All chapte rs -ashish, avneesh , sandeep

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONCERN OF AIR POLLUTION
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is defined by the existence and integration of toxic compound in the
atmosphere in concentration high enough to cause harm to human, animals and the
earth’s environment.
Carbon monoxide and sulfur oxide are considered primary pollutants. These pollutants
undergo chemical changes and cause secondary effects such as smog.
Acid deposition consists of rain, snow, dust or gas with a ph lower than 5.6.
1.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY
Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, cause, and effects of health and disease
conditions in defined pollutions. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs
policy decisions and evidence based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and
target for preventive health care. Epidemiologist help with study, design collection and
statical analysis of data and interpretation and dissemination of results.
1.3 EFFECTS OF THE THERMAL POWER PLANT ON
ENVIRONMENT
Coal is the only natural resource and fossil fuel available in abundance in India.
Consequently, it is used widely as a thermal energy source and also as fuel for thermal
power plants producing electricity. Power generation in India has increased manifold in
the recent decades to meet the demand of the increasing population. Generating capacity
has grown many times from 1362MW in 1947 to 147,403MW (as on December 2008).
India has about 90,000 MWe installed capacity for electricity generation, of which more
than 70% is produced by coal- based thermal power plants. The only fossil fuel
available in abundance is coal, and hence its usage will keep growing for another 2–3
decades at least till nuclear power makes a significant contribution. The coal available
in India is of poor quality, with very high ash content and low calorific value, and most

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of the coal mines are located in the eastern part of the country. Whatever good quality
coal available is used by the metallurgical industry, like steel plants. The coal supplied
to power plants is of the worst quality. Some of the coal mines are owned by private
companies, and they do not wish to invest on quality improvement1. Combustion
process converts coal into useful heat energy, but it is also a part of the process that
produce greatest environmental and health concerns.
Combustion of coal at thermal power plants emits mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur
oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx); CFCs other trace gases and air borne inorganic
particulates, such as fly ash and suspended particulate matter (SPM). CO2, NOx and
CFCs are greenhouse gases (GHGs) High ash content in Indian coal and inefficient
combustion technologies contribute to India’s emission of air particulate matter and
other trace gases, including gases that are responsible for the greenhouse effect. The
present coal consumption in thermal power station in India results in adding ash
estimated 12.21 million tons fly ash in to the environment a year of which nearly a third
goes in to air and the rest is dumped on land or water .in spite of various research results
a consistent utilization is not evident, and it expected that stocks piles of fly ash will
continue to grow with the increasing number of super thermal power station in India. As
reliance upon coal as a fuel source increases .This large quantities of this material will
be increasingly brought into contact with the water and soil environment.
1.4 CAUSE OF AIR POLLUTION
It mainly concerned with two causes they are:
1. Natural cause.
1. Natural contamination- pollen, fungal spores, bacteria etc.
2. Volcanic eruption- gases and ash.
3. Forest fire- smoke and harmful trace gases.
4. Salt spray from oceans
5. Dust storm.
2. Anthropogenic.
1. Thermal power plant.
2. Rapid industrialization.
3. Automobile revolution.

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4. Advanced agricultural technique.
From the above causes we conclude that main factors of air pollution are dust and smog.
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTION SOURCES
1. Point or stationary sources-industries (only effect the restricted area)
2. Line or mobile sources- Automobile(as these add pollutants along narrow belt)
3. Area sources- towns and cities (add smog and gases along wide area).
1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
On the basis of origin:
1. Primary Air pollutants: These are emitted directly into the air from source.
They can have effects both directly and as precursors of secondary air pollution
2. Secondary Air pollutants: These are produced in the air by interaction two or
more primary pollutants or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents
with or without photo activation. Examples of secondary pollutants are ozone,
formaldehyde, PAN, acid mist.
1.7PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTANTS
Particulate pollutants are categorized according to size, mode of formation and physical
state.
1. Aerosols –air borne suspension of solid or liquid particles smaller than 0.001mm
example dust, smog, mist and fumes.
2. Dust- all solid particles suspended in the air temporary but settled under gravity
(0.001mm – 0.2mm)
3. Smoke- fine solid particle resulting from in complete combustion of organic
particle like coal, wood , tobacco etc (0.0001 – 0.001mm)
4. Fumes- fine solid particles formed by condensation of a vapour of a solid
material usually not visible and are released from chemical of metallurgical
process.
5. Mist- it consist of liquid droplet formed by the condensation of vapour in atmosphere
or industrial operation, example sulphuric acid mist.

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1.8 EFFECTS
Following adverse health effects have been linked to particulate matter
1. Premature death.
2. Lung cancer.
3. Development of the chronic health disease.
4. Heart attack
5. Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with chronic lung disease
and asthma.
6. Decreased lung function.
7. Pre-term birth.
8. Low birth weight.
1.9 EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT BY THERMAL POWER PLANT
1.9.1 Impact on water
The water requirement for a coal-based power plant is about 0.005-0.18 m3
/kwh. At
STPS, the water requirement has been marginally reduced from about 0.18 m3
/kwh to
0.15 m3
/kwh after the installation of a treatment facility for the ash pond decant. Still
the water requirement of 0.15 m3
/kwh = 150 Liters per Unit of electricity is very high
compared to the domestic requirement of water of a big city. Ash pond decant contains
harmful heavy metals like B, As, Hg which have a tendency to leach out over a period
of time. Due to this the ground water gets polluted and becomes unsuitable for domestic
use. At Ramagundam STPS leakage of the ash pond decants was noticed into a small
natural channel. This is harmful to the fisheries and other aquatic biota in the water
body. Similar findings were noted for Chandrapur. The exposure of employees to high
noise levels is very high in the coal based thermal power plant. Moreover, the increased
transportation activities due to the operation of the power plant leads to an increase in
noise levels in the adjacent localities.

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1.9.2 Impact on land
The land requirement per megawatt of installed capacity for coal, gas and hydroelectric
power plants is 0.1- 4.7 hectare 0.26 hectare and 6.6 hectare respectively. In case of coal
based power plants the land requirement is generally near the area to the coal mines.
While in the case of gas-based it is any suitable land where the pipeline can be taken
economically. Land requirement of hydroelectric power plants is generally hilly terrain
and valleys. 321 hectare, 2616 hectare, and 74 hectare of land were used to dispose fly
ash from the coal based plants at Ramagundam, Chandrapur and Gandhinagar
respectively. Thus large area of land is required for coal based thermal power plant. Due
to this, natural soil properties changes. It becomes more alkaline due to the alkaline
nature of fly ash.
1.9.3 Biological & thermal impact
The effect on biological environment can be divided into two parts, viz. the effect and
flora and the effect on fauna. Effect on flora is due to two main reasons, land acquisition
and due to flue gas emissions. Land acquisition leads to loss of habitat of many species.
The waste-water being at higher temperature (by 4-5oC) when discharged can harm the
local aquatic biota. The primary effects of thermal pollution are direct thermal shocks,
changes in dissolved oxygen, and the redistribution of organisms in the local
community. Because water can absorb thermal energy with only small changes in
temperature, most aquatic organisms have developed enzyme systems that operate in
only narrow ranges of temperature. These stenothermic organisms can be killed by
sudden temperature changes that are beyond the tolerance limits of their metabolic
systems. Periodic heat treatments used to keep the cooling system clear of fouling
organisms that clog the intake pipes can cause fish mortality.
1.9.4 Socio-economic impact
The effect of power plants on the socio-economic environment is based on three
parameters, viz. Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R), effect on local civic
amenities and work related hazards to employees of the power plants. The development

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of civic amenities due to the setting up of any power project is directly proportional to
the size of the project. The same has been observed to be the highest for the coal based
plants followed by the natural gas based plant and lastly the hydroelectric plant. The
coal based plant has the highest number of accidents due to hazardous working
conditions. A similar study was undertaken by Agrawal & Agrawal3 (1989) in order to
assess the impact of air pollutants on vegetation around Obra thermal power plant (1550
MW) in the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. 5 study sites were selected northeast
(prevailing wind) of the thermal power plant. Responses of plants to pollutants in terms
of presence of foliar injury symptoms and changes in chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and S
content were noted. These changes were correlated with ambient SOx and suspended
particulate matter (SPM) concentrations and the amount of dust settled on leaf surfaces.
The SOx and SPM concentrations were quite high in the immediate vicinity of the
power plant. There also exists a direct relationship between the concentration of SPM in
air and amount of dust deposited on leaf surfaces. In a lichen diversity assessment
carried out around a coal-based thermal power plant by Bajpai et al.4, (2010) indicated
the increase in lichen abundance. Distributions of heavy metals from power plant were
observed in all directions.
Manohar et al.5, (1989) have carried out the study on effects of thermal power plant
emissions on atmospheric electrical parameters, as emissions from industrial stacks may
not only cause environmental and health problems but also cause substantial deviation
in the fair weather atmospheric electric parameters.
1.10 MOST CONTROL DEVICES ARE LOCATED SOME
DISTANCE FROM THE EMISSION SOURCE THEY
CONTROL
The type of equipment needed to convey waste gases are the same for most kind of
control devices. These are:
1. Hoods – we use to capture the emissions at the source.
2. Duckwork – to convey them to the control device.
3. Stacks – to disperse them after they leave the device.

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4. Fans- to provide the energy for moving them for the controlled system together
these terms comprise a ventilation system.
5. Electrostatic separator.
1.11 CONCLUSION
Thermal Power Plant affects environmental segments of the surrounding region very
badly. Large amount of SOx, NOx & SPM are generated which damage the
environment and are highly responsible for deterioration of health of human beings,
animal kingdom as well as plants. Emission of SPM & RSPM disperse over 25 Kms
radius land and cause respiratory and related aliments to human beings and animal
kingdom.
SPM gets deposited on the plants which affect photosynthesis. Due to penetration of
pollutants inside the plants through leaves & branches, imbalance of minerals, micro
and major nutrients in the plants take place which affect the plant growth severely.
Spreading & deposition of SPM on soil disturb the soil strata thereby the fertile and
forest land becomes less productive. Because of continuous & long lasting emission of
SOx & NOx, which are the principal pollutants emitted from a coal based power plant,
structures & buildings get affected due to corrosive reactions.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This project includes the causes and ill effects of the air pollution by the industries in
the surrounding areas.
PROJECT SITE is Taanda Thermal Power Plant As Well As JAYPEE Cement
Company which is situated at Ambedkar Nagar, U.P
We have chosen the above site because it is an industrial area where the industries are
releasing lots of harmful gases and materials which are directly and indirectly affecting
the ecological life of Ambedkar nagar. Human health, animal health as well as land are
severely getting affected by these industries.
Thermal power plant of Ambedkar nagar is using coal as a fuel for generating electricity
after which gets converted into fly ash and also it releases harmful gases like CO2, SOx,
NOx etc.
JAYPEE cement company is releasing dust particle in the atmosphere which contains
harmful elements like cadmium, arsenic, Hg, Pb, etc which is also affecting the
environment of the area.
The above work is also done in Delhi where CPCB researched about the impact of air
pollution on the children.
In London, Particulate matter affected the human life.
2.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Epidemiological studies have established a close relationship between exposure to
ambient air pollution and morbidity and mortality from cardio-pulmonary diseases. Air
pollution is a complex mixture of various gases, particulates, hydrocarbons, and
transition metals. Of all these pollutants, the association between air pollution and
adverse health conditions was the strongest and most consistent for respirable
suspended particulate matters (RSPM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10
micrometer (PM10). Health risk from particulate pollution is especially high for some

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susceptible groups such as the children and the elderly persons, and those with diseases
of the heart and lungs
Central Pollution Control Board had sponsored the epidemiological study “Study on
Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function of Children in Delhi’
carried out during March 2003–August 2005 and conducted by Chittranjan National
Cancer Institute, Kolkata. The findings of these studies are as follows:
2.2 OBJECTIVES
1. Assessment of the respiratory health status of school children chronically
exposed to ambient air pollution of Delhi.
2. Assessment of degree of lung function impairment among children of Delhi.
2.3 Study details
1. 11,628 school-going children (7757 boys and 3871 girls) from 36 schools in
different parts of Delhi in different seasons were included in the study.
2. Control: 4536 children, boys 2950 and girls 1586, from 15 schools of rural West
Bengal and 2 schools from Khirsu and Kotdwar in Uttaranchal.
3. Overall, the age of the children was between 4 to 17 years.
4. Study was carried out between “December 2002 – August 2005”.
5. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) was conducted in 5718 participants of Delhi and
2270 control children by electronic, battery-operated spirometer.
2.4 Study protocol
1. Assessment of respiratory health by questionnaire survey and clinical
examination.
2. Pulmonary function test (PFT) by Spirometry.
3. Assessment of childhood obesity.
4. Examination of cellular lung reaction to inhaled pollutants by sputum cytology
and cytochemistry.
5. Assessment of haematological and vascular changes associated with air
pollution exposure following standard haematological procedure.
6. Assessment of behavioural characteristics.

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2.5 Findings
2.5.1 Respiratory and associated symptoms
1. Compared to control, Delhi’s children had 1.80 times more Upper respiratory
symptoms (sinusitis, running or stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat and common
cold with fever) and two times more Lower respiratory symptoms (frequent dry
cough, sputum-producing cough, wheezing breath, breathlessness on exertion,
chest pain or tightness and disturbed sleep due to breathing problems)
suggesting higher prevalence of underlying respiratory diseases.
2. Respiratory and associated symptoms were most prevalent in children from low
socioeconomic status, and least in children from families with high socio-
economic background.
3. The symptoms were more prevalent in children during winter when PM10 level
in air is highest in a year, and lowest during monsoon when particulate air
pollution level is lowest, suggesting a positive association with particulate air
pollution.
2.5.2 Lung function
1. The results showed reduction of lung function in 43.5% schoolchildren of Delhi
compared with 25.7% in control group. Delhi’s children had increased
prevalence of restrictive (20.3% vs. 14.3% in control), obstructive (13.06% vs.
8% in control), as well as combined (both restrictive and obstructive) type of
lung functions deficits (9.6% vs. 3.5% in control). After controlling potential
confounders like season, socioeconomic conditions and ETS, PM10 level in
ambient air was found to be positively associated with types of lung function.
2. Lung function reduction was more prevalent in girls than the boys both in rural
and urban settings.
3. Based on BMI data, 5.4% children of Delhi enrolled in this study were
overweight against 2.4% children in control (p<0.001). Overweight and
underweight children had poor lung function than children with normal weight.

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2.5.3 Cellular lung reaction to air pollution
1. The mean number of alveolar macrophages (AM) per high power field in
Delhi’s Children was 5.2 in contrast to 1.7 AM per hpf in control. Hence, school
children of Delhi had 3.1 times more AM in their sputum. Marked increase in
AM number signifies greater exposure to particulate pollution as AM represents
the first line of cellular defence against inhaled pollutants.
2. Sputum of Delhi’s children contained 4-times more iron-laden macrophages
(siderophages) than controls indicating convert pulmonary haemorrhage.
3. Changes in the sputum cytology among the school children of Delhi positively
correlated with ambient PM10 level.
2.5.4 Haematological and vascular changes
1. The prevalence of hypertension in children was 6.2% in Delhi compared with
2.1% in control. Hypertension was more prevalent among girls than the boys
and increased progressively with age, highest being in the age group of 15 – 17
years.
2. ‘Target’ cells in 9.8% of Delhi’s children against 4.3% of controls, implying a
greater risk of liver problem.
3. Higher prevalence of toxic granulation in neutrophils (21.0% vs. 8.7%) and
circulating immature neutrophils (11.3% vs. 6.5%) was found among the
children of Delhi, which suggests greater risk of infection and inflammation.
2.5.5 Behaviour
1. Delhi’s schoolchildren had 2.5-times more Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) prevalence than age-and sex-matched controls (6.7% vs.2.7%,
p<0.05). Boys had a remarkably higher prevalence than the girls. Besides air
pollution, the stress of urban living could have played a role in eliciting greater
prevalence of ADHD among the schoolchildren of Delhi

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2.6 AIR POLLUTION AND ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS:
MODIFYING FACTORS
2.6.1. Indoor air pollution
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) i.e. passive smoking, nitrogen dioxide from gas
cooking /heating and smoke from biomass fuels are the three potential sources of indoor
air pollution that may modify health effects of ambient air pollution. ETS increases the
risk of respiratory symptoms and lung function reduction in children. Natural gas
cooking and heating stoves increase exposure of family members to nitrogen dioxide.
Children who are exposed to gas heating in their homes are more likely to be prone to
respiratory illness than those with electric heating, but the level of significance was only
marginal. In a study in Nepal, found a relation between hours per day spent near a stove
and acute lower respiratory illness in children.
2.6.2. Housing and family size
Respiratory illnesses caused by respiratory infections are contagious diseases.
Overcrowding favor their propagation. As early as in 1927, Woods reported a highly
significant correlation between overcrowded houses and pneumonia mortality in
England and Wales. Payling-Wright, and Payling-Wright (1945) confirmed this finding
by reporting a strong correlation between person per room and number of children per
family and mortality from broncho pneumonia in children. Pneumonia epidemics have
also been observed in crowded living conditions in South African mining camps, and
during the construction of the Panama Canal (Finland, 1982).
2.6.3. Nutrition
Malnutrition is generally regarded as a risk factor for respiratory infection. However,
malnutrition is closely correlated with crowding, poverty, poor education and poor
housing in developing countries. Its independent effect on risk of respiratory infection is

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rather difficult to assess. Malnourished children have been shown to experience 2.7
times more bronchitis and 19 times more pneumonia than normal-weight properly
nourished children (James, 1972). A significant relation between malnutrition and
pneumonia but not bronchitis has been reported. Vitamin A deficiency in children is
associated with increased morbidity from respiratory infection and increased overall
mortality. Breast-feeding reduce mortality in children in the developing countries.
Whether the protective effect from breast milk is from its conferred anti-infective
properties
(Saarinen, 1982) or from nutritional factors is not clear. Conversely, obesity was
reported to be associated with increased incidence of respiratory illness in infants
(Tracey, 1971).
2.6.4. Age
Some studies have observed a relationship between acute lower respiratory tract
infection in the first two years of life and chronic respiratory disease in later life. For
example, acute lower respiratory infection in childhood has been related to chronic
cough in young adults, adult mortality from bronchitis (Barker and Osmond, 1986),
reduced lung function and increased bronchial reactivity.
2.6.5. Psychosocial factor
Early cross sectional studies reported relations between anxiety and upper respiratory
illness (Belfer et al., 1968), and between life changes, maladaptive coping, social
isolation, unresolved role crises with respiratory infections (Jacobs et al., 1970). Other
cross sectional studies have found relations between maternal stress and bronchitis in
children (Hart et al., 1984); and poor family functioning with doctor visits for
respiratory infection in children (Foulke et al., 1988). Stressful life events in families
are four times more likely to precede an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis (Meyer
and Haggerty, 1962). Stress and anxiety might predispose to respiratory infection by
two mechanisms: first, high stress levels may lead to disruption of normal hygiene
measures that reduce transmission of respiratory viruses; second, since psychological

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stress and other psychological factors suppress body’s defense against infection (Kieolt-
Glaser and Glaser, 1986), this may lead to increased susceptibility to increased
respiratory infection.
2.6.6. Socio-economic status
Socio-economic status (SES) is usually measured in terms of level of income, education
and pneumonia in children (Collins et al., 1971). Social class is also related to
respiratory morbidity from predominantly lower respiratory tract infections (Colley and
Reid, 1970, Colley et al., 1973). Tupasi et al., (1988) confirmed that SES within
developing countries strongly predicts risk of acute respiratory infection. Question has
been raised about the key component of the low SES that increases the risk of
respiratory infection. Poverty and lower social status are associated with large family
size, crowded living conditions, poorer access to medical care, higher smoking rates,
nutritional deficits and exposure to environmental pollutants including urban air
pollution and stressful living environments. These factors may contribute individually
or perhaps interact between themselves to increase the susceptibility to respiratory
diseases.
2.6.7. Meteorological factors
Low temperatures are usually associated with increase in mortality from pneumonia and
bronchitis (Yang, 1924). However, the association could be explained by high PM level
because peak levels of respirable particles occurred in mid winter presumably due to
condensation, cloud cover and precipitation that prevent dispersal (Graham, 1990).
Humidity might play a role in respiratory illness; for example, rhinoviruses survive
better at higher humidity implying greater transmission during high humidity periods
(Gwaltney, 1980). In temperate and warm climates, however, high humidity is often
associated with the monsoon when people spent more time indoors. Therefore it
remains a matter of conjecture whether the association was due to humidity or indoor air
pollution.

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2.6.8. Low birth weight
It has been hypothesized that low birth weight could lead to more respiratory infections
(Pio et al., 1985). Low birth weight (< 2 kg) is associated with chronic cough but not
wheeze (Chan et al., 1989). A study in India by Datta et al., (1987) revealed that low
birth weight infants (<2.5 kg) experienced the same respiratory illness prevalence as
normal weight infants in the first year of life (4.65 vs. 4.56 episodes), but had a much
higher death rate (24.6 vs. 3.2 per 100 episodes of moderate to severe respiratory
illness). Increased mortality from respiratory infection in low birth weight children has
also been reported by Victora et al., (1989) and this relationship persisted after
adjustment for parental income and education. These studies suggest that low birth
weight children do not experience higher rates of respiratory illness, but do experience
more severe infections. Confounding factors for low birth weight such as overcrowding,
poverty and poor nutrition make it difficult to ascertain whether the association is causal
or not.
Particle size, chemical composition and source
It is now well recognized that particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter of
less than 10 mm (PM10) and less than 2.5 mm (PM2.5) are the primary mediators of
toxicity in the lungs and the airways, while fine (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (UFP,
aerodynamic diameter less than 0.1 mm) generally mediate toxicity on the heart and
blood vessels (Pope 2004, Brook et al., 2004). It was also observed that exposures to
fine particles from outdoor sources of combustion and from tobacco smoke invoke
similar pathophysiological processes. Indeed, airway inflammation, an important factor
in mediating air pollution effects on the lungs, is a common finding among smokers as
well as in persons who have lived for long in a polluted environment (Gauderman et al.,
2004).

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2.7 AIR POLLUTION AND ITS SOURCES IN DELHI
According to 2001 census, 13.8 million people lived in the Delhi within an area of 1483
km2. Due to relatively high employment opportunities and better living conditions,
Delhi has attracted millions of people from rural areas in neighboring states. Currently
Delhi and its surrounding suburbs is the third largest metropolitan area in the country
after Mumbai and Kolkata. There are 827 women per 1000 men, and the literacy rate is
78.5%. Approximately 90% of the population is urban.
2.7.1 Vehicular source of air pollution: motor vehicles in Delhi
Motor vehicles are responsible for a substantial part of Delhi’s air pollution. The motor
vehicle fleet of Delhi presently stands at 4.2 million, which is more than Mumbai,
Kolkata and Chennai put together (Badami, 2005). Delhi alone with only a little over
1% of India’s population accounts for 1/ 8th of national vehicle population (Badami,
2005). In 1975, the number of vehicles in Delhi and Mumbai was almost the same.
Today Delhi has 3 times more vehicles than Mumbai, although Mumbai has 4 million
more inhabitants than Delhi. While Delhi’s population has grown about 5% per annum
over the last three decades motor vehicles grew 20% per annum in the 1970s and 1980s
and 10% per annum in the 1990s (Fig.1.1). They are still growing at a current rate of
7% per annum (DDA 1996; Mohon et al., 1997). Vehicular particulate emissions are
especially harmful for human health, because they are small and numerous, and occur
near ground level where people live and work.
Figure 2.1: Growth in population and no. of vehicles in Delhi over a period of 30 years (1970-2001)

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(i) Road transportation in Delhi
Delhi’s road transport includes private vehicles such as 2-wheelers, cars, Jeeps etc.;
public transport vehicles, such as bus, taxi, and auto rickshaws; and goods transport
vehicles such as trucks and tempos.
(ii) Bus
Delhi’s buses constitute only small percentage of city’s vehicular population, but they
cater to maximum of the total traffic load. Although personal vehicles such as cars and
two wheelers represent nearly 94% of the total number of vehicles of the city, they cater
to only 30% of the travel demand (Dept. of Transport, Govt. of Delhi). Growth of motor
vehicles in Delhi is depicted in Fig. 1.2. Delhi Transport Corporation operates large
fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses. Besides, there are a large number
of private-owned CNG-fueled buses plying in Delhi. Delhi’s buses pollute much less
than diesel-fueled buses of most other cities in India.
Figure 1.2: Growth of motor vehicles in Delhi
2.8 SCOPE OF THE WORK
Air pollution is considered as the most important contributing factor for respiratory
illnesses. Considering these, it is important to assess the respiratory health of children in
Delhi. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken in 2003 to study the respiratory
health of children in Delhi.

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CHAPTER – 3
METHODOLOGY

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3.1 SITE SELECTION
Tanda Thermal power plant TnTPP is situated at Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar, U.P. Tanda
Thermal Power Project was conceived and implemented by Uttar Pradesh State
Electricity Board (UPSEB) in 1980-81 in District Ambedkar Nagar of Uttar Pradesh.
Subsequently, the station was taken over by NTPC in January, 2000.
The present capacity of TnTPP is 440 MW (4x110 MW) and the same is under
commercial operation. The present proposal is to implement coal based Tanda TPP,
Stage-II (2x660 MW) for the benefit Uttar Pradesh and other willing of States/UTs of
Northern Region during early XII Plan period. The project is envisaged to be based on
Super Critical Technology, which shall generate power at higher efficiency, i.e. with
less consumption of coal and water and less generation of pollutants as compared to
conventional sub critical units.
The Tanda project site is located on the right bank of Main Tanda Canal near
Bahadurpur village in Ambedkar Nagar District of Utter Pradesh having latitude and
longitude of 260 35' 30" N and 820 35’ 40” E respectively. The site is approachable
from Tanda - Faizabad State Highway. Nearest railway station Akbarpur is at a distance
of 20 Kms on Faizabad-Shahganj section of Northern Central railways. The nearest
commercial airport at Lucknow is located at a distance of approximately 240 Kms from
the project site.
1. Ambedkar Nagar district covers an area of 2520 sq. km.
2. Total population of 16, 29,353.
3. Tanda has population of 83,079.
4. Approximately 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.
5. Tanda is an industrial city
6. It is coal based power plants of NTPC.
7. Source of water for the power plant is from Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu River.

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Figure 2.1: Tanda Thermal Power plant (Google image)
3.1.1 ECONOMY
Tanda is an industrial city famous for its Terri cot clothes. The "Tanda Teri cot" is now
manufactured by power looms; however, the town has a long history of weaving using
hand looms. Things changed with the introduction of electricity in the early 1960s.
Clothes manufactured include lungi, gamcha, arabi roomal, sari etc.
Other important industrial establishments in the region include a power plant run by the
National Thermal Power Corporation and the Jaypee cement factory. National Thermal
Power Corporation has an installed capacity of 440 MW (4 x 110 MW). The power
plant also houses a residential colony along with a hospital and the educational
facilities: (Rajkiya Vidyut Parishad Intermediate College, Bal Bharti Public School,
Vivekananda Shishu Kunj (UP Board & CBSE Board) and recreational clubs (Navrang
and Saptrang) having various sports facilities and gymnasium. The colony is located
beside the Saryu River. Jaypee has its own Township and Hospital/Dispensary. This
hospital provides free treatment and medicines to nearby villagers.
3.1.2 TRANSPORTATION
Tanda is connected by rail and road with the rest of the country. The rail connectivity is
used primarily for goods transportation for NTPC and Jaypee Cement Factory. For
passenger transportation, Akbarpur Railway Station is the main option. It is located

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about 18 km from in south of the town. Tanda is around 155 km from Varanasi, 200 km
from Lucknow, 55 km from Faizabad and around 80 km from Gorakhpur.
Frequent government bus services are not available to nearby towns and cities.
However, many private travel agencies run frequent bus services to Lucknow and
Faizabad. For short journeys, Jeeps and Autos are the common means of transportation.
For internal transport, the rickshaw is common.
The nearest Airport is Babatpur near Varanasi, and Amausi in Lucknow.
3.1.3 CULTURE
Many festivals are celebrated here (by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs), such as Durga
Pooja and Eid. Some local events like Datikandhava [a festival that celebrates Lord Shri
Krishna], Ramleela and Haroon Rasheed Mela and the Muharram are also celebrated
here.
3.1.4 EDUCATION
Mahamaya Rajkiya Allopathic Medical College and Trilok Nath Postgraduate College
are the two degree colleges in the city. Trilok Nath Postgraduate College offers B.A. in
a few subjects including Hindi and Urdu. There are many intermediate-level colleges
such as Arya Kanya Inter College, Lalta Prasad Kanya Inter College, Muslim Niswan
Inter College, Fatima Girls Inter College, Adarsh Janta Inter College, Qaumi Inter
College and Hobart Triloknath Inter College.
C. English Academy, Bal Shiksha Niketan, Madarsa Manzar-e-Haq, Noor-e-Haq
Islamia, Kanz-Ul-Uloom, Adars Janta Inter College, Cosmopolitan School,Crescent
English Academy, Modern Anglo, Bal Bharti and DAV are few of the schools in the
area. While the majority of the schools have Hindi-medium education, there are several
English medium schools including Cosmopolitan School, Vivekanand Shishukunj
N.T.P.C. etc.

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3.2 ANALYSIS OF STACK AND PLUME
Pollutants enter the atmosphere in a number of different ways. For example, wind blows
dust into the air. When plant material decays, methane is released. Automobiles, trucks
and buses emit pollutants from engine exhausts and during refuelling. Electric power
plants along with home furnaces give off pollutants as they try to satisfy mankind's need
for energy.
One method of pollution release has received more attention than any other pollution
released from stationary point sources, i.e. stacks. Stacks come in all sizes from a small
vent on a building's roof to a tall stack. Their function is to release pollutants high
enough above the earth's surface so that emitted pollutants can sufficiently disperse in
the atmosphere before reaching ground level. All else being equal, taller stacks disperse
pollutants better than shorter stacks because the plume has to travel through a greater
depth of the atmosphere before it reaches ground level. As the plume travels it spreads
and disperses.
3.2.1 PLUME RISE
Gases that are emitted from stacks are often pushed out by fans. As the turbulent
exhaust gases exit the stack they mix with ambient air. This mixing of ambient air into
the plume is called entrainment. As the plume entrains air into it, the plume diameter
grows as it travels downwind. These gases have momentum as they enter the
atmosphere. Often these gases are heated and are warmer than the outdoor air. In these
cases the emitted gases are less dense than the outside air and are therefore buoyant. A
combination of the gases' momentum and buoyancy causes the gases to rise. This is
referred to as plume rise and allows air pollutants emitted in this gas stream to be lofted
higher in the atmosphere. Since the plume is higher in the atmosphere and at a further
distance from the ground, the plume will disperse more before it reaches ground level.
The final height of the plume, referred to as the effective stack height (H), is the sum of
the physical stack height (hs) and the plume rise (Δh). Plume rise is actually calculated
as the distance to the imaginary centreline of the plume rather than to the upper or lower
edge of the plume (Figure 4). Plume rise depends on the stack's physical characteristics

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and on the effluent's (stack gas) characteristics. The difference in temperature between
the stack gas (Ts) and ambient air (Ta) determines the plume density which affects
plume rise. Also, the velocity of the stack gases which is a function of the stack
diameter and the volumetric flow rate of the exhaust gases determines the plume’s
momentum.
Figure 3.2: Plume rise
3.2.2 MOMENTUM AND BUOYANCY
The condition of the atmosphere, including the winds and temperature profile along the
path of the plume, will largely determine the plume's rise. Two plume characteristics
influence plume rise: momentum and buoyancy. The exit velocity of the exhaust gases
leaving the stack contributes to the rise of the plume in the atmosphere. This momentum
carries the effluent out of the stack to a point where atmospheric conditions begin to
affect the plume. Once emitted, the initial velocity of the plume is quickly reduced by
entrainment as the plume acquires horizontal momentum from the wind. This causes the
plume to bend over. The greater the wind speed is the more horizontal momentum the
plume acquires. Wind speed usually increases with distance above the earth's surface.
As the plume continues upward the stronger winds tilt the plume even further. This
process continues until the plume may appear to be horizontal to the ground. The point
where the plume looks level may be a considerable distance downwind from the stack.
Wind speed is important in blowing the plume over. The stronger the wind, the faster
the plume will tilt over.

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Plume rise due to its buoyancy is a function of the temperature difference between the
plume and the surrounding atmosphere. In an atmosphere that is unstable, the buoyancy
of the plume increases as it rises, increasing the ultimate plume height. In an
atmosphere that is stable, the buoyancy of the plume decreases as it rises. Finally, in a
neutral atmosphere, the buoyancy of the plume remains constant.
Buoyancy is taken out of the plume by the same mechanism that tilts the plume over the
wind. As shown in Figure 5, mixing within the plume pulls atmospheric air into the
plume interior. The faster the wind speed is, the faster this mixing with outside air takes
place. Entrainment of ambient air into the plume by the wind "robs" the plume of its
buoyancy very quickly so that on windy days the plume does not climb very high above
the stack.
Figure 3.3: Wind speed affects entrainment
The emitted gases being known as plume and their source of origin as stack.
3.2.3 TYPE OF PLUME
1. Looping plume
2. Neutral plume
3. Coning plume
4. Fanning plume
5. Lofting plume
6. Fumigating plume
7. Trapping plume

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1. LOOPING PLUME-
Take place when there has been a super-adiabatic lapse rate and solar heating. The large
thermal eddies in the unstable air may bring the plume to the ground level periodically.
In general, however, the direction of the plume with the surrounding air occurs rather
rapidly
1. Occurs in super adiabatic environment.
2. It produce highly unstable environment because of rapid mixing.
3. Higher stack are needed.
2. NEUTRAL PLUME
1. Upward vertical rise.
2. ELR=ALR.
3. CONING PLUME
Gets resulted in when the vertical air temperature gradient has been between dry
adiabatic and isothermal, the air being slightly unstable with some horizontal and
vertical mixing occurring. Coning is most likely to occur during cloudy or windy
periods.
1. When wind velocity > 32 km/hr & when clouds are present.
2. Also occurs under sub adiabatic condition (ELR<ALR).
4. FANNING PLUME-
Spread out horizontally but do not mix vertically. Fanning plumes take place when the
air temperature increases with altitude (inversion). The plume rarely reaches the
grounds level unless the inversion is broken by surface heating or the plume encounters
a hill. At night, with light winds and clear skies, fanning plumers are most probable.

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1. Under extreme inversion conditions.
2. Emission will spread only horizontally.
3. High rising stack are needed.
5. LOFTING PLUME-
Diffuse upward but not downwards and occur when there is a super-adiabatic layer
above a surface inversion. A lofting plume will generally not reach the ground surface.
1. When there exists a strong super adiabatic L.R. above surface inversion.
2. Such plume has minimum downward mixing as its downward motion is
prevented by inversion but upward mixing will be rapid and turbulent.
6. FUMIGATING PLUME
Causes the high pollutant concentration plume reaching the ground level along the
length of the plume and is caused by a super-adiabatic lapse rate be4neath an inversion.
The super-adiabatic lapse rate at the ground level occurs due to the solar heating. This
condition has been favoured by clear skies and light winds.
1. When inversion layer occurs at a short distance above the top of the stack and
super adiabatic condition prevail below the stack.
2. Pollutant cannot escape above the top of the stack because of I.L.
7. TRAPPING PLUME-
1. When inversion layer exist above the emission source as well as below the
source naturally the emitted plume will neither go up nor down.

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Figure 3.4: Different types of Plume Behavior
Figure 3.5: Plume pattern formation

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3.3 ABOUT STACK AND PLUME BEHAVIOR OF
TANDA’S THERMAL POWER PLANT
A 275 m one twin flue steel lined reinforced concrete chimney is provided to facilitate
wider dispersion of SO2, NOx and remaining particulate matters after ESP. Stack exit
diameter is 0.85m
3.3.1 Calculation of effective stack height Of NTPC Tanda
Formula used is Holland’s Formula
∆h=
𝑽𝒔 𝒅
𝒖
[𝟏. 𝟓 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟔𝑷𝒅
∆𝑻
𝑻𝒔
)]
∆h= rise of plume above the stack.
Vs= Stack gas velocity.
d= Stack exit diameter.
u= wind speed in m/s.
P= atmospheric pressure in millibars.
∆T= Stack gas temperature minus air temperature Ta, K.
Ts= Stack gas temperature, K.
Ta= Air temperature
Given
u= wind speed in m/s = 3.6m/s
d= Stack exit diameter = 0.85m
Ta = Air temperature = 320
C
P= atmospheric pressure in millibars = 1000 millibars
Figure 3.6: Stack and Plume behavior

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Vs = Stack gas velocity = 9.14 m/s
Ts = Stack gas temperature = 1500
C
 Convert temperature to K
 Ta = 32+273=305 K
 Ts =150+273= 423 K
 ∆T= Ts - Ta
= 423-305
= 118 K
∆h=
𝟗.𝟏𝟒𝒙𝟎.𝟖𝟓
𝟑.𝟔
[𝟏. 𝟓 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟎.𝟖𝟓
𝟏𝟓𝟎
)]
=7.38m~7.5m
Effective stack height = hs+∆h
= 275+7.5
= 282.5m

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3.4 BLOOD SAMPLES TESTS
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually
extracted from a vein in the arm using a needle. Blood tests are used to determine
physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, drug
effectiveness, and organ function.
Figure 3.7: Collection of Blood Samples
3.4.1 How is a blood test normally done?
1. The vein used for blood sampling is usually on the inside of your elbow or the
back of your wrist.
2. A tight band (tourniquet) is usually placed around your upper arm. This makes
the vein fill with blood and makes it easier for the blood sample to be taken.
3. The skin over the vein is usually cleaned with an antiseptic wipe.
4. A needle is then inserted into the vein through the cleaned skin. The needle is
connected either to a syringe, or directly to blood sample bottles.
5. When the required amount of blood is taken, the needle is removed. The small
wound is pressed on with cotton wool for a few minutes to stop the bleeding and
prevent bruising. A sticking plaster may be put on. The blood is placed in
bottles.
3.4.2 Variations of blood taking
1. Some blood tests require several samples taken over a period of time. For
example, they may be done to check how you respond to something. If you

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require repeated samples fairly close to each other (over the following few hours
or so), a doctor may insert a 'butterfly' needle into the vein, which can be taped
to the skin. Samples of blood can then be taken without using a needle each
time.
2. If only a small amount of blood is needed then a few drops of blood can be
squeezed out from a small prick in the tip of the finger or earlobe. For example,
only a small amount of blood is needed for checking the blood sugar (glucose)
level, using a test strip of paper.
3. Some blood tests are taken from an artery in the wrist. For example, to measure
the level of oxygen in the artery. This is usually only done in hospital in certain
circumstances.
4. You may be told not to eat for a time before certain tests. For example, a test of
blood glucose is commonly done first thing in the morning before you have
anything to eat.
Following tests were performed on blood samples
1. TCO2 test
2. SO2 test
3. pH test
4. Haemoglobin test
Heavy Metal tests of blood
5. Mercury test.
6. Lead test.
7. Cadmium test.

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3.5 TCO2 TEST
TCO2 is Total carbon dioxide, it is the test to measures the amount of carbon dioxide in
the liquid part of your blood, called the serum. In the body, most of the CO2 is in the
form of a substance called bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Therefore, the CO2 blood test is really a measure of your blood bicarbonate level.
The CO2 test is most often done as part of an electrolyte or basic metabolic panel.
Changes in your CO2 level may suggest that you are losing or retaining fluid. This may
cause an imbalance in your body's electrolytes.
CO2 levels in the blood are affected by kidney and lung function. The kidneys help
maintain the normal bicarbonate levels.
Normal Results
The normal range is 23-29 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter).
Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories.
3.6 HAEMOGLOBIN TEST
Haemoglobin is a protein contained in red blood cells which carries oxygen. Low
Haemoglobin is known as anaemia.
Haemoglobin may be performed as a simple bedside test on a finger prick sample of
blood using a hand-held colour-comparison device.
It may also be performed as a laboratory blood test, usually as part of a Full Blood
Count (FBC), on a few millilitres of blood from a vein.
Normal results vary, but in general are:
1. Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
2. Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

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What Abnormal Results Mean
Lower-than-normal hemoglobin may be due to:
1. Anemia
2. Bleeding
3. Destruction of red blood cells
4. Malnutrition
5. Nutritional deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B6
6. Overhydration
3.7 HEAVY METAL TEST
There are many heavy metals in our environment both naturally and from pollution. The
term “heavy metal” applies to a group of metals with similar chemical properties. Some
of these, including copper, iron and zinc, play important roles in our bodies. Others
have no known benefit for health. Examples of these are lead, which is found in paint in
old homes as well as many other sources; arsenic, which can be found in well water and
wood products; and mercury, which can build up in fish that we eat. At very high levels,
most heavy metals can cause health problems.
A blood test alone cannot accurately determine your level of metals toxicity. Many
metals quickly pass from your blood to your tissues, where they may lodge and cause
serious long-term health problems such as:
• Iron lodged in your heart tissue can cause heart disease.
• Aluminum lodged in your brain tissue can cause Alzheimer's or clinical insanity.
• Mercury lodged in your brain can cause autism spectrum disorders.
• Lead lodged in your bones can interfere with red blood cell production and even white
blood cell production.

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3.8 RANGES OF HEAVY METALS IN BLOOD
Table 3.1: Ranges of Heavy Metals
Many of the symptoms of chronic heavy metal toxicity can include:
1. Headache
2. Weakness
3. Muscle and joint pains
4. Constipation
5. Feeling tired
True chronic heavy metal poisoning is rare. More often, these same symptoms can be
caused by other health problems not related to a metal exposure at all. It is important to
know that it may not be possible to find the true cause.

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3.9 TREATMENT TO REMOVE THE METALS
Chelation therapy using EDTA is the medically accepted treatment for lead poisoning.
Other heavy metal poisonings treated with chelation include mercury, arsenic,
aluminum, chromium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, selenium, zinc, tin, and thallium.
Chelating agents other than EDTA are also used to clear several of these substances
from the bloodstream.
Chelation is the main treatment for acute heavy metal poisoning, but its medical use is
generally limited to people with very high levels of the metal and clear symptoms. The
reason it is not more widely used is because this treatment can be dangerous. Some of
the risks are:
Chelators bind to heavy metal particles, but they can also bind to important • minerals in
your body, such as calcium and iron, that you do not want to lose. There have been
deaths in Oregon and other states from chelation therapy causing people’s calcium to
fall below safe levels.
Chelation products, even when used under medical supervision, can cause • serious
harm, including allergic reactions, dehydration, kidney failure, and death.
Your body’s natural response to heavy metals is to store them in the safest place •
possible while slowly excreting them over time, minimizing the chance of harm to the
brain, nerves, or other organs. Chelators can take the metals out of a place in your body,
like bone, where it is not causing as much harm, and put it back into your bloodstream.
Once in your blood, there may be a risk of it entering other organs (such as the brain or
kidneys) in greater amounts than it would have before taking the medication. In this
way, it could potentially cause more damage than good.

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3.10 INTERVIEW OF HOD (NTPC)
Name= S N Singh (Head of environmental department)
We asked certain general questions to Mr. S N Singh (Head of Environmental
Department) about the Thermal Power plant and process used and material used for
generation of electricity and also about the generation of waste material and its
deposition and its effect on air quality.
This flowchart explains the process of generation of electricity using coal as a fuel
Figure 3.8: This flowchart explains the process of generation of electricity using coal as a fuel
3.10.1 FUEL AVAILABILITY & REQUIREMENT
Annual coal requirement for Tanda TPP, Stage-II shall be about 6.5 MTPA corresponding
to 90% PLF and GCV of 3350 kcal/kg and the same is proposed to be met from Chatti-
Bariatu and Kerandari captive coal mining blocks allotted to NTPC in North Karanpura
Coalfields. The daily coal requirement shall be about 20,000 tonnes based on 100% plant
load factor. The average ash content of coal would be 36% maximum sulphur content in
coal would be 0.5%. The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the coal mines to the
power plant is by Indian Railways.

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3.10.2 WATER AVAILABILITY AND REQUIREMENT
The source of water for the project is Main Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu River which is at a
distance of about 4 Kms from the plant boundary. Make up water requirement for this
project would be about 4400 m3/hr with ash water re-circulation system and about 6700
m3/h with once through ash water system. The make-up water requirement is estimated as
65 Cusecs for 2x660 MW. Govt. of Uttar Pradesh vide dated 20.08.07 has given water
availability commitment of 65 Cusecs of water from Tanda Pump Canal on Saryu river.
3.10.3 ASH UTILISATION AND ASH DISPOSAL
NTPC shall take all possible actions to utilize the ash, such as facilities for 100% extraction
of dry fly ash, segregation of coarse and fine ash and fly ash storage and loading facilities;
providing infrastructural facilities to the entrepreneurs; encourage utilization of ash based
products in NTPC’s own construction activities. The un-utilized fly ash, if any, and bottom
ash shall be disposed off, in the well, designed ash dyke using wet slurry disposal system.
The ash disposal system will have facilities for ash water recirculation. At the end, it is
proposed to cover entire ash disposal area by plantation.
3.10.4 PROJECT BENEFITS
The present proposed project would meet the power shortage of Uttar Pradesh and other
willing States/ UTs of Northern Region, which is vital for economic growth as well as
improving the quality of life. The improved power supply will reduce the dependence of
general public and commercial establishments on DG Sets thereby reducing the noise
pollution as well as air pollution at local levels In addition, construction and operation of
the project would benefit local people with respect to the following:-
1. Increase in employment opportunity in skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled
categories.
2. Increase in employment/ self-employment avenues in service sector.
3. Availability of large quantities of ash for the cement and construction
industries, helping in conservation of land resources.

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3.11 LUNG TESTS
3.11.1 SPIROMETER TEST
Spirometry is the most common of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs), measuring
lung function, specifically the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be
inhaled and exhaled.
Spirometry is an important tool used for generating pneumotachographs, which are
helpful in assessing conditions such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and
COPD.
The Spirometry test is performed using a device called a Spirometer, which comes in
several different varieties. Most spirometers display the following graphs, called
spirograms:
1. A volume-time curve, showing volume (liters) along the Y-axis and time
(seconds) along the X-axis
2. A flow-volume loop, which graphically depicts the rate of airflow on the Y-axis
and the total volume inspired or expired on the X-axis
3.11.2 RESPIRATORY EXERCISE
An incentive spirometer is a medical device used to help patients improve the
functioning of their lungs. It is provided to patients who have had any surgery that
might jeopardize respiratory function, particularly surgery to the lungs themselves, but
also commonly to patients recovering from cardiac or other surgery involving extended
time under anaesthesia and prolonged in-bed recovery. The incentive spirometer is also
issued to patients recovering from rib damage to help minimize the chance of fluid
build-up in the lungs. It can be used as well by wind instrument players, who want to
improve their air flow.

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The patient breathes in from the device as slowly and as deeply as possible, and then
holds his/her breath for 2–6 seconds. This provides back pressure which pops open
alveoli. It is the same manoeuvre as in yawning. An indicator provides a gauge of how
well the patient's lung or lungs are functioning, by indicating sustained inhalation
vacuum. The patient is generally asked to do many repetitions a day while measuring
his or her progress by way of the gauge.
Figure 3.9: Respirator Exerciser
Table 3.2: Respirator Exerciser results

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RESULT
Push =2 balls in 2 seconds is normal
Pull= 3 balls in 4 seconds is normal
3.12 BODY MASS INDEX
The body mass index (BMI) is a measure for human body shape based on an
individual's mass and height.
BMI = Weight (in kg)/ Height 2
(in m)
Table 3.3: Body mass index

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Table 3.4: WHO Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI

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3.13 GRAPHS
Graph 3.1: graph showing normal lung condition
Graph 3.2: graph showing critical lung condition
Graph 3.3: graph showing ideal lung condition

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Graph 3.4: Inhalation and Exhalation graph1
Graph 3.5: Inhalation and Exhalation graph2

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3.13.1 Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full
inspiration, measured in litres. FVC is the most basic manoeuvre in Spirometry tests.
3.13.2 Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full
inspiration. Average values for FEV1 in healthy people depend mainly on sex and age.
Values of between 80% and 120% of the average value are considered normal.
Predicted normal values for FEV1 can be calculated online and depend on age, sex,
height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on.
3.13.3 FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV1%)
FEV1/FVC (FEV1%) is the ratio of FEV1 to FVC. In healthy adults this should be
approximately 75–80%. In obstructive diseases (asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis,
emphysema) FEV1 is diminished because of increased airway resistance to expiratory
flow; the FVC may be decreased as well, due to the premature closure of airway in
expiration, just not in the same proportion as FEV1 (for instance, both FEV1 and FVC
are reduced, but the former is more affected because of the increased airway resistance).
This generates a reduced value (<80%, often ~45%). In restrictive diseases (such as
pulmonary fibrosis) the FEV1 and FVC are both reduced proportionally and the value
may be normal or even increased as a result of decreased lung compliance.
A derived value of FEV1% is FEV1% predicted, which is defined as FEV1% of the
patient divided by the average FEV1% in the population for any person of similar age,
sex and body composition.

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CHAPTER 4
Data Collection
4.1 EIA REPORT OF NTPC TANDA
In order to identify the impacts due to construction and operation of TnTPP, a detailed
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study has been undertaken through M/S
Mantec Consultants Pvt. Limited, New Delhi. The study covers establishment of
baseline environmental scenario, assessment of impacts and identification of
environmental mitigation measures to minimise these impacts. In addition, ash
utilisation and management plan, environmental monitoring plan, environmental
management plan and disaster management plan have also been briefly covered.
The environmental disciplines studied include land-use, demography and
socioeconomics, geology and soils, hydrology and water use, water quality,
meteorology, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology and noise. The study covered a
period of one year from March, 2008 to February, 2009.
The study area for EIA comprises of 10 km. radius around Tanda TPP.
The study area is generally flat in nature and river Ghaghara (also known as saryu)
flows from North-West to East direction almost in the middle of the study area.
The study area falls in Ambedkar Nagar (South of Ghaghra River) and Basti (North of
Ghaghara River) districts of Uttar Pradesh and it is rural in nature.
4.1.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Ambient air quality was monitored at six locations around the project, for total
suspended particulate matters (TSPM), respirable particulate matter (RPM), sulphur
dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) during the study period. The monitoring
results (Table) indicate that the air quality is well within the Ambient Air quality
Standards for Residential and Rural Areas.

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Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality characterstics of the study area
Particulate matter and NOx (due to excavations, handling and transport of earth and
construction materials, movement of construction equipment and traffic etc.) will be the
main pollutant during the construction phase. However, the impact is likely to be for
short duration and limited to the construction site only. Prediction of short term impacts
on air quality due to stack emissions has been carried out using Industrial Source
Complex [ISC3] 1993 simulation model, developed by United States Environmental
Protection Agency [USEPA]. The model simulations deal with three major pollutants
viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM) emitted from the stack. The maximum predicted incremental ground level
concentrations (GLCs) for SPM, SO2 and NOx due to operation of Tanda TPP, Stage-II
are 2.58, 44.78 and 19.16 μg/m3 respectively (Table 6.1) and these were observed in the
South-East direction at distance of 3.6 km. The maximum GLCs for SO2 and NOx after
implementation of Stage-II, are estimated to be within the ambient air quality standards
for rural and residential areas.
Table 4.2: Resultant Maximum Ground Level concentration after Implementation of Tanda
Thermal Power Project

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4.2 BLOOD TEST REPORT

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4.3 PRIMARY SURVEY
Respiratory health questionnaires
1. Age, sex, height and weight, calculated body mass index in kg/m2
.
2.Prevalence of respiratory symptoms (URS) like sinusitis, rhinitis (running or stuffy
nose),common cold and fever and sore throat and in past 3 months and one year.
3.Prevalence of lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) like chronic wet or dry cough,
wheeze, heaviness in chest or chest pain, disturbed sleep due to breathing problem in
past three months and one year
4. Prevalence of asthma symptoms such as history of dispend attacks associated with
wheezy breathing at any time in the last twelve months.
5. Prevalence of symptoms related to carbon monoxide exposure like headache,
dizziness and eye irritation
6. Information was also collected for congenital abnormalities, recent illness and history
of medication.
RESULT OF PRIMARY SURVEY
Table 4.3: RESULT OF PRIMARY SURVEY

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4.4 SPIROMETER TEST RESULTS
Table 4.4: SPIROMETER TEST RESULTS

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CHAPTER –5
5.1 RESULTS
1. In Questionnaire we found that among 100 people 6 people having short
breathing problem, 2 were Asthma patient and 12 people were suffering from
eye burning and many more, showing acute impact of air pollution.
2. On the basis of blood test results, CO2 and SO2 levels of some people were more
as compared to the standard level.
3. Lung tests report showing elder people have chronic impact while younger
children having acute impact.
4. Body mass index of some people was found to be less and of some people it was
found to be more i.e., overweight, shows there is respiratory problems and may
have chronic impact on them.
5.2 SCOPE
1. By this project we are able to find the pollution problems of that area.
2. Establishment of a database relating to pollution related respiratory problems
among the citizen of Tanda

CE Page 52
CHAPTER- 6
6.1 CONCLUSION
1. The overall epidemiological impact observed nearby NTPC Tanda, the
population is facing serious respiratory disease and toxicant in the blood
samples.
2. The overall conclusion is the chronicle impact (asthma) of air pollution is
frequently observed within the population surrounding NTPC Tanda.
6.2 REMEDIES
1. For industrial workers, they should be advised to wear Glasses and
Mask.
2. People of that area should get regular check-up by the Doctors.
3. They should regularly perform respiratory exercise.
4. Industries should use green belt in their surroundings and more
plantations.
5. Use of cartons in houses and self-containing breathing apparatus.

All chapte rs -ashish, avneesh , sandeep

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