The document discusses Byzantine art from the 6th century to the 15th century. Some key points covered include the brilliant interior mosaics of San Vitale in Ravenna from the 6th century, Emperor Justinian who expanded the Byzantine Empire and promoted Byzantine art and architecture, and the iconic Hagia Sophia basilica in Constantinople with its massive central dome supported by pendentives.
Art produced in the Byzantine empire (or Eastern Roman Empire)—at its height, a territory that spanned large swaths of the Mediterranean, present-day Turkey, Southern Spain, and Italy—between the 4th and 15th centuries, when it fell to the Ottoman Turks. As the empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, Byzantine art was largely devotional, Christian art. Perhaps the best known example of Byzantine art is a tenth-century mosaic of the Virgin Mary in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul that demonstrates the stylized forms, sharp contours, flat fields of color, and gold mosaic the period is known for.
Art produced in the Byzantine empire (or Eastern Roman Empire)—at its height, a territory that spanned large swaths of the Mediterranean, present-day Turkey, Southern Spain, and Italy—between the 4th and 15th centuries, when it fell to the Ottoman Turks. As the empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, Byzantine art was largely devotional, Christian art. Perhaps the best known example of Byzantine art is a tenth-century mosaic of the Virgin Mary in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul that demonstrates the stylized forms, sharp contours, flat fields of color, and gold mosaic the period is known for.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Roman and Etruscan Art available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Christina McCollum.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Roman and Etruscan Art available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Christina McCollum.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
4. San Vitale (525-547) in Ravenna known for its interior of brilliant mosaics made of coloured glass tessarae pressed into wet plaster. The irregular surface glitters as candles pass by.
6. This is an enlargement of the mosaic of Emperor Justinian. He is shown with a halo to imply that he is God’s holy representative on earth and he is holy himself.
10. Mosaic detail of Saint Andrew and fisherman, before 526 A.D. Also from the top row, but reflects more of the traditional lively narrative than the previous mosaic. Here a colorful simple design with a sober rendering of masses.
12. Head of the Empress Theodora. Originally a north African actress, Theodora was considered no better than a prostitute, and yet she was apparently the real brains and power behind the imperial throne. Mother of pearl is used here as tesserae. The goal of hieratic decorative pattern overcomes naturalism.
19. The dome of the Pantheon rested on a drum-like structure, but supporting all of the parts of a circle by a square had not been solve aesthetically by this time.
20. Dome is supported by 4 pendentives which are themselves supported by 4 piers. A continual circle is created on which the dome rests. A row of arched windows creates a window wall giving the illusion of the dome floating above.
24. Interior space is overpowering – 80 meters long, 40 meters wide, with the dome rising 50 meters above the floor. Interiors were covered with Byzantine mosaics in brilliant colours & gold and light filtered down through many windows.
27. In 1453, the Turkish Moslems conquered Constantinople and changed the church into a mosque. Minarets or thin bell towers were erected. The mosaics were either scraped off or plastered over. In 1933 it became a museum and the mosaics were rediscovered underneath.
28. Christ is shown holding a closed Book of the Gospels and making the sign of the benediction. He has a compassionate and loving look.
29. In the year 843 – 2 nd Golden Age of Byzantium. St. Mark’s in Venice begun 1063 was largest and most decorated of this age. It was built to hold the body of St. Mark brought from Alexandria. It has the typical Greek / Eastern European central cross plan but each arm has a dome of its own as well as the usual central dome.
30. San Marco di Venezia, as seen from the Piazza San Marco
34. Cathedral of St. Basil in Moscow an example of Byzantine architecture embellished by Eastern Europe. The interior is filled with icons : mosaics and paintings of saints and apostles. Icons were often painted on wooden panels.
35.
36. Byzantine artists used egg tempera as their medium often mixing it with gold. The faces and hands are fairly realistic but poses are symbolic. The robes appear flat with graphic bold lines to give the impression of folds. The perspective was not correct but in Byzantine tradition, the meaning is more important than the realistic rendition. The Madonna Enthroned