This document summarizes some of the key differences between Romanesque and Gothic architecture and art from 1050-1500 CE. It discusses changes in religious beliefs, society, economics, and politics during this period. Architecturally, it describes the transition from solid, grounded Romanesque churches to the pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and emphasis on height and light in Gothic cathedrals. Important cathedrals discussed include Saint-Denis, Chartres, Reims, and Amiens. The document also notes the spread and regional variations of Gothic styles across Europe.

1. Romanesque vs. Gothic 1050-1200 1100-1500 Religion: Christ is the judge People live in fear T he last judgment common subject Crusades Pilgrimages Economics Feudalism-little economic freedom New trade routes Rural society- Monasteries Architecture Churches solid and grounded Destination of pilgrimage route Religion God is less vengeful Virgin Mary is the queen of heaven-intervener Triumph of the papacy Society Emphasis on education and philosophy Importance of women Courtly love Chivalry Economics and politics Trade Craft guilds and unions Emerging Kingdoms Urbanization Urban churches vertical thin and light

2. Gothic Europe: Time of Turmoil and change Prosperity and Urbanization Power shift from rural monastery to city cathedral Paris becomes the intellectual center of Europe Death and Destruction 100 year war began:1337 between England and France Black Plague: 14th century

3. Women Assume Prominent role Cult of the Virgin Mary: high status Eleanor of Aquitane (1st French Queen) supports literature that emphasizes courtly love and chivalry

4. Gothic Advances Space and verticality Flying buttresses lead to thinner and less massive walls More windows; use of stained glass

5. Saint Denis 735,1137-1281 Saint Dionysis(3rd c) : an Apostle who brought Christianity to Gaul, and died a martyr. St. Denis: originated as a Carolingian basilica(735) France’s royal church and a symbol of the monarchy. burial place of St.Denis and French Kings too small & in disrepair Remodeled to become the key monument of Early Gothic art

6. Abbot Suger ( soo-gay the rebuilding of Saint Denis 1081-1151 Goals: increase prestige of Saint Denis and of the monarchy. Rebuilt France’s royal church Birthplace of French Gothic architecture Shine with light A way station on the road to paradise

7. Saint Denis: vaults. Saint Denis, France1140-1144 art card #2 Lightweight vaults spring from slender columns. Walls between chapels are eliminated and outer walls filled with stained glass Thrust of arches is directed to buttresses Plan View Crypt

8. Advantages of a pointed arch Pointed arch: crown of arches can all be the same level regardless of span channel the thrust down instead of out Look taller than round arch Flexibility: vaulting of compartments of varying shapes Less buttressing and larger windows

9. Anagogical window, St. Denis lux nova “ new light” Metaphysical properties Divine light: can be seen and felt, not touched Metaphor for God

10. Parts of the nave elevation

11. Flying Buttresses

12. France, Chartres, Chartres Cathedral (of Notre Dame) South View built 1134, burned 1194, rebuilt in high Gothic style 1194-1220 AC # 4 South tower: 1194 transition from Romanesque to Gothic North Tower 1507: Late Gothic

13. Chartres Cathedral West façade Chartres France Tripartite organization Lancet window above portals Rose window above lancet

14. Gothic from 1100 ART:A creative movement celebrating the heavenly city of God Height and light Stained glass windows Statuary comes alive Environment: Shift from rural to urban: monastery to cathedral ECONOMIC: Guilds (precursors to unions) Book production from monastery to secular for profit SOCIAL: Role of women: no longer handmaidens of the devil Cult of the Virgin replaced Eve the great sinner Romantic love Poetry and music French courts POLITICAL: Beginnings of European boundaries and countries

15. Iconography of Chartres The City as the center of learning Center of town: high on a hill St. Augustine: summa: summary of law, philosophy and theology Combination of the secular and the spiritual The Bible in stone and glass Nature: plant and animal forms Instruction: teaching of the seven liberal arts History: from Adam and Eve to the last judgement Morality: virtue and vice; wise and foolish, saved and damned

16. Royal Portal, west façade Chartres Cathedral 1145-1155 Copied the “Royal” portals of Saint Denis Statues of kings and Queens flank the doorways Sculpture proclaims majesty and power of Christ Mary is prominent (Cult of the virgin Mary) Figures integrated with the architecture and stand as individuals

17. Royal Portal, west façade Chartres Cathedral 1145-1155 left portal slide Left Portal Tympanum: Close of Christ’s days on earth and his ascension Archivolts: signs of the zodiac, labors of the months (symbols of cosmic and earthly worlds

18. Royal Portal, west façade Chartres Cathedral 1145-1155 Center Portal: Christ in mandorla, signs of 4 evangelists Tympanum: second coming of Christ (the last Judgment) Lintel:, 24 elders of the Apocalypse, 12 Apostles

19. Right Portal, Christ in Mary’s lap art card #5 Archivolts: 7 female liberal arts and male champions Tympanum: Christ’s early life

20. Right Portal Archivolts, west façade Chartres Cathedral 1145-1155 Outer archivolt Ptolemy: invented calendar and clock Grammar Donatus (Anc. Roman grammarian) Inner Archivolt: Music (striking bells of perfect intervals) Pythagoras

21. Chartres Cathedral central Jamb Statues Columns of Kings and Queens of the old testament flank 3 doors ancestors of Christ Jamb statues destroyed during French revolution, why? How are they different than classical caryatids? Attached to columns Different from Romanesque? New naturalism 3D personalities More naturalistic although still elongated Stand out from the wall-3D no dangling feet Kindly human faces

22. Laon Cathedral 1160-1200 Early Gothic What makes it Gothic? Pointed arches Rose window deep portals open structure of towers

23. Laon Cathedral Laon, France 1190 Early Gothic Romanesque features: nave bays w/ 6 part rib vaults Module system: ¼ crossing square 2 groin vaulted squares in each aisle

24. Laon 1190 Early Gothic Features Pointed rib vault w/ pointed arch triforium

25. Laon 4 story Early Gothic Elevation: nave arcade, vaulted gallery, triforium, clerestory with lancets more unified space, not compartmentalized Romanesque: alternate support system(above nave piers), vaulted gallery

26. Notre Dame of Paris 1163-1250 Louis VI moves his official residence to Paris Building activity and commercial growth New Cathedral built Flying buttresses

27. High Gothic 1194-1300: standard is height and luminosity Chartres completed 1220 118’ Reims: 1211-1290 Nave 125’ tall Amiens: begun 1220, nave= 144 ft Ratio of height to width continues to increase Chartres Reims Amiens Laon Paris Nave arcade gallery clerestory triforium Clerestory: Oculi and lancet windows

28. France, Chartres, Chartres Cathedral of Notre Dame Plan Rebuilt 1194-122 1194 fire destroys parts of Chartres Cathedral New plan: the first high Gothic building: planned from the beginning with flying buttresses

29. High Gothic : Chartres Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres, France, Nave 1194-1222 No alternate support system Unified interior: Vast continuous space flowing quality Tripartite Elevation: arcade, triforium and clerestory(emphasized; double lancet with oculus) Gallery( which acted as a buttress) eliminated in favor of triforium

30. St. Sernin 1010, St. Etienne1067, Chartres 1194 (E. Romanesque) (L. Romanesque) Gothic

31. Chartres Cathedral of Notre Dame Rose Window and lancets, n. transept 1194-122 Stone bar tracery Narrative Scene Center of Rose : Virgin Mary Lancets: St. Anne and 4 Old testament prophets Symbolism Square and circle:heaven and earth Rose= Virgin Mary

32. Chartres Cathedral of Notre Dame Stained Glass Virgin and Child and Angels ; Chartres France 12-13 c. Emphasis on Mary queen of heaven Traditional frontal composition

33. Hagia Sophia mosaic Gothic Stained glass Light reflecting light transmitting young and worldly Virgin and child Chartres cathedral

34. Maze of ThChartresTT On the left is a labyrinth, note it is #2 above. People would walk it as part of their pilgrimage to a holy site.

35. Chartres Cathedral of Notre Dame Transept Portals Saints, 1220-1230 Classical revolution Forceful projection ( fully in the round) from architecture Individual personalities of saints Bodies turned at angles Soft , not stiff drapery

36. Saint Theodore, Jamb Statues Chartres 1230 Ideal Christian Knight (far left) Gothic crusader costume Pronounced movement in body Note the suggested contrapposto pose because of the diagonal of the sword strap across one hip

37. Romanesque Tympanum at Cathedral of Saint-Lazare The Last Judgment by Gislebertus, 1120 Note similarities, through the lines or bands that separate the levels of action, to ancient narrative art works such as the Column of Trajan or the Standard of Ur. While these works dealt with the subject of war and victory, Romanesque and Gothic art deal almost exclusively with stories from the bible and the life of Christ.

38. Amiens Cathedral begun 1220 Robert de Luzarches, Thomas de Cormont, Renaud de Cormont AC #14( plan and façade) High Gothic Formula: Rectangular bay system 4 part rib vault dissolution of heavy walls excellent buttressing

39. Amiens Nave, 144 feet high Self sustaining skeletal architecture: perfect expression of Gothic spirituality Nave arcade, triforium, clerestory Buttressing eliminated mass What would be its Byzantine counterpart?

40. How did the focus of religious art change between the Romanesque and Gothic period? ROMANESQUE Emphasis on the damnation Women-devils Eve the sinner Books produced by monks Bible source of all knowledge GOTHIC Emphasis on salvation Cult of the virgin Mary the redeemer Dedication to love Books produced by secular sources Emphasis on the intellectual- St. Thomas Aquinas

41. Early Christian Youthful Byzantine: pantocrater- ruler of heaven and earth Consider these mosaics in comparison to stained glass windows

42. Reims Cathedral Reims France 1225-1290 Kings gallery above Rose window Openings taller, narrower, more intricate Dematerialize the building Glass replaces stone in tympanums

43. Chartres 1194 Amiens 1220 Reims 1225 The development of Gothic architecture

44. West façade Reims,-Visitation jamb statues 1230 Classical naturalistic style, appear to be conversing! Detached from background, full bodied Celebration of Mary’s life

46. Compare the four heads

47. The Rayonnant Style “Radiant” 1250-1300 From the Royal Paris court Wealthy, powerful, prestigious Bar tracery and light turns architecture into radiant light

48. Sainte- Chapelle Paris France 1243-1248 Patron:Louis IX “The Saintly king” Glass replaces whole building (6,450 sq ft of glass) A Carved Reliquary for Christ’s crown of thorns 6’ reliquary 1190 relics of 3 magi Cologne Germany

49. Sainte Chapelle interior 1243-1248 Slender architectural forms linearity Rayonnant Style

50. Virgin of Paris Notre Dame, Paris early14 c. Worldly queen and son Humanization artificial “S” curve, body is lost

51. Hermes and infant Dionysis high classical Greece Note similarities of the poses also note how the works reflect cultural values,

52. Gothic Flamboyant Style Saint Maclou, Rouen France 1500-1514 Flame like tracery 5 portals bend out in an arc

53. Book illumination and Luxury Arts Paris intellectual center Fine books produced not by clergy but by urban factories Dante: The Divine Comedy 1320

54. Villard de Honnecourt 1220-1235 Ink on Vellum Personal sketchbook All sketches based on geometric forms

55. God as architect of the world, folio 1 verso of a moralized Bible, from Paris , ca. 1220-1230. Ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum, 13 1/2" X 8 1/4”. By Sterreichische Circle: eternity –one God Sun , moon and matter Using tools-industrious mortal

56. Abraham and the Three Angels, Psalter of Saint Louis, PARIS 1253-1270 Same artists who made stained glass for St. Chapelle. Architectural setting Prefiguration of trinity Parisian court style Elegant proportion Swaying pose Facial expression Theatrical gestures

57. Master Honore Breviary of Phillippe le Bel, Paris France 1296 Pioneer of naturalism Figures modeled But lacking background Court Style Note similarities to Islamic and Celtic art in terms of pattern making

58. Virgin of Jeanne D’Evreux Saint Denis, Silver gilt with enamel 1339, 27inches Reliquary for the hair of the Virgin Mary Gift from the Queen to the church Holding fleur de Lis -symbol of Royalty Crown is missing Sophisticated and Elegant S curve “ hipshot” position small head Gothic mannerism heavy drapery

59. Gothic Outside France 2nd half of 13th cent. Gothic becomes international style (in Europe). Modified to fit local preferences

60. Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, England ( View from NW) 1220-1258 Different from French? Emphasis on length, not height Crossing tower dominates, not W. facade Similarities: Lancet windows, blind arcades Superficial Gothic attributes, not structural logic or emphasis on height

61. Salisbury Cathedral, Salisbury, England1220-1258 Façade wider than interior, does not correspond to interior aisles Double transept, no apse

62. Interior Salisbury Cathedral How does it depart from French gothic Style? Pier colonnettes stop at spring line Vault ribs rise from triforium Two tone color Horizontality

63. English Gothic 14th Cent. The Perpendicular Style Choir of Gloucester Cathedral Verticality of decorative details

64. Chapel of Henry VII Westminster Abbey, London 1503-1519 Perpendicular style disguises structure Fan vault hanging pendants Decorative fancy Kings tomb and portraits of Henry and Queen Elizabeth Reminder of human mortality

65. Germany Architecture remained conservatively Romanesque until 13th Cent German art is passionate and emotional

66. Gerhard of Cologne, Cologne Cathedral, begun 1248 Germany nave, towers, façade 1880

67. Similar to Amiens Light and height Choir from Nave Cologne Cathedral

68. Death of the Virgin, Tympanum 1230, Strasbourg Cathedral 12 apostles gather around a “gothic “ Mary Christ holds Mother’s soul Classical characteristics? Organization Natural drapery Gothic Art Humanized and natural German Gothic Passionate drama Medieval or non-classicizing characteristics? No space for bodies Unnatural movement

69. Ekkehard and Uta, Naumburg Cathedral, Germany 1249-1255 6’2” French Gothic Attached to columns, below canopies Period costumes Changes from earlier Drapery is accurate Very realistic Humanization Secular Real people(donors) in a church

70. Virgin with Dead Christ, Germany 1300-1325 painted wood Humanization of religious themes Troubles of the 14 th century War, plague, famine, social strife Christ and Mary share human woes Christ: Stunted and distorted , evokes feeling and compassion

71. These two works represent the work of sculptors working in two different media, in two different cultural contexts and with different religious purposes in mind. Rottgen Pieta, 1300-1325, painted wood, 2’10” high Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux, Saint Denis, France 1339. Silver gilt and enamel

72. Italy Gothic and Non Gothic

73. Lorenzo Maitani, Orvieto Cathedral ,Orvieto Italy 1310 Regional Diversity Gothic façade over E. Christian church What is Gothic? Pointed gables Rose window 4 pinnacles

74. Orvieto, 1310; Miniato al Monte1062; Pisa cathedral 1063

75. Milan Cathedral , Milan Italy 1386 Waning of the Gothic style Built by committee; Italian proportion, Gothic décor, new Renaissance style