carried out methodological approach.. financial benefits..net present value ..present net value ..cost of incurred..accrued.. environmental effects on public..forest clearence .. it's effect on people ...case studies mrts project ..bridges ..road project ..if u want why the hell making us to type like this idiots..what more to
This document summarizes a study on producing granular activated carbon from activated sludge. Activated sludge was obtained from a dairy wastewater treatment plant and chemically activated using sulfuric acid. The resulting activated carbon was characterized based on its physical properties, structure, and ability to adsorb pesticides. Testing showed the activated carbon had a high surface area of 580 m2/g and effectively adsorbed pesticides, fitting the BET adsorption model well. The maximum pesticide adsorption capacity was 110 mg/g at pH 3. Activated sludge is shown to be a promising low-cost precursor for producing activated carbon.
List of Nuclear power plants in India and the World. Information about the construction, safety features, environmental effects of Kudankulum Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Advanatges and disadvantages Nuclear Plant.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Separation of mineral matter from indian coal by using solventseSAT Journals
Abstract
Coal resources have been estimated at over 861 billion tone globally. India accounts for 236 billion tonne of coal. Coal meets around
30.3 % of global primary energy needs and generates 42% of the world’s electricity. Indian electricity capacity has a rapid growth
from 1350MW in the year 1947 to more than 140,000MW presently. Wide spectrum of coal is required ranging from power generation
to steel production, infrastructure and commercial purposes. Indian coals contain high in ash content ranging from 15% to 55% [1]
but low in sulphur content. Power plants complain of high ash content, inconsistent quality and size. Research and process
development to produce the ash-free coal (Hyper-coal, HPC) has been carrying out since 1999 [5]. To improve the quality of coal by
washing to reduce the environmental impact, enhance coal quality and increase process efficiency. Coal washing and coal
beneficiation processes are the major thrust in terms of developing strong research cells for developing better practices, suiting
requirements of all the coalfields of India. The extraction yield depends strongly on the coal particle size, solvent and extraction
conditions. Experimental investigation for removal of mineral matter from Indian coal by using three different solvents such as
Tetrahydrofuran, 1,4 Dioxane and Diethyl ether. Comparative study on reduction of ash content of Indian coals having different
average particle sizes(0.126mm,0.258mm and 0.403mm) using different solvents reveals that Tetrahydrofuran is the best solvent with
respect to these used solvents. The maximum reduction of ash content is found to be 23.16%. Experimental studies also highlighted
how ash removal of coal by using solvents is increased with the decrease of particle size due to the easy liberation of ash bearing
components from coal particles [16].
Keywords: Ash-free coal, Coal particle size, Coal beneficiation, Tetrahydrofuran, 1, 4 Dioxane, Diethyl ether
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Thermal power plants that burn coal for electricity release various air pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. These pollutants harm human health and can cause premature death, lung cancer, heart attacks and other issues. They also negatively impact the environment by contaminating water sources and soil with toxic ash and heavy metals, disrupting aquatic ecosystems with thermal pollution, and requiring large amounts of land for ash disposal that changes local soil properties. In addition, thermal power plants present socioeconomic issues through displacement of local communities and hazardous working conditions for employees.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impacts Of Seemai Karuvelam (Prosopis Juliflora) Charcoal Heap Units In Rama...PARAMASIVANCHELLIAH
Community entrepreneurship is one of the conventional methods of self employment activities of local
people with available resources. Seemai karuvelam charcoal heap units are one of the traditional way to
convert the wood into charcoal which in used in hotel, fireworks, laundering etc. Environmental aspects of
wood energy use are diverse. They range from local land use to global climate change and from applications
in smoky kitchens to electricity generation in large-scale power stations. Consequently environmental
impacts of wood energy use and production can be both positive and negative, and an assessment of these
impacts should always be part of wood energy policy making. Seemai karuvelam charcoal heap units is
one of the environmental of its smoke and activities which directly affect the environment of its smoke and
the seemai karuvelam will affect the ground water. Therefore, there is a need of understanding the Seemai
karuvelam charcoal heap units and its impact on socio-economic and environmental aspects.
1. Experiments were conducted using a 4 sqm parabolic solar concentrator to calcine small gypsum samples (5kg), which showed promising results for using solar energy to produce plaster of Paris (POP) on an industrial scale.
2. A proposed industrial method was calculated using 30 Scheffler solar concentrators (each 16 sqm), which could produce enough energy (48 kWh/day each) to make 1 ton of POP per day. With estimated costs and subsidies, the payback period would be approximately 4 years.
3. Dual axis tracked parabolic dishes could also be used, especially for higher temperature applications like fluidized bed calciners which require 250°C thermal oil temperatures. Systems
Production of plaster of paris using solar energyeSAT Journals
Abstract Plaster of Paris (POP) is an important building material. Most of the units producing POP are in small scale sector. These units use wood, coal to calcine gypsum. The average consumption of wood to produce one ton of POP is 300kg. The electrical energy constitutes only 5% while rest is thermal energy. Most of POP units are situated in western Rajasthan. This region has about 300-320 days of clear sun shine. Since thermal energy has major contribution in energy mix, it makes sense to supplement the same with concentrated solar technology. Experiments were conducted to establish feasibility. A commercial parabolic concentrator of 4 sqm was used to calcine small samples (5kg) and the result show great promise. An industrial method of producing POP using commercially available solar concentrator technologies (CST) has been proposed. The payback period is observed to be of the order of 4 years.
Keywords: Gypsum, Plaster of Paris, Solar energy, Scheffler reflector, parabolic concentrator
This document summarizes a study that measured radon concentration levels in five coal mines in the Chakwal district of Pakistan to assess radiological hazard. Radon exposure poses health risks for mine workers. Passive track detectors were placed for three months at locations in each mine. Detector tracks were counted to determine radon concentration, which varied between 50-114 Bq m-3 among mines. Radon exhalation rates from coal and shale samples were also measured, ranging from 934 to 1302 mBq m-2h-1. Estimates of annual worker dose and lifetime cancer risk were calculated.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
This document discusses microwave-assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste. It begins by introducing the problem of increasing plastic waste and discusses pyrolysis as a potential solution. It then describes the design of a microwave reactor for pyrolyzing plastic waste, with a quartz reactor vessel and ability to heat using microwaves. Experiments were conducted with a mixture of plastics and carbon black as the microwave absorber. Products were analyzed using various techniques and the char was characterized. The results suggest microwave pyrolysis may be an effective way to treat plastic waste.
Similar to Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant, Dinajpur, Bangladesh (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
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Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 5, Issue 6 (Jan. 2014), PP 32-38
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in
Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant,
Dinajpur, Bangladesh
M. Mehade Hasan1
, M. I. Ali2
, D. Paul2
, M. A. Haydar2
, S. M. Azharul Islam1
1
Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Health Physics and Radioactive Waste Management Unit (HPWMU), Institute of Nuclear Science and
Technology (INST), Atomic Energy Research Establisment (AERE), Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission,
Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract : The detection and measurement of radionuclides in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples
collected from Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal-fired thermal power plant in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh, have
been performed by gamma ray spectrometry technique. The average activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and
40
K in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples were 10.46±5.24, 23.50±10.88 and 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1
;
56.91±2.77, 69.22±4.26 and 189.79±64.65 Bqkg-1
; and 70.91±2.90, 115.26±5.79 and 205.53±65.56 Bqkg-1
;
respectively. These measured values were compared with other literature values. The calculated absorbed dose
rates were found higher than the worldwide average values for both the bottom ash and fly ash samples.
Moreover, the radium equivalent activity in all the samples was less than 370 Bqkg-1
and external hazard
indices were less than unity (except in FA-1). Therefore, there is no probability of immediate health effect on
workers and public due to natural radioactivity present in the samples.
Keywords: Natural Radioactivity, Feed Coal, Bottom Ash, Fly Ash, Gamma spectrometry
I. INTRODUCTION
The feed coal used in power plants contains various elements organic constituents, inorganic contents
such as naturally radioactive potassium, and minerals with inclusion of trace elemental uranium and thorium,
each with various physiochemical characteristics in regard to the decay products, their associated half-lives,
decay modes, decay energies, leachability etc. About 2.3×109
kg of this highly caloric form of coal is required in
modern plants to produce 1GW of electrical energy, also yielding of the order of 3×106
kg ash [1]. Some 40% of
the world energy demand is fulfilled by coal –fired power plant [2].
In various thermal power plants the combustion of coal results in the release of some natural
radioactivity which consequently increases the radioactivity in soil,water and atmosphere around thermal power
plants. As the radon in the atmosphere, soil, ground water, oil and gas deposits contributes the largest fraction of
the natural radiation dose to populations, so tracking its concentration is fundamental for radiation protection,
health and hygiene point of view [3]. There has been an increasing demand for electricity generation throughout
the world with the ever-increasing growth in human civilization. With the increasing demand for electricity, coal
plays an important role in electric power generation worldwide [4]. After the combustion of the coal in the
boiler, 20% of the ash is collected at the bottom of the boiler called bottom ash and 80% is carried along with
flue gases called fly ash. Bottom ash is mixed with water and made into sludge form and sent through pumps
into the ash ponds. The ash from this power plant is mainly used in producing cement and other building
materials or aggregate in stabilizing roadways [5].
With the advancements in the industrial and technological growth and applications, a general
awareness has also arisen regarding the deleterious side effects of the same and has a role to play as lifeline. In
some industrial units coal, is used as fuel. The coal combustion in industrial units is associated with the dispersal
of radionuclides in the environment. The activities of radionuclides discharged in the atmosphere from coal
depend on a number of factors such as activity concentration in coal, ash content in coal, temperature of
combustion and efficiency of the filtering systems etc. In the production of electric power, coal is burnt in
furnaces operating at temperature upto 1700°C and by this process most of the mineral matter in the coal is
fused into vitrified ash. A portion of ash and incompletely burnt organic matter drop to the bottom of the furnace
as bottom ash or slag. The fly ash, however, is carried through the boiler along with the hot flue gases to the
stack where some fractions are collected while the rest escape in to the atmosphere. Thermal Power Stations add
to environmental degradation problems through gaseous emissions, particulate matter, fly ash and bottom ash.
Ash content being in abundance in Indian coal, problem of fly ash and bottom ash disposal increase day by day.
The fly ash generated in thermal power station causes many hazardous diseases like Asthma, Tuberculosis etc.
2. Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
The people living within 5 km radius of coal based power plant suffer from respiratory ailments. Initially,
perceptions of objectionable effects of air pollutants were limited to those easily detected like odour, soiling of
surfaces and smoke stacks [3].
Bangladesh has a good amount of coal deposit in its territorial area. Especially the northern part of the
country is rich in coal deposit. It has five discovered coal mines namely Barapukuria, Phulbari, Khalashpir,
Jamalganj and Dighipara and all these mines are located in the northern region of the country. But only the
Barapukuria coal mine is currently under production. The coal extracted from these mines is used in various
purposes including power generation, burning in the brick fields and so on [6] . The Barapukuria 2×125 MW
coal-fired thermal power plant authority is always using the coal extracted from Barapukuria coal mine nearby
the plant as feed coal for their power generation system. The system produces two types of coal ash namely
bottom ash and fly ash which are being mixed with the environmental elements specially with the sorroundings
soil and water.
Moreover, contamination may happen in the surrounding environmental elements such as soil and
water and so on due to the leaching of radionuclides due to power generation activity. There is no available data
on the radioactivity contents in feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash radiological impact of these samples and power
plant on people and environment of Bangladesh. Therefore, this study was designed to conduct a thorough study
on the radionuclide contents and radiological implications on the power plant workers, public and environmental
elements. Fig. 1 shows the location map of the study area.
Fig. 1 Location map of the Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal fired thermal power plant in Bangladesh
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1 STUDY AREA
Dinajpur is an administrative district under the Rangpur Division and is situated in the Northern part
of Bangladesh. Barapukuria power Plant site is located in flat land of the Northwestern "corner" of Bangladesh
at about 45 km east of the district headquarters of Dinajpur, 20 km east to the border of India. The north-south
gauge railway passes through the east part of the site.The site is located about 1 km north of the coal mine
mouth under construction.The only large industrial area nearby is this coal mine including its residential
complexes.The nearest town is Phulbari, a Thana (Upazila) headquarter as primary administrative center of the
country. Phulbari is located about 6 km south of the site.
2.2 SAMPLING LOCATIONS
A total of 12 samples namely; 4 feed coal and 8 ash samples; were collected from inside of the power
plant area. Eight ash samples were divided into two groups namely; bottom ash and fly ash samples. These
samples were collected during the whole day on 9 July 2013. Location coordinates of the Barapukuria 2×125
MW coal fired thermal power plant are latitude 25º
33´N and longitude 88º
57´E.
2.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION
It was stated in earlier section that 4 feed coal samples and 8 ash samples were collected from inner
area of the power plant .Four feed coal samples were collected from four different coal deposit inside the power
plant area. Bottom ash and fly ash samples were collected from four different places and were marked as BA-1,
BA-2, BA-3, BA-4 and FA-1, FA-2, FA-3, FA-4, respectively.
Barapukuria
3. Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
2.4 SAMPLE PROCESSING
After the collection of feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples, they were transported and preserved
at the sample preparation laboratory of the Health Physics and Radioactive Waste Management Unit,
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka. The samples were then cleaned and dried in
the sun and crushed into fine powder by using a grinder except ash samples and collected after passing through
400 µm mesh screen. The homogenized samples were then dried in an oven at about 110˚C for about 24 hours
and the weights of the samples were recorded using an electrical balance. The homogenized samples were then
transferred to sealable cylindrical plastic containers of 7 cm height and 5.5 cm in diameter, marked individually
with identification parameters e.g, name and location of the sample, date of preparation and net weight. All the
containers are then sealed tightly with an insulating tape around their neck and stored for about 30 days to attain
radioactive secular equilibrium between 226
Ra and its daughter products.
2.5 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The detection and measurement of radionuclides in the samples were carried out by gamma
spectrometry system using a vertical coaxial cylindrical high purity germanium (HPGe) detector of 172 cm3
active volume and with 40% relative efficiency. The p-type HPGe detector supplied by CANBERRA (Model-
GC4020), had a resolution of 2 keV at 1332 keV of Cobalt-60 gamma-ray line. The detector was coupled to a 16
k-channel analyser. The spectra of all samples were perfectly analysed using Genie-2000 spectra analysis
software (which matched various gamma energy peaks to a library of all possible radionuclides) to calculate the
concentrations of 238
U, 232
Th and 40
K. The detector was enclosed in a cylindrical shielding container made of
lead and iron with 11.3 cm thickness, 51 cm height and 28 cm internal diameter and having a fixed bottom and
moving cover to reduce the external gamma-ray background. All the samples were counted for 10 ks. prior to
the measurement of the samples, the environmental gamma background at laboratory site was determined with
an identical empty Marinelli beaker and plastic container used in the sample measurement. The energy regions
selected for the corresponding radionuclides were 295 keV and 352 keV of 214
Pb and 609 keV, 1120 keV and
1764 keV for 214
Bi and 226
Ra, 583 keV and 2614 keV of 208
Tl, 911 keV and 969 keV of 228
Ac for 232
Th, and
1460 keV for 40
K [7] .
2.6 CALIBRATION OF THE DETECTOR
In the present study the calibration for the efficiency of the detector was performed by standard
source of solid matrices prepared using 226
Ra standard solutions. The standard source was prepared using
identical container used for the measurement of the samples, e.g., 180 ml plastic container for solid samples.
The preparation process of standard sources had been reported elsewhere [8]. The detector efficiency calibration
curves as a function of energy for solid matrices are shown in Fig. 2. The energy calibration of the detector was
performed by using 137
Cs and 60
Co point sources.
Fig. 2 Efficiency curve for solid matrix
1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.1 THE ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS
The activity concentrations (A) of each radionuclide in the collected samples were determined by using
the following standard equation [9]:
A= cps/(E×I×W) (1)
Where, A = Activity concentrations of the sample in Bqkg-1
or BqL-1
.
cps = The net counts per second= cps for the sample- cps for the background value
E = The counting efficiency of the gamma energy
I = Absolute intensity of the gamma ray and
4. Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
W = Net weight of the sample (in kilogram or litre).
The uncertainties in the measurements were expressed in terms of standard deviation (±σ), where σ is expressed
as [9]:
2
1
22
b
b
s
s
T
N
T
N
(2)
Where, Ns is the sample counts measured in time Ts, and Nb is the background counts measured in time Tb. The
standard deviation ±σ in cps was converted into activity in Bqkg-1
according to equation (1).
3.2 ABSORBED DOSE RATES
The external outdoor absorbed gamma dose rates due to terrestrial gamma rays from the nuclides
226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K at 1m above the ground level were calculated as [10]:
D (nGyh-1
) = 0.462 ARa+0.604 ATh+0.042 AK (3)
Where, ARa, ATh and AK are the specific activities of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K, respectively in Bqkg-1
.
3.3 OUTDOOR ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE
The absorbed dose rate was converted into annual effective dose equivalent by using a conversion
factor of 0.7 SvGy-1
recommended by the UNSCEAR 2000 and 0.2 for the outdoor occupancy factor by
considering that the people on the average, spent 20% of their time in outdoors [11] . The effective dose due to
natural activity in the collected samples was calculated by:
E (mSvyr-1
) = D × 24 × 365.25 × 0.2 × 0.7 × 10-6
(4)
3.4 RADIUM EQUIVALENT ACTIVITY
In order to assess the health effects from the radioactivity of the earth’s surface materials containing
238
U, 232
Th and 40
K, the activity of these nuclides is converted into a single quantity termed the radium
equivalent (Raeq). The radium equivalent activity is a weighted sum of activities of 226
Ra (daughter of 238
U),
232
Th and 40
K based on the assumption that 10 Bq kg-1
of 226
Ra, 7 Bq kg-1
of 232
Th and 130 Bq kg-1
of 40
K
produce the same gamma-ray dose rates. It is calculated by using the following relation [12] :
Raeq (Bqkg-1
) = ARa + 1.43 ATh + 0.077 AK (5)
Where, ARa, ATh and AK are the specific activities of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K, respectively in Bqkg-1
.
3.5 EXTERNAL HAZARD INDEX
The external hazard index (Hex) is the indoor radiation dose rate due to the external exposure to
gamma radiation in construction materials of dwelling which was calculated by [13].
4810259370
AAAH KThRa
ex
(6)
Where, ARa, ATh and AK have the same meanings as in equation (3), and (5).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the present study on the two types of samples are summarized in following sections.
4.1 ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN FEED COAL SAMPLES
Activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in feed coal samples were determined by equation (1)
and the results for the same are shown in Table 1 with the uncertainty level of ±σ. The results for the
radionuclides (226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K) are shown independently in Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respectively.
In feed coal samples, The activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K were found to be in the
range of 6.18±4.20 to 13.84±6.18 Bqkg-1
with an average value of 10.46±5.24 Bqkg-1
; 17.11±10.29 to
31.10±10.18 Bqkg-1
, with an average value of 23.50±10.88 Bqkg-1
and 147.02±112.65 to 390.18±160.95 Bqkg-1
,
with an average value of 232.23±131.94 Bqkg-1
respectively. All the values were lower than the worldwide
average values of 35, 30 and 400 Bqkg-1
successively [10].
4.2 ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN BOTTOM ASH SAMPLES
Activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in bottom ash samples were determined by equation
(1) and the results for the same are shown in Table 2 with the uncertainty level of ±σ.
In bottom ash samples, the activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K were found to be in the range of
39.22±2.64 to 72.88±2.83 Bqkg-1
, with an average value of 56.91±2.77 Bqkg-1
; 51.86±8.35 to 88.73±2.93 Bqkg-
1
, with an average value of 69.22±4.26 Bqkg-1
and 183.04±64.18 to 197.23±63.47 Bqkg-1
, with an average value
of 189.79±64.65 Bqkg-1
respectively which all were higher than the worldwide average value of 35, 30 and 400
Bqkg-1
except 40
K successively [10].
5. Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
4.3 ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN FLY ASH SAMPLE
Activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K in fly ash samples were determined by equation (1) and
the results for the same are shown in Table 3 with the uncertainty level of ±σ.
In fly ash samples, the activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K were found in the range of 22.63±0.69
to 107.69±.03 Bqkg-1
, with an average value of 70.91±2.90 Bqkg-1
; 30.04±0.74 to 176.97±8.75 Bqkg-1
, with an
average value of 115.26±5.79 Bqkg-1
; 25.14±8.81 to 400.19±79.25 Bqkg-1
, with an average value of
205.525±65.56 Bqkg-1
respectively. All the values were significantly higher than the worldwide average value
of 35, 30 and 400 Bqkg-1
except 40
K respectively [10] .
4.4 RADIOLOGICAL INDICES
In order to assess the health effects, the radiation hazards such as absorbed dose rate (D), outdoor
annual effective dose (E), radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and external hazard index (Hex) have been calculated
from the activity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K using the equations (3), (4), (5) and (6), respectively
and the values are shown in Table 4.
From Table 4, it is seen that absorbed dose rate due to the terrestrial gamma rays at 1m above the
ground were in the range of 21.66 to 34.62 nGyh-1
with an average 26.34 nGyh-1
for feed coal samples and those
for bottom ash samples were 57.13 to 95.55 nGyh-1
with an average value of 76.07 nGyh-1
, and for fly ash
samples were 29.65 to 162.49 with an average value of 111.01 nGyh-1
respectively. These values were higher
than the world average value of 55 nGyh-1
in both the ash samples except in feed coal samples [10].
The outdoor annual effective dose for feed coal samples ranged from 0.03 to 0.4 mSvyr-1
with an
average value of 0.0325 mSvyr-1
. The outdoor annual effective dose was 0.07 to 0.12 mSvyr-1
with an average
0.095 mSvyr-1
for bottom ash samples and 0.04 to 0.20 mSvyr-1
with an average value of 0.14 mSvyr-1
for fly ash
samples; which were less than the world average value of 0.460 mSvyr-1
[10].
The mean value of radium equivalent activity was 44.26 Bqkg-1
for feed coal samples, 170.38 Bqkg-1
for bottom ash samples, and 151.37 Bqkg-1
for fly ash samples. However, all the values obtained here for
radium equivalent activity fall far below the limit of 370 Bqkg-1
[10].The mean value of external radiation hazard
index was 0.16 for feed coal samples, 0.46 for bottom ash and 0.68 for fly ahs samples which all were
comparable to the unity indicating the non-hazardous category of the samples. The values of hazard indices
confirmed that it was safe to carry out the activities in the area for the power plant workers, general people and
there were no yet significant radiological impact of coal mining on the environment. But the sample code FA-1
shows the value of external radiation hazard index is unit so it is not safe for the environmental elements as well
as power plant workers and general people.
Table 1: Activity Concentration in (Bqkg-1
) in Different Feed Coal Samples
Sample Code 226
Ra 232
Th 40
K
FC-1 11.79 ±5.99 21.17±13.47 390.18±160.95
FC-2 13.84±6.18 31.10±10.18 ND
FC-3 6.18±4.20 24.62±9.56 147.02±112.65
FC-4 10.01±4.58 17.11±10.29 159..50±122.22
Average 10.46±5.24 23.50±10.88 232.23±131.94
World Average [10] 35 30 400
ND= Not Detected
Table 2: Activity Concentration in (Bqkg-1
) in Different Bottom Ash Samples
Sample Code 226
Ra 232
Th 40
K
BA-1 62.70±2.90 69.14±2.95 191.32±67.09
BA-2 72.88±2.83 88.73±2.93 197.23±63.47
BA-3 52.82±2.72 67.13±2.82 187.55±63.85
BA-4 39.22±2.64 51.86±8.25 183.04±64.18
Average 56.91±2.77 69.22±4.26 189.79±64.65
World Average [10] 35 30 400
Table 3: Activity Concentration in (Bqkg-1
) in Different Fly Ash Samples
Sample Code 226
Ra 232
Th 40
K
FA-1 107.69±4.03 176.97±8.75 139.17±88.96
FA-2 66.93±3.60 136.60±8.10 257.60±85.23
FA-3 86.37±3.25 117.41±5.57 400.19±79.25
FA-4 22.63±0.69 30.04±0.74 25.14±8.81
Average 70.91±2.90 115.26±5.79 205.52±65.56
World Average [10] 35 30 400
6. Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired
www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Table 4: Absorbed dose rate (D), outdoor annual effective dose (E), radium equivalent activity(Req) and
external hazard index of all feed coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples.
Sample Code & Type Absorbed dose rate D,
(nGyh-1
)
Outdoor annual
effective dose E,
(mSvyr-1
)
Radium equivalent
activityReq, (Bqkg-1
)
External hazard
index, Hex
FC-1
FC-2
FC-3
FC-4
34.62 0.04 72.05 0.19
25.18 0.03 58.27 0.16
23.90 0.03 52.65 0.14
21.66 0.03 46.72 0.13
Minimum 21.66 0.03 46.72 0.13
Maximum 34.62 0.04 72.05 0.19
Average 26.34 0.0325 44.26 0.16
BA-1
BA-2
BA-3
BA-4
78.76 0.10 176.18 0.48
95.55 0.12 214.81 0.58
72.82 0.09 163.14 0.44
57.13 0.07 127.39 0.34
Minimum 57.13 0.07 127.39 0.34
Maximum 95.55 0.12 214.81 0.58
Average 76.07 0.095 170.38 0.46
FA-1
FA-2
FA-3
FA-4
162.49
124.25
127.63
29.65
0.20
0.15
0.16
0.04
371.21
281.89
284.89
67.48
1.00
0.76
0.77
0.18
Minimum
Maximum
29.65
162.49
0.04
0.20
67.48
371.21
0.18
1.00
Average
World Average [10]
111.01
55
0.14
0.460
251.37
370
0.68
1.00
Fig. 3 Distribution of 226
Ra in all collected samples
Fig. 4 Distribution of 232
Th in all collected samples
7. Natural Radioactivity of Feed Coal and Its by-products in Barapukuria 2×125 MW Coal Fired
www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Fig. 5 Distribution of 40
K in all collected samples
IV. CONCLUSION
The radionuclide contents, activity concentrations and radiological impact of the feed coal, bottom ash
and fly ash samples collected from the Barapukuria coal fired thermal power plant in Dinajpur district of
Bangladesh and its adjacent areas were investigated in the present study. The results indicated that only the
natural radionuclides were present in the samples. The radioactivity concentrations of 226
Ra, 232
Th and 40
K were
relatively higher than the world average values except in feed coal samples. The calculated average absorbed
dose rates were found higher than the worldwide average values for both the bottom ash and fly ash samples.
The radium equivalent activity (Req) in all the samples were less than the world average value and the obtained
external hazard (Hex) indices were far below the unity (except in FA-1). The lower values of radiological indices
indicated that there is no probability of immediate health effect on workers and public due to natural
radioactivity present in the samples. The environment under current study adjacent to the power plant area is
somewhat contaminated for fly ash due to the power plant activities [6].
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Barapukuria 2×125 MW coal fired thermal power plant Authority for
giving the permission to collect the samples, specially Mr. Dinesh Chandra Mistry, Executive Engineer (coal &
ash) for his kind help to collect the samples. The authors also like to thank the technical support staffs of
HPRWMU for their help in conducting the study.
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