In 330 AD, Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming the city Constantinople. This established the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as its center, that lasted until the fall of the city to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. Byzantine art was created primarily for the Eastern Orthodox Church, and included mosaics, frescoes, and sculptures that decorated church interiors. Notable artistic works included the Hagia Sophia with its massive central dome and glittering mosaics that created an otherworldly atmosphere for worshippers. Byzantine architecture and art had a profound influence on neighboring cultures like the Arab world.
Art produced in the Byzantine empire (or Eastern Roman Empire)—at its height, a territory that spanned large swaths of the Mediterranean, present-day Turkey, Southern Spain, and Italy—between the 4th and 15th centuries, when it fell to the Ottoman Turks. As the empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, Byzantine art was largely devotional, Christian art. Perhaps the best known example of Byzantine art is a tenth-century mosaic of the Virgin Mary in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul that demonstrates the stylized forms, sharp contours, flat fields of color, and gold mosaic the period is known for.
"Romanesque" can be used to cover all derivations of Roman architecture in the West, from the fall of Rome (c.450 CE) until the advent of the Gothic style around 1150. Traditionally, however, the term refers to the specific style of architecture, along with sculpture and other minor arts that appeared across France, Germany, Italy and Spain during the 11th century. Richer and more grandiose than anything witnessed during the era of Early Christian Art, the Romanesque style is characterized by a massiveness of scale, reflecting the greater social stability of the new Millennium, and the growing confidence of the Christian Church in Rome, a Church whose expansionism set in motion the Crusades to free the Holy Land from the grip of Islam. Later, the success of the Crusaders and their acquisition of Holy Relics stimulated further construction of new churches across Europe in the fully fledged Romanesque style of architecture (Norman architecture in Britain and Ireland). In turn this building program produced a huge demand for decorative religious art, including sculpture, stained glass and ecclesiastical metalwork of all types. By the 12th century certain architects and sculptors had become highly sought-after by ecclesiastical and also secular patrons.
Art produced in the Byzantine empire (or Eastern Roman Empire)—at its height, a territory that spanned large swaths of the Mediterranean, present-day Turkey, Southern Spain, and Italy—between the 4th and 15th centuries, when it fell to the Ottoman Turks. As the empire's official religion was Orthodox Christianity, Byzantine art was largely devotional, Christian art. Perhaps the best known example of Byzantine art is a tenth-century mosaic of the Virgin Mary in the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul that demonstrates the stylized forms, sharp contours, flat fields of color, and gold mosaic the period is known for.
"Romanesque" can be used to cover all derivations of Roman architecture in the West, from the fall of Rome (c.450 CE) until the advent of the Gothic style around 1150. Traditionally, however, the term refers to the specific style of architecture, along with sculpture and other minor arts that appeared across France, Germany, Italy and Spain during the 11th century. Richer and more grandiose than anything witnessed during the era of Early Christian Art, the Romanesque style is characterized by a massiveness of scale, reflecting the greater social stability of the new Millennium, and the growing confidence of the Christian Church in Rome, a Church whose expansionism set in motion the Crusades to free the Holy Land from the grip of Islam. Later, the success of the Crusaders and their acquisition of Holy Relics stimulated further construction of new churches across Europe in the fully fledged Romanesque style of architecture (Norman architecture in Britain and Ireland). In turn this building program produced a huge demand for decorative religious art, including sculpture, stained glass and ecclesiastical metalwork of all types. By the 12th century certain architects and sculptors had become highly sought-after by ecclesiastical and also secular patrons.
Manglam’s Aanchal, world class flats project is found on the most lucrative places for real estate investment at Jhotwara road, Jaipur. The expansive and spacious theme of spacious 2/3/4 BHK residential flats in Jaipur from 1070-1590 Sq. Ft. revolves around enough space, design integration, marvelous nature and human existence in the most sustainable manner. It never ceases to amaze the classical perfection brought to bear with highest glittering actual style details. To know the entire project information, please visit this link:
<a>Manglam Aanchal</a>
El corazón (del latín cor) es el órgano muscular principal del aparato circulatorio en todos los animales que poseen un sistema circulatorio (incluyendo todos los vertebrados).1 En el ser humano es un músculo hueco y piramidal situado en la cavidad torácica. Funciona como una bomba aspirante e impelente, bombeando la sangre a todo el cuerpo.
El sistema de la vena porta está interpuesto entre dos redes capilares opuestas. La primera, periférica, es visceral, y las venas que la drenan constituyen la vena porta. La segunda, hepática, se encuentra en la extremidad de las ramas terminales de la vena porta
este recurso visual esta destinado a la clases de dibujo enfocada en la formación de formadores, aborda la temática del desnudo femenino a través del estudio de la figura humana, en este material exclusivo para fines académicos ilustra las diferencias estructurales de la figura femenina en comparación con la masculina, ademas visualiza detalles sobre los aspectos del dibujo anatómico a través del uso de distintas técnicas como el grafito, la tinta china, la acuarela y el acrílico.
Hagia Sofia was built between 532 and 537, as a Christian church. It has influenced architects ever since. The circular dome covering a square base was developed at the same time as the Basilica plan of the Early Christian churches, in Italy. The Byzantine dome was later adopted into Islamic architecture. However, the Roman dome was constructed differently. Romans placed their dome over a solid circle of walling, best seen in the example of the Pantheon in Rome, instead of using the pendentives (an architectural feature).
However, one shared feature of the time between the two styles was the use of opaque glass mosaics in the interior decoration, covering the walls.
The Hagia Sofia plan is basically an inscribed Greek cross. The hall has four piers at the corners of the square rising in circular arches to support a central dome by means of four pendentives. The upper galleries were used by the women, and were reached by steps inside the building. Much of Hagia Sofia's appeal comes from its size. The inside is dominated by the central dome over 30.5 metres in diameter.
Today after about 1500 years of continue used, Hagia Sofia still dominates the skyline of the Bosphorus. It is truly a milestone, among the world’s greatest architectural achievements, a testament of the sophistication of the 6C Byzantine Empire.
GUIDE 8 UNIT 2 Name:
Date:
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
BYAZANTINE ARTCathedral of the Holy Wisdom in Kiev (Ukraine) preserves much of its original Byzantine interior. 1037.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kiev CHRISTIAN ART FROM CATACOMBS TO CATHEDRALS
We are entering another thousand-year period in the history of humanity and art.
Before you start reading this section, we need to touch the historical aspect of what happened with the powerful Roman Empire and Classical art (or Greco-Roman art).
In the 4th century the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). These parts would have very different historical fates. They will also provide two major branches for the Christian Church –Catholic (in the West) and Orthodox (in the East).
WEST
EAST
Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire
Capital: Rome
Eastern Roman Empire
Or Byzantine Empire
Capital: Constantinople
Christian Church
Catholic Church
Head of Church: Pope
Orthodox Church
Head of Church: Patriarch
The Latin-speaking Western Empire with its centre in Rome, would face the barbarian invasions, undergo a slow decline for 200 years and eventually fell under the barbarians. The Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire, centred in Constantinople, would grow to a powerful state. I would offer you to stick with the following simple timeline.
CHRISTIAN ART
1000 years
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART BYZANTINE ART
First 3 centuries A.D.4th - 14th centuries
Period of Persecution Period of Recognition
Since the very beginning of human history, art and religion have been closely connected. In the first unit you have learned that art played a central role in prehistoric magic rituals, as well as in Egyptian religious ceremonies to ensure the afterlife. Why so? Have you ever heard music –a church choir or organ -in the cathedral with beautiful stained glass windows? Yes, this is the answer – art has an ability to deliver a strong emotional message to the human soul.
Early Christian Art
Western Empire
Rome
Let us follow the events happening in the both parts of crumbling Roman Empire.
Name two key events that took place in the 3rd century.
* ...
History of Church Architecture: Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic HaJar Al-beltaji
This Lecture was meant to cover a quick summary of the history of churches from early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic. IT also Reflected on a brief history of Coptic churches in Egypt.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. In 330 A.D., the first Christian ruler of the Roman
empire, Constantine the Great transferred the ancient
imperial capital from Rome to the city of Byzantium
located on the easternmost territory of the European
continent, at a major intersection of east-west trade.
In 330 A.D., the first Christian ruler of the Roman
empire, Constantine the Great transferred the ancient
imperial capital from Rome to the city of Byzantium
located on the easternmost territory of the European
continent, at a major intersection of east-west trade.
BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDBRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The emperor renamed this ancient port city
Constantinople.
The emperor renamed this ancient port city
Constantinople.
3. The Western Empire fell in 400’s with an invasion
from the northern Germanic Tribes.
While, the Byzantium Empire (Eastern section) stayed
in tact over a years longer, till the fall of Constantinople
in 1453.
Constantinople was renamed by the Turks Istanbul,
which is the name it bears to this day.
4. The majority of the art in this period and place were
created for the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Cathedral of Christ the
Saviour in Moscow, the world's
tallest Orthodox church.
5.
6. Most important church of
time
octagonal plan, central dome
is larger and richer in spatial
effects
Basilica of San Vitale
7. Plan, S. Vitale
The Basicilican plan is almost
gone-domed central axis churches
dominated the east while the
Basilican plan dominated the west
Below the Cleritory, nave wall is a
series of niches of at enter into aisle,
linking them together
Aisle has been given a second story,
large windows in every level
Interior, S. Vitale
8. Ideal of human beauty is much different than 4th
and
5th
century short, squat figures
Now slim and tall, tiny feet, small almond-shaped
faces, huge starring eyes, bodies are used only for
displaying costumes, not moving-eternal present
rather than action
Emperor Justinian and Attendents, c. 547. S. Vitale
10. Minarets
One of the minarets (at southwest)
was built from red brick while the
other three were built from white
limestone and sand stone
11. All sense of weight
disappears in the interior
Expanding, inflated space
Light plays a key role
Glitter of light and mosaic
create illusions of unreality
Interior, Hagia Sophia
12.
13. St. Mark’s, Venice, begun 1063
Largest and most lavishly decorated church of the
2nd
golden age
Venice was under Byzantine sovereignty
Greek cross plan, each arm has its own 5-domed
type
Replication of the Church of the Holy Apostles at
Constantinople
14. Byzantine visual art began with mosaics
decorating the walls and domes of churches, as
well fresco wall-paintings.
Fresco is a technique of mural
painting executed upon freshly-
laid, or wet lime plaster.
PAINTINGS
15. It was named “ The Vladimir Virgin”
because of its location in Vladimir,
which was the religious capital at that
time.
The icon was painted, however, in
Constantinople by a Hellenic
iconographer .
Some time during the 11th
and
12th
centuries.
It turned up in Kiev, then the capital
city of Russia, in 1131, when
Byzantium was being ruled by the
Macedonian dynasty.
The Vladimir VirginThe Vladimir Virgin
16. A fresco painting from the church of
Saint Panteleimon in Nerezi near Skopje,
in the Republic of Macedonia
It is considered a superb example of
12th century Komnenian art
'The Lamentation of Christ' (1164)'The Lamentation of Christ' (1164)
17. Fresco painting of the
Birth of the Virgin,
1313–14.
Studenica Monastery,
Church of Saints
Joachim and Anna,
Kraljevo, Serbia.
Holding a model of the church
and standing with his wife
Simonis, 1313–14.
Studenica Monastery, Church
of Saints Joachim and Anna,
Kraljevo, Serbia, fresco
depicting King Stefan Uros II
Milutin (r. 1282–1321)
Holding a model of the church
and standing with his wife
Simonis, 1313–14.
Studenica Monastery, Church
of Saints Joachim and Anna,
Kraljevo, Serbia, fresco
depicting King Stefan Uros II
Milutin (r. 1282–1321)
18. SCULPTURE
A Byzantine masterpiece of ivory
carving. Ivory reliefs were the main form
of early Christian sculpture in
Constantinople.
The Barberini ivory is a Byzantine ivory
leaf from an imperial diptych dating from
Late Antiquity, now in the Louvre Museum
in Paris.
It represents the emperor as triumphant
victor.
Barberini Diptych (c.500-550)Barberini Diptych (c.500-550)
19. It was on display in the exonarthex
of the Hagia Sophia.
It was originally located in the
Church of the Pantocrator that was on
the “fourth hill” of Constantinople.
It contained the remains of the
Empress Eirene, the wife of the
emperor John II Comnenus (A.D.
1118-1143).
Byzantine sarcophagusByzantine sarcophagus
23. I learn that Byzantine empire was religious state. The empire was not only the ruler of his
people but God’s representative on earth. The purpose of Byzantine art was to glorify the
Christian religious and express its mystery. It filled with a kind of spiritual symbolism
things on earth are meant to stand for the order of heaven. I was amazed on the style and
designs on the churches. Some of churches in the Philippines actually influence Byzantine
art like Dauis church was influenced by Byzantine and Romanesque architecture. On its
ceilings were frescoes painted by church artist Ray Francia in 1916. But it is sad to know
that this work of art was collapsed and damaged during 2013 Bohol 7.2 magnitude
earthquake. I was been part of cultural and historical importance of this church that there
was significance function and relation of every details in arts.
Prepared by:
Ybañez, Ma. Jennifer
24. Prepared by:
Garcia, Michelle
I learn that the Byzantine art made great contribution on the civilization. The
Empire, a bastion of Christianity and one of the prime trade centers in the world,
helped to shield Western Europe from early Muslim expansion. They preserved
much of the literary works and scientific knowledge of ancient Greece, Rome, and
many other cultures. Their literary works were Hymns and devotionals. It influence
us in the Philippines the culture and faith. Also in arts that uses different techniques
and styles of architectures in different churches.
25. Prepared by:
Montero, Kaitlyn Grace D.
My insights is I realize that this art will always remain because of the
discovery. I understand that their achievement were the monumental inside the
domed churches. Now, I can see and relate on how important the architectures
in many churches. The very best example of this is the Saint Catherines
Monastery of Mount Sinai were I can see the picture how old it is and how
important it is in the work of an art.