This document provides an overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of objects on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal and vertical distances. There are two main types of surveying: plane surveying, which ignores Earth's curvature over small areas, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for curvature over large areas (>250 km2). Common surveying equipment includes chains, tapes, ranging rods, and arrows/pins for marking points. Surveying is used to create maps for various purposes such as topography, property boundaries, engineering projects, and more. Chain surveying is the simplest method and involves taking measurements in the field and completing office work like plotting and calculations.
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DEFINITION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM
DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON IT.
And also you will come to know about the use of alternate land use system in different aspects in agricultural sector.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEMsubhashB10
In this presentation you will come to know about the CLASSIFICATION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM. That is:
DEFINITION OF ALTERNATE LAND USE SYSTEM
DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON IT.
And also you will come to know about the use of alternate land use system in different aspects in agricultural sector.
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describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. ... The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and NO angular measurements are taken.
unit I
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Introduction, Objectives, classification and principles of
surveying, Scales, Shrinkage of Map, Conventional symbols and Code of Signals, Surveying
accessories, phases of surveying.
Measurement of Distances and Directions
Linear distances- Approximate methods, Direct Methods- Chains- Tapes, ranging, Tape corrections.
Prismatic Compass- Bearings, included angles, Local Attraction, Magnetic Declination and dip.
Surveying and scale_Surveying, Civil EngineeringA Makwana
It is defined as the process of measuring horizontal distances, vertical distances and included angles to determine the location of points on, above or below the earth surfaces.
The term surveying is the representation of surface features in a horizontal plane.
The process of determining the relative heights in the vertical plane is referred as levelling.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. • Surveying:
It is the art of determining the relative positions of different
object on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal
distance between them and by preparing a map to any suitable
scale. Thus, in this process, the measurements are taken only
in the horizontal plane.
• Leveling:
Leveling is the art of determining the relative vertical distance
of different points on the surface of earth. Hence, in leveling,
the measurements are taken only in the vertical plane.
3. Objects of surveying:
• The primary object of survey is the
preparation of plan estate or buildings roads,
railways, pipelines, canals, etc. Or to measure
area of field, state, nation.
• Object of geodetic surveying is to determine
precise positions on the surface of the earth
of widely distant points.
4. • Types of Surveying [Classification]:
• Primary Classification or Primary Division :
Plane surveying and
Geodetic surveying
• Plane Surveying :
The shape of the earth is spherical. Thus the surface
is obviously curved. But in plane surveying the
curvature of earth is not taken into account. This is
because plane surveying is carried out over a small
area, so the surface of the earth is considered as a
plane. The degree of accuracy required in this type of
surveying is completely low. Plane surveying is done
on an area of less than 250 km2.
5. • Geodetic surveying :
• In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is
taken into consideration. It is extended over a
large area greater than 250 km2.
• The line joining any two points considered as a
curved line. Very refined methods and
instruments are used in this type of surveying. In
this method very high precision or accuracy is
required.
6. • Secondary classification:
Survey can be classified on different bases.
• 1. Based on instrument:
- Chain Survey
- Compass survey
- Plane Table survey
- Theodolite survey
- Tacheometric Survey
- Photographic survey
7. • 2. Based on methods:
- Triangulation Survey
- Traverse Survey
• 3. Based on Objects:
- Geological survey
- Mine survey
- Archeological Survey
- Military survey
• 4. Based on nature of field
- Land Survey
- Marine survey
- Astronomical survey
8. • Again Land Survey is classified into following Classes:
• 1. Topographical Survey
To determine natural features of a country such as valleys,
rivers and artificial features such as road, railways, etc.
• 2. Cadastral Survey:
To determine boundaries of field, estate
• 3. City survey:
To locate premises, streets, water supply and drainage
systems
• 4. Engineering survey:
To collect detailed data for the design for of projects involving
roads, railways, etc Engineering surveys are sub divided into:
1. Reconnaissance Survey
2. Preliminary Survey
3. Location Survey
9. Equipment used in Surveying
1. Chain
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces
of galvanized mild steel wire 4mm in
diameter called links.
The end of each link are bent into a loop and
connected together by means of three oval
rings.
The ends of the chain are provided with brass
handles for dragging the chain on the ground.
The length of link is the distance between the
centers of the two consecutive middle rings.
The end links includes the handles.
Metallic tags or indicators are fixed at
various distinctive of the chain to facilitate
quick reading.
1
10. a. Metric surveying chains:
The chains are made in lengths of 20 and
30 meters.
To enable the reading of factious of a
chain, tallies (tags) are fixed at every five
meter length and small brass rings are
provided at every meter length.
To facilitate holding of the arrows in
position with the handle, a groove is cut on
the out side surface of the handle.
The handle joints are flexible.
The tallies used for marking the distances
in a metric chain are marked with letters
‘Me’ and ‘m’.
2
11. b. Steel Band Chain:
It consists of a ribbon of steel with bras
handle at each end. It is 20 or 30 fit long and
16 mm wide. It is wound on an open steel
cross or on the metal reel in a closed case.
The graduations are etched as meters
decimeters, centimeters on one side and 0.2
m links on the other. Brass tallies are fixed at
every 5 m length of the band.
c. Gunter’s Chain:
It is 66 fit long and is divided into 100 links.
Each link is 0.66 ft long. It is very convenient
for measuring distance in miles and furlongs.
Also for measuring area and when the units
of area is an acre
3
4
12. d. Revenue Chain
It is commonly used for measuring
fields in cadastral survey. It is 33 ft
long and divided into 16 links. Each
link is 2.0625 ft long.
e. Engineer’s chain:
It is 100 ft long and it is divided
into 100 links. Each link is 1 ft in a
length. Used in all Engineering
surveys.
5
13. 2. Arrows (chain pins):
They are also called as marking or
chaining pins and are used to mark
the end of chain during the process
of chaining.
They are made up of good quality
hardened and tempered steel wire of
4 mm in diameter. The arrows are
made 400 mm in length.
They are pointed at one end of
inserting in to the ground. The other
end is in to a ring. 6
14. 3. Tapes:
a. Cloth or Linen Tape
Used for taking subsidiary measurements, such
as offset. It is very light and handy. It is easily
affected by damp. If wet it shrinks. It stretches
easily and likely to twist.
b. Metric Woven Metallic Tape:
They are available in 2, 10, 30, and 50 meters.
The tape is made of yarn and metal wire. A metal
ring is attached to the outer end of tapes. The
length of the tape includes the metal ring. At
every centimeter a black line 8 to 10 mm in
height is drown. Every 5 centimeters is marked
with an arrow in black. Every decimeter and
meter is marked with a back line extending over
the full width of the tape/ the graduation marks at
every decimeter and meter are numbered with
black and red figures, respectively.
7
8
15. c. Metric Steel Tape:
Tape is available in 1, 2, 10, 30,
and 50 meters. The tape is of steel
or stainless steel. The outer end is
provided with a ring. The length
of the tape includes the metal ring.
The tape is marked with a line at
every five millimeters,
centimeters, decimeters, and
meter.
Every decimeter and meter shall
be marked with Hindu Arabic
numerals in bold. When the
button release devised is pressed,
the tape automatically rewind in
to the case.
9
10
16. d. Invar Tape:
For highest precision work the invar tape in
used. It is made of an alloy of steel and
nickel (36%).
It is 6 mm wide and may be obtained in
length of 30m and 100m. It is not calibrated
through its length but has terminal lines.
Each terminal division has ten 1 mm
division. It is very expensive.
e. Synthetic Tape:
The tapes are manufactured of glass fiber
having PVC coating. They are graduated
every 10 mm and figured every 100 mm.
Meter, figures are shown in red. They are
convenient for measuring shorts lengths.
11
12
13
17. Instruments for marking stations:
1. Wooden Pegs:
These are used to mark the positions. They are
made of hard timber and tapered at one end.
They are usually, 2.5 cm square and 15 cm long.
But in soft ground 40 to 60 cm long and 4 to 5
cm square is suitable.
They should be driven in the ground with about
4 cm lengths, projecting above the ground.
2. Ranging rods:
Used for making the positions of stations and for
ranging.
They are made of seasoned timber of teak, blue
pine, deodar. They are circular or octagonal in
cross section of 3 cm diameter. Lower shoe is 15
cm long.
They are made in two sizes as 2 meters and 3
meters and are divided in to equal parts each 0.2
m long.
They are painted alternatively black and white
or red and white. Now a day instead of timber,
mild steel hallo pipes are used.
Range
pole
14
18. 3. Ranging Poles
Similar to the ranging rods but are
heavier, they vary in length from 4 m
to 6 m or more. Used in the case of
very long lines.
4. Offset Rod
Similar to the ranging rod, they are
usually 3 m long and is divided into
parts each 0.2 m length. Top is an
provided with an open ring for
puling or pushing the chain through a
hedge. It has two short narrow
vertical slots. It is used for aligning
short offsets.
Offset RodRanging Poles
15 16
19. 5. Laths
Useful for ranging long lines, also used over
uneven ground where the ranging rod is not visible
due to obstructions, they are light, cheap, being
white; they are easily visible at a great distance.
Unusually 1.0 m long
6. Whites
When the ranging rod is not available or
insufficient, whites are used. These are thin strip of
bamboo and 40 cm to 1 m in length. One end is
sharp and the other end is split for inserting pieces
of white papers. They are also useful for
temporary marking of counter points.
7. Plumb Bob
The plumb bob is required when measuring the
distance along slopes in order to transfer points to
the ground. It is also used for testing the verticality
of ranging poles.
17
18
20. Uses of Surveying:
• To prepare a topographical map this shows the hills, valley, rivers, villages,
town, etc, of a country.
• To prepare a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields houses, and other
properties.
• To prepare an engineering map to show details like roads, railways, canals, etc.
• To prepare military map showing roads and railways, communication with
different parts of country.
• To prepare contour map and to determine capacity of a reservoirs and ton find
the best possible route for roads, railways etc.
• To prepare archeological map including places where ancient relics exist.
• To prepare a geological map showing areas including underground resources.
21. Chain Survey
• Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In
this survey only measurements are taken in the field,
and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. are
done in the office.
• This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with
very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite
accurate results.
• The necessary requirements for field work are chain,
tape, ranging rod, arrows and some time cross staff.
22. Survey Station:
Survey stations are of two kinds
- Main Stations
- Subsidiary or tie
Main Stations:
Main stations are the end of the lines, which command the boundaries of the survey,
and the lines joining the main stations re called the main survey line or the chain
lines.
Subsidiary or the tie stations:
Subsidiary or the tie stations are the point selected on the main survey lines, where
it is necessary to locate the interior detail such as fences, hedges, building etc.
19
23. Base Lines:
It is main and longest line, which passes approximately through the centre
of the field. All the other measurements to show the details of the work are
taken with respect of this line.
Check Line:
A check line also termed as a proof line is a line joining the apex of a
triangle to some fixed points on any two sides of a triangle. A check line is
measured to check the accuracy of the framework. The length of a check
line, as measured on the ground should agree with its length on the plan.
20
24. Offsets
• These are the lateral measurements from the
base line to fix the positions of the different
objects of the work with respect to base
line. These are generally set at right angle
offsets. It can also be drawn with the help
of a tape. There are two kinds of offsets:
• 1) Perpendicular offsets
The measurements are taken at right angle
to the survey line called perpendicular or
right angled offsets.
• 2) Oblique offsets.
The measurements which are not made at
right angles to the survey line are called
oblique offsets or tie line offsets. 21
25. Procedure in chain survey
1. Reconnaissance:
The preliminary inspection of the area to be surveyed is called
reconnaissance. The surveyor inspects the area to be surveyed, survey or
prepares index sketch or key plan.
2. Marking Station:
Surveyor fixes up the required no stations at places from where maximum
possible stations are possible.
3. Then he selects the way for passing the main line, which should be
horizontal and clean as possible and should pass approximately through the
centre of work.
4. Then ranging roads are fixed on the stations.
5. After fixing the stations, chaining could be started.
6. Make ranging wherever necessary.
7. Measure the change and offset.
8. Enter in the field the book.
26. Cross Staff Survey
• This type of survey is undertaken to locate boundaries of a field or a field
or plat and determinations of its area.
• Principle:
The principle of the survey is to divide the given area in to no of right
angled triangles and trapezoids and to calculate and plot the areas of
triangles and trapezoids.
• Instruments/Material Required:
Two Chains, arrows taps, ranging rods, cross-staff and drawing material
27. Procedure
Two chains are usually provided one for measuring distance along the
chain line and other for measuring the offsets.
The cross staff is used to set out the perpendicular directions for offsets.
In this survey, the base line runs through the center of the area, so that the
offsets are left or right side of base line are fairly equal.
To check accuracy length of the boundary lines may also be measured.
After the field work is over, the survey is plotted to a suitable scale.
28. Calculations of Field Area:
• By this method of survey, the field
as divided in to right angled
triangles and trapezoids are
calculated as under:
• Area of right -angled triangle = ½
base x Height.
• Area of trapezoid= sum of parallel
sides/2 x Height.
22