Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
It's about the microstructure of breast. Function of the breast and words that will help guide you in anatomy. Having little knowledge about caring for yourself and others make a better nation . Breast cancer is real so let's all be aware . People are somehow careless by taking good care of the breast and also feeding the young ones . With this text made will guide more of the lactating moms to care for the young ones
Lecture 5- FEMALE BREAST ANATOMY FOR NURSING STUDENT 2-1.pptprincessufookoye
Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nurs
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
It's about the microstructure of breast. Function of the breast and words that will help guide you in anatomy. Having little knowledge about caring for yourself and others make a better nation . Breast cancer is real so let's all be aware . People are somehow careless by taking good care of the breast and also feeding the young ones . With this text made will guide more of the lactating moms to care for the young ones
Lecture 5- FEMALE BREAST ANATOMY FOR NURSING STUDENT 2-1.pptprincessufookoye
Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students. Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nursing students Female breast anatomy for nurs
Course of NEET SS preparation is limitless. I always advise all my juniors to decide their one year preparation schedule on the first day of the study.
My name is Dr. Mayur Patel. I am providing you the list of books and what topics I have read from those books while preparing for NEET SS 2020. You should have your own plan of study and this may help you a little.
Intercostal drainage tube insertion is an emergency as well as planned procedure. In emergency it is a one of the life saving procedures. That's why it is important to learn the anatomy and physiology behind insertion of ICD and what should be the ideal procedure and post procedure care.
Cerebellum is the organ that controls tone of muscle and maintains balance of body. It is also responsible for co-ordination of the movements. There are some signs which suggest the abnormalities in Cerebellar functioning.
Different type of Energy Sources used in Surgery are described In this presentation...
like Radio frequency Electro-surgery
Ultrasound Energy
Laser
Argon beam Coagulation
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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1. Dr. Mayur Patel
(M.S. General Surgeon)
B.J. Medical college,
Civil Hospital,
Ahmedabad.
2. Introduction
• Latin word Breast = Mammary gland.
• Modified sweat gland.
• Accessory organ of female reproduction system.
3. Situation and extend
• Lies in superficial fascia of pectoral
region.
• Extended
Vertically - from 2nd to 6th ribs.
Horizontally – lateral border of sternum
to maxillary line
• Lies on deep fascia (pectoral fascia)
and separated from fascia by retro
mammary space.
2nd RIB
6th RIB
Pectoral fascia
Pectoralis minor
Pectoralis Major
Retro mammary
space
5. Situation and extend
• Lymphatics are present in retro
mammary space.
• That is why in MRM we dissect the
breast tissue with pectoral fascia.
6. Situation and extend
• Breast is divided in four quadrants
1. Upper inner
2. Upper outer
3. Lower outer
4. Lower inner
• Nipple areola complex should be
mentioned separately while
describing breast examination.
7. Situation and extend
• Upper lateral quadrant has lateral
extension – known as axillary tail of
Spence.
• It piers deep pectoral fascia – known
as foramen of langer.
• It has direct communication with
anterior group of axillary lymph
nodes.
• That is why we need to remove
axillary LN with breast tissue with
connecting axillary tail in continuity.
8. Structure of breast
• It can be divided in 3 components
1. Skin with nipple areola
2. Parenchyma
3. Stroma
9. Structure of breast
• Nipple
- A conical projection
- Present just below the centre of the
breast at the level of the fourth
intercostal space 10 cm from the midline.
- The nipple is pierced by 15 to 20
lactiferous ducts.
- It contains circular and longitudinal
smooth muscle fibres which can make the
nipple stiff or flatten it, respectively.
- It has a few modified sweat and
sebaceous glands.
10. Structure of breast
• Areola
- Pigmented skin surrounding Nipple.
- Rich in modified sebaceous glands,
particularly at its outer margin. These
become enlarged during pregnancy
and lactation to form raised tubercles
of Montgomery.
- Oily secretions of these glands
lubricate the nipple and areola, and
prevent them from cracking during
lactation.
11. Structure of breast
• Areola
- Apart from sebaceous glands, the
areola also contains some sweat
glands, and accessory mammary
glands.
- The skin of the areola and nipple is
devoid of hair, and there is no fat
subjacent to it.
- Below the areola lie lactiferous sinus
where stored milk is seen.
12. Structure of breast
• Langer’ lines
- Circumareolar incision Webster’s
incision
- Submammary incision Galliard
Thomas incision
- In upper quadrants – Incision if away
from NAC then it should be along the
langer’s line
- But in lower quadrants – it should be
radial to prevent NAC displacement
downward.
13. Structure of breast
• Parenchyma
- It is a compound tubulo-alveolar gland
which secretes milk.
- The gland consists of 15 to 20 lobes.
- Each lobe is a cluster of alveoli, and is
drained by a lactiferous duct.
- The lactiferous ducts converge
towards the nipple and open on it.
- Near its termination each duct has a
dilatation called a lactiferous sinus
14. Structure of breast
• Alveolar epithelium
- cuboidal in the resting phase
- columnar during lactation.
• The smaller ducts
- columnar epithelium
• The larger ducts
- two or more layers of cells
- the terminal parts of the
lactiferous ducts by stratified
squamous keratinised epithelium.
15. Structure of breast
• The passage of the milk from the
alveoli into and along the ducts is
facilitated by contraction of
myoepitheliocytes, which are found
around the alveoli and around the
ducts, lying between the epithelium
and the basement membrane.
16. Structure of breast
• Stroma
- Stroma forms the supporting
framework of the gland.
- It is partly fibrous and partly fatty.
- There are fibrous bands that provide
structural support and insert
perpendicularly into the dermis,
termed the suspensory ligaments of
Cooper.
That is why if involvement of cooper’s
ligament skin retraction
17. Blood supply
• The mammary gland is
extremely vascular.
1. Internal thoracic artery, a
branch of the subclavian
artery, through its perforating
branches.
2. The lateral thoracic, superior
thoracic and acromiothoracic
(thoracoacromial) branches of
the axillary artery.
3. Lateral branches of the
posterior intercostal arteries.
18. Blood supply
• The mammary gland is
extremely vascular.
1. Internal thoracic artery, a
branch of the subclavian
artery, through its perforating
branches.
2. The lateral thoracic, superior
thoracic and acromiothoracic
(thoracoacromial) branches of
the axillary artery.
3. Lateral branches of the
posterior intercostal arteries.
19. Blood supply
First Part –
• Origin to Medial border of scalene
anterior
1. Vertebral artery
2. Internal thoracic artery Continue
as superior epigastric artery.
3. Thyrocervical trunk
Second Part –
• Behind scalene anterior
1. Costocervical trunk
Third Part –
• Lateral border of scalene anterior and
medial border of first rib.
1. Dorsal scapular artery.
Subclavian artery
21. Blood supply
First Part –
• Superior to the pectoralis minor
1. Superior thoracic artery (Supreme
thoracic artery)
Second Part –
• Posterior to the pectoralis minor
1. Thoraco-acromian artery
2. Lateral thoracic artery
Third Part –
• Inferior to the pectoralis minor.
1. Subscapular artery
2. Anterior circumflex humoral artery
3. Posterior circumflex humoral artery
Axillary artery
25. Lymphatic drainage
• The lymphatics from the deep
surface of the breast pass through
the pectoralis major muscle and the
clavipectoral fascia to reach the
apical nodes, and also to the internal
mammary nodes.
26. Lymphatic drainage
• Lymphatics from the lower and inner
quadrants of the breast may
communicate with the sub
diaphragmatic and sub peritoneal
lymph plexuses after crossing the
costal margin and then piercing the
anterior abdominal wall through the
upper part of the linea alba.
27. Lymphatic drainage
• Three anatomic levels defined by their
relationship to the pectoralis minor
muscle.
1. Level I nodes are located lateral to
the lateral border of the pectoralis
minor muscle.
2. Level II nodes are located posterior
to the pectoralis minor muscle.
3. Level III nodes include the sub
clavicular nodes medial to the
pectoralis minor muscle.
28. Lymphatic drainage
• The anterior (pectoral) group lie along
the lateral thoracic vessels.
• The posterior (scapular) group lie
along the subscapular vessels.
• The lateral group lie along the upper
part of the numerus, medial to the
axillary vein.
• The central group lie in the fat of the
upper axilla.
• The apical (infraclaaicular) group lie
deep to the clavipectoral fascia, along
the axillary vessels.
29. Lymphatic drainage
• Lymph nodes in the space between
the pectoralis major and minor
muscles are termed the interpectoral
group, or Rotter’s nodes.