This document provides an overview of various metals used in construction, including their properties, production processes, and applications. It discusses the major ferrous metals of iron and steel, and their alloys. Non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, copper, zinc, and titanium are also covered. The document details the classification, processing, and standard forms of popular construction metals and how they are used in building components like floor and roof systems.
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
Steel - used as a building material. What is steel - history, manufacturing, production, basic oxygen process, steel companies , cost, type of steel, heat treatment, grades of steel and examples
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Thanx to see our report again, this time we talked every single information about steel just like properties and manufacturing, advantages and disadvantages, properties with classification of steel. So if you have any questions or you notice mistakes you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
Stainless steels and their types, structure, properties, different applications as engineering material and advantages and disadvantages of their use..........
One of the amazing things about steel is all of the forms and qualities it can take on. Of these, stainless steel is incredibly popular due to its corrosion resistance combined with its strength and formability. At Pacesetter, stainless steel is one of the major products we process and distribute. As such, it’s a product we know a lot about, and seek to educate our partners on as well.
So, what is stainless steel?
Herramientas existentes y nuevas para mejorar comunicación, imagen y posicionamiento de la universidad hacia la comunidad universitaria y público en general.
STEEL - As a Building material:
A 20-minute brief presentation on STEEL for a seminar session.
This presentation covers the areas of :
Origin of Steel, Discovery of STEEL, History of steel making, Classification of STEEL , Properties of steel, Mild Steel , Characteristic tension test curve, Medium Carbon Steel, High Carbon Steel, TOR Steel, Manufacturing processes.
Why STEEL is preferred to concrete?
Disadvantages of STEEL
Some Important Steel Structures
Thanx to see our report again, this time we talked every single information about steel just like properties and manufacturing, advantages and disadvantages, properties with classification of steel. So if you have any questions or you notice mistakes you can send a message to me to this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
Stainless steels and their types, structure, properties, different applications as engineering material and advantages and disadvantages of their use..........
One of the amazing things about steel is all of the forms and qualities it can take on. Of these, stainless steel is incredibly popular due to its corrosion resistance combined with its strength and formability. At Pacesetter, stainless steel is one of the major products we process and distribute. As such, it’s a product we know a lot about, and seek to educate our partners on as well.
So, what is stainless steel?
Herramientas existentes y nuevas para mejorar comunicación, imagen y posicionamiento de la universidad hacia la comunidad universitaria y público en general.
علاج الادمان من أضرار المخدرات والكحول والدخان الكثيرة على حياة الأطفال والمراهقين
ولادة الأطفال مدمنين على المخدرات أو متأذين بالتعرض للكحول وهم في أرحام أمهاتهم،
ثم يعيشون بعد ذلك في فقر وفوضى اجتماعية مع الإهمال والاعتداءات
والتشرد لأن آباءهم يعانون من المخدرات أو الإدمان الكحولي،
ثم التسرب من التعليم
واحتمالات متزايدة للأمراض النفسية
وهم عرضة أكثر من غيرهم ليكونوا ضحايا العنف والحوادث وأذى الذات
وأولاد المدمنين هم المرشحون الأوائل لدخول عالم الإدمان على النيكوتين والخمر والمخدرات فالبيئة مشجعة والمواد متوفرة وتقليد الكبار والأصدقاء يسير في هذا الاتجاه
وجدير بالذكر أن الاستعمال المؤقت /التعاطي/ يشترك مع الإدمان في الأضرار
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to includ.pdfAmansupan
Can you write a report about steel.In your report you need to include the types of steel,the
manufacturing process of steel,the application of steel in construction and also the advantages
and disadvantages of steel.You need to write your answer neatly so that I can see and understand
it easily.
Solution
INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction
and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steel\'s base metal is
iron, which is able to take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms), body centered cubic
(BCC) and face centered cubic (FCC), depending on its temperature. , it’s one of the most
popular metals in fabrication shops.
TYPES OF STEEL
1) Carbon Steels:
Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon
content:
2) Alloy Steels:
Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel\'s properties,
such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.
Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and
electric motors.
3) Stainless Steels:
Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and
are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more
resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their
crystalline structure:
4) Tool Steels:
Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to
increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.
2) Deformed steel bars
Mild steel bars are used for tensile stress of RCC (Reinforced cement concrete) slab beams etc.
in reinforced cement concrete work. These steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. These rods are manufactured in long lengths and can be cut
quickly and be bent easily without damage.
As deformed bars are rods of steels provided with lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of bar,
these bars minimize slippage in concrete and increases the bond between the two materials.
Deformed bars have more tensile stresses than that of mild steel plain bars. These bars can be
used without end hooks. The deformation should be spaced along the bar at substantially uniform
distances.
To limit cracks that may develop in reinforced concrete around mild steel bars due to stretching
of bars and some lose of bond under load it is common to use deformed bars that have projecting
ribs or are twisted to improve the bond with concrete. These bars are produced in sections from 6
mm to 50 mm dia.
In addition the strength of bonds of d.
A professional Mechanical Engineer having extensive knowledge in the field of engineering, design, maintenance planning and management, especially equipped with experience of working in chemical, petrochemical, fertilizer and oil & gas plants.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Major Topics
History
Classification of Metals
Iron
Steel
Steel pipe, Tubing, and Wire
Steel Fasteners
Rivets
Structural Bolts
Welding
Steel Floor & Roof Framing
3. Major Topics con’t
Aluminum
Lead
Zinc
Copper and Alloys
Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium &
Titanium
Clad Metals
4. History of Metal
Used as early as 8000 B.C.
Early civilizations mainly used
metal for weapons, tools, and body
armor
Metal has been used for
construction material ranging from
simple fasteners to main structural
members
5. Classification of Metals
2 main classifications
Ferrous- metals containing a large
percentage of iron (Fe)
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Non-Ferrous- metals which do NOT
contain iron
Aluminum
Lead
Copper
Brass
Bronze
7. Blanking- in sheet metalwork, the cutting out of a piece of
metal (using a press)
Braking- a mechanical bending operation usually performed
on sheets and plates
Casting- an article formed by solidification of molten metal in
a mold
Cold drawing- drawing metal through a die without the
application of heat
Cold-rolled- metal rolled at room temperature, below the
softening point, usually harder, smoother, and more
accurately dimensioned that hot-rolled material.
Drawing- forcing metal to flow into a desired shape without
melting by pulling it through dies
Embossing- creating a raised surface (design) on metal by die
pressure or by stamping or hammering on the reverse surface
Extrusion – forcing a molten metal through a die by pressure
Forging- heating and hammering or pressing metal into a
desired shape
8. Iron
One of the most abundant metals
on earth
Commercial iron is composed of
carbon, manganese, silicon,
phosphorus, and sulfur
9. Materials Used to Make Iron
Iron ore
Coke- fuel used to melt iron; derived
from coal
Limestone- used as a flux
Flux – a material added to react
chemically with impurities and remove
them from molten metal
Pig Iron- initial molded product from a
blast-furnace; weak & brittle, but very
hard
10. Types of Iron
Cast iron (and gray cast iron)- brittle metals with high
compressive strength and capacity to absorb vibration.
Lack ductility and therefore should not be hammered or
beaten. Relatively corrosion resistant. Contains 2-4 %
carbon
Used for gratings, stair components, manhole
covers, some piping
Wrought iron- soft, corrosion and fatigue resistant, and
easily machined. Contains < 1 % carbon
Used for railings, grilles, fences, screens, and
various ornamental work
11. Steel
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon with
substantial quantities of manganese
3 main methods for making steel
Open-hearth process
Oxygen process
Electric furnace process
12. Mill Output
Ingot- molded square or rectangular
blocks of cast metal
Ingots are further squeezed between
rollers to produce:
Bloom- a rectangular solid of steel
formed from an ingot as an intermediate
step in creating rolled steel structural
shapes (over 36” square)
Billet- a large cylinder or rectangular solid
of metal (smaller then 36” square)
Slab – if the width is 2x the thickness or
more
13. Standard Mill Products
Angle- a section of metal rolled, drawn, or extruded through L-
Shaped rolls or dies
Bar- round, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or solid stock of
drawn, rolled, or extruded metal. A rod.
Channel – a rolled, drawn, or extruded metal section having a U
shape.
Flat- a rectangular bar whose width is greater than its thickness
Pipe, round- a hollow, round section of metal, the size of which is
determined by the nominal inside diameter in inches
Pipe, square- a hollow, square section of metal, the size is
determined by the nominal outside diameter in inches
Plate- a flat piece of metal; various metals are defined as plate by
the following thickness criteria: Aluminum==1/4” or more;
Copper==.188” or more; Steel (including stainless)== 3/16” or
more
14. Designations of Rolled Steel Shapes
W – wide flange
S -- beams
C –channels
L – angles (may be equal or unequal legs)
WT or MT – structural tees
15. Example of Designation
W 36 x 300
W === a wide flange beam
36 === indicates a beam 36” deep
300 === weight in lbs/ linear feet
17. Steel Wire
6 million tons of wire produced in the U.S. annually
Shapes are not only round, but may also include:
square, rectangular, and polygonal
Wire is used as the starting material to form nails,
bolts, screws, rivets, and welding electrodes
Temper- wires hardness, stiffness, and strength is
affected by the amount of carbon and alloying agents,
number of passes through dies, and the final heat
treatment
Wire may be produced with different finishes and
coated, painted, or plated depending on its intended
use
18. Classification of Steel
Four main specifications
Method of manufacture
Heat treatment
Chemical composition
Reference to a recognized
standard
19. Stainless Steel
To be considered stainless a steel
must contain 11.5 % chromium
There are basic series of stainless
steel: 200, 300, 400, & 500 series
Available in many finishes ranging
from matte to highly reflective
(mirror)
20. Structural Steel
Consists of hot-rolled steel section, shapes, and
plates not less than 1/8” thick
The most commonly used strength grade is
36,000 psi yield strength (ASTM 36)
For heavily loaded members such as columns,
girders, or trusses, a high strength, low alloy steel
with a yield strength of 50,000 psi
21. Steel Construction
3 basic types:
Wall bearing
Skeleton framing
Long-span
Large industrial buildings, auditoriums, sports
arenas
Often use steel trusses, steel arches, or rigid bents
in this type of construction (see figures 5-17, 5-18,
and 5-19 on page 127)
22. Steel Fasteners
3 main types of fasteners:
Rivets
Bolts
Unfinished (common, machine)
High-strength structural bolts- resist vibration
(ASTM 325 or A490 are stamped on bolt head)
Welds
In some application (based on code
requirements) more than one method may be
used
23. Welding
A process of joining metals by applying heat
and pressure, with or without filler material,
to produce an actual union through fusion.
There are several methods of welding used
in specific situations (shielded metal arc is
the most common in steel work).
Welding symbols and basic joints are
standardized by AWS (American Welding
Society) – see figure 5-28 on page 132
24. Steel Floor and Roof Framing
Considerations for systems used:
Span
Load to be applied
Depth
Weight
Fire resistance (code)
Sound transmission
Heating/Cooling system
Appearance
Cost/Time
25. Open Web Steel Joists
Widely used because of the long spans
See figure 5-29 on page 133 for types
Ends of open web joists (hung from the top
chord) are extended a minimum of 4 “ in
masonry/concrete, and a minimum of 21/2 “
over steel supports.
Corrugated or ribbed steel decking many
times used in combination with the joists.
26. Aluminum
Bauxite, the major source of aluminum, is still
very abundant in the earth (Jamaica)
Highly resistant to weather and corrosive
environments
Aluminum can be economically extruded to many
shapes (mouldings, edgings, window mullions)
It is very malleable, quite ductile, non-corrosive,
and strong in proportion to its weight.
27. Lead
Important physical properties include:
resistance to corrosion, its plasticity, and its
malleability
Used for waterproofing, sound and vibration
isolation, and radiation shield.
Can be combined with a tin alloy to plate iron
or steel (called “terneplate”)
Use extreme care where and how lead is
used because lead vapors or dust are toxic if
ingested.
28. Zinc
Is brittle and low in strength
Major use is in galvanizing (dipping hot
iron or steel in molten zinc)
May also be used for roofing, flashing, and
hardware
29. Copper
Resistant to corrosion, impact, and
fatigue; very ductile
Primary use is electrical wiring,
roofing, flashing, and piping
The oxidization of copper produces
what is called a green “patina”
30. Bronze
Originally a copper-tin alloy, but now
aluminum or silicon added to copper
Now may be “phosphor bronze”, “aluminum
bronze” or “silicon bronze”
Widely used for casting delicate mold
impressions (Cathedral doors)
31. Brass
Copper with zinc to form an alloy
Used for doors, windows, railings,
trim, grilles and for finish hardware
32. Nickel, Chromium, and Monel
Chromium and nickel are used primarily as
alloying elements, however, both can take a
bright polish and do not tarnish in air,
making them ideal for use in plating.
Monel, a nickel-copper alloy, is mostly used
to make fasteners and anchors, and has
excellent corrosion resistance.
33. Clad Metals
Combines the best qualities of 2 or
more different materials
The intent is to create a
metallurgical bond between layers
of materials
34. Galvanic Action
Corrosion occurs between dissimilar metals
when sufficient moisture is present to carry
an electric current. The galvanic series, a
list of metals arranged from “least noble
(anode)”, most reactive, to “most noble”
(cathode), is an indicator of corrosion
susceptibility. The farther apart the metals
are on the list, the greater the deterioration
of the least noble one.