Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
Dr. Prabin Kumar Bam, MBBS
Anatomy of urinary bladder, introduction, gross features, histology, relations, interior of the bladder, trigone of bladder, uvula vesicae, ligaments of urinary bladder, histology of urinary bladder,
Prabin Kumar Bam
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Anatomy, components parts, and blood supply of eyeball.
Hello friends..you can use these notes for your convenience as they are taken from many other standard books.. Thank you.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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2. INTRODUCTION
• The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir of urine,
• lying in the anterior part of the pelvis.
• It is commonly involved in clinical conditions such as retention of urine,
cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), calculus, disorder of
micturition, and cancer. Hence, its anatomy is of immense importance to
clinicians.
3. LOCATION
• The urinary bladder is situated in
the anterior part of the lesser
pelvis immediately behind the
pubic symphysis and in front of
rectum in male and uterus in the
female.
• When the bladder is empty it lies
entirely within the lesser pelvis
but when it becomes distended
with urine, it expands upward and
forward into the abdominal cavity.
4.
5. SIZE AND SHAPE
• It is tetrahedral in shape when empty and ovoid in shape when
distended.
CAPACITY
• Normally in adult male the capacity varies from 120 to 320 ml. The
mean capacity is about 220 ml.
1. An amount of urine beyond 220 ml causes a desire to micturate but
the bladder is usually emptied at about 250–300 ml.
2. The filling of urine up to 500 ml may be tolerated but
beyond this, it causes pain due to tension of its wall. On
collection of urine about 800 ml, the micturition is
beyond one’s voluntary control.
6. EXTERNAL FEATURES AND RELATIONS
1. Apex.
2. Base.
3. Neck.
4. Three surfaces
(superior and two
inferolateral surfaces).
5. Four borders (anterior,
posterior and two
lateral).
7. APEX
• It provides attachment to the median umbilical ligament and lies
posterior to the upper margin of the pubic symphysis.
8. BASE
• In the male:
1. Upper part is separated from rectum by
the rectovesical pouch containing coils of
the small intestine.
2. Lower part is separated from rectum by the
terminal parts of vasa deferentia and
seminal vesicles.
3. The triangular area between the vasa
deferentia is separated from the rectum by
rectovesical fascia (of Denonvilliers).
In the female, it is separated from the cervix of
uterus and by the vesicouterine pouch.
9. NECK
• It is the lowest and most fixed part of the bladder. It is situated where
the inferolateral and the posterior surfaces of the bladder meet. It is
pierced by the urethra.
Its relations are:
• In the male, it rests on the upper surface of the prostate where the
smooth muscle fibres of the bladder wall are continuous with those of
the prostate.
• In the female, it is related to the urogenital diaphragm.
10. SUPERIOR SURFACE
In the male, it is completely covered by the peritoneum which separates it
from:
• coils of the ileum,
• sigmoid colon.
In the female, it is covered by the peritoneum except for a small area near
the posterior border, which is related to the supravaginal part of the
uterine cervix. Here the peritoneum is reflected on to the uterine
isthmus forming vesicouterine pouch.
11. INFEROLATERAL
SURFACES
The inferolateral surfaces are devoid
of peritoneum and in both male and
female are related:
In front to
– retropubic space,
– pubic symphysis, and
– puboprostatic ligaments.
Behind to
– obturator internus muscle above, and
– levator ani muscle below.
12.
13. LIGAMENTS
The ligaments of the bladder are of
two types—true and false.
1. Lateral ligaments (two in
number, right and left)
2. Puboprostatic ligaments (four in
number, two on each side—lateral
and medial)
3. Median umbilical ligament
4. Posterior ligament (two in
number, right and left)
False Ligaments
1. Anteriorly there are three folds
2. Laterally a pair of false lateral
ligaments
3. Posteriorly a pair of false
posterior ligaments
15. ARTERIAL SUPPLY
• superior and inferior vesical arteries which are the branches of anterior
division of internal iliac arteries.
• Obturator and inferior gluteal arteries.
• Uterine and vaginal arteries in the female.
VENOUS DRAINAGE
• The veins of the bladder do not follow the arteries. They form a
complicated plexus on the inferolateral surfaces near the prostate called
vesical venous plexus.
1. This plexus passes backward in the posterior ligaments of the urinary
bladder to drain into the internal iliac veins.
2. It communicates:
(a) In the male with the prostatic venous plexus.
(b) In the female with the veins at the base of broad ligament.