Bench terracing involves constructing level or sloped platforms across a hillside to reduce soil erosion and facilitate agriculture. It has been used for thousands of years around the world. Bench terracing is well-suited to steep slopes under 30% with stable soil. It can improve crop yields by slowing runoff, increasing infiltration, and allowing different crops on benches. However, bench terracing requires significant labor to construct and maintain properly to prevent failures. Examples of historic and current bench terracing can be seen around the world, from the Philippines to France, the Middle East, and Asia.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
wind erosion and its control measures, factor affecting wind erosion, mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil transportation, suspension, saltation and surface creep, windbreak, shelterbelt, sand duns
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil with tools and implements for obtaining conditions ideal for seed germination, seedling establishment and growth of crops.
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
wind erosion and its control measures, factor affecting wind erosion, mechanics of wind erosion, types of soil transportation, suspension, saltation and surface creep, windbreak, shelterbelt, sand duns
Terraces are ancient erosion control practice that facilitates cultivation on steep slopes. A Terrace system consists of multiple continuous lines of embankments constructed across a field slope to check erosion under the most intense cropping system planned for the field. Runoff water intercepted by the embankments is conducted to a stable outlet through non-erosive stable channels or stored and released through soil infiltration. It reduces the length of the hillside slope, thereby reducing sheet and rill erosion and prevents the formation of gullies.
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. Definition
Bench terraces are a series of level or virtually level strips running
across the slope at vertical intervals, supported by steep banks or risers.
• It is an engineering soil conservation practice
• It is also called bench terracing.
4.
5. History
• Concept of bench terracing is old as agriculture itself.
• Philippines started bench terracing 2500 years ago.
US soil conservation services collected evidences:
• In Israel, citrus orchard in southern France, ShanSi province(China)
and Lebanon hill side.
6. Objectives
• To reduce run-off or its velocity and to minimize soil erosion.
• To conserve soil moisture and fertility and to facilitate cropping
operations.
• To promote intensive land use and permanent agriculture on slopes
and reduce shifting cultivation
7. Applicability
This practice can:
• Be manage on soil having slopes up to 30 %.
• Be done where there is deep heavy clay soil rather than in very sandy
soil.
• Typically not applicable for slopes of decomposed granitic material, or
any significantly sandy soil, because of excessive sloughing of
material and construction difficulties.
8. Locations and conditions for use
Bench terraces are particularly suited to countries or communities with
the following macro conditions:
• Severe erosion hazards
• Areas with small holdings and a dense population.
• Areas where there are food shortages or high unemployment rates.
• Areas where crops require flood irrigation
9. Cont..
For micro or site conditions, bench terracing is suitable in the following
cases:
• Where there are relatively deep soils.
• On slopes not exceeding 25 degrees.
• On sites which are not dissected by gullies and not too stony.
11. Types of Bench Terracing
1. Level or Table top bench terrace
2. Sloping inwards bench terrace
3. Sloping outwards bench terrace
4. Conservation type bench terrace
12. Level or Table top bench terrace
Table top bench terrace are suitable for:
• Areas receiving medium rainfall
• Areas having highly permeable and deep soils
13.
14. Sloping inwards bench terrace
Sloping inwards bench terrace are suitable for:
• Areas receiving heavy rainfall.
Sloping inwards bench terrace
Sloping inwards bench terrace are suitable for
• It is useful for crops susceptible to water lodging.
• Runoff towards hillside.
15.
16. Sloping outwards bench terrace:
Sloping outwards bench terrace are suitable for:
• Areas receiving low rainfall & permeable soil of medium depth. at
lower ends graded channels are provided for safe disposal of runoff
17.
18. Conservation type bench terrace
In this type of terrace:
• Modified form of level terrace
• Use moisture of uncropped area
• Barrier is established across the land at suitable interval and the terrace
is developed by pushing soil downhill and subsequent natural leveling.
19.
20. Advantages
• Reduces the soil erosion.
• Aesthetical value
• Intensive land use.
• Economically beneficial.
• Availability of food for local area.
• Flood chances can be reduce.
• Improves the condition of the slope for plant establishment.
• Reduces runoff velocities and increases infiltration.
21. Disadvantages
• Highly labor demand and time consuming.
• Increased cost relative to alternative slope stabilization techniques.
• Can be complicated to design and install, and may fail if not properly
designed and installed