The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the brain and cranial nerves. It describes the main divisions and structures of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and diencephalon. It discusses the functions of these areas such as motor control, sensory processing, homeostasis, and cognition. It also outlines the cranial nerves and sensory and motor pathways in the central nervous system.
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
The document discusses the physiological basis of behavior and provides details about the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes the structure and function of neurons, different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It also explains neurotransmitters and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas and how they regulate bodily functions.
The document summarizes the main parts of the brain and nervous system. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part which controls functions like movement, speech, memory and emotion. It notes each hemisphere controls different functions. It also outlines the cerebellum controls balance and movement, while the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus regulate hormones and body processes like appetite. The nervous system allows messages to flow between the brain and body.
The nervous system controls and coordinates all essential functions of the body. It has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. The nervous system gathers sensory information and sends motor commands through neurons. It maintains homeostasis through the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions. Common disorders of the nervous system include epilepsy, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and is responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating voluntary and involuntary actions. The highly complex brain is the control center and consists of different regions that perform specialized functions like memory, vision, and motor control. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and includes the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary body functions. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system, enabling it to coordinate all activities and maintain homeostasis.
The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits signals between parts. It controls voluntary and involuntary activities to help the body adjust. The nervous system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and the autonomic system for involuntary functions like breathing and digestion. Within the autonomic system are the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric systems that regulate internal organs. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals through the nervous system.
2.1 struktur & fisiologi sistem saraf pusatMohd Arif
The document discusses the structure and function of the central nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information through receptors and interprets it to determine the appropriate motor responses. It provides control over muscles and glands.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that conduct nerve impulses. There are different types of neurons including motor, sensory, and interneurons. Nerve fibers are covered by a myelin sheath and transmit signals. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into sections that control different functions like the cerebrum for sensory/motor skills and cerebellum for movement coordination. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves branching throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
Psychobiologist study the evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that are responsible for human behavior and try to understand how the brain functions in order to understand why humans behave the way we do.
The document discusses the physiological basis of behavior and provides details about the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes the structure and function of neurons, different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It also explains neurotransmitters and hormones produced by glands like the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas and how they regulate bodily functions.
The document summarizes the main parts of the brain and nervous system. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part which controls functions like movement, speech, memory and emotion. It notes each hemisphere controls different functions. It also outlines the cerebellum controls balance and movement, while the brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. The pituitary gland and hypothalamus regulate hormones and body processes like appetite. The nervous system allows messages to flow between the brain and body.
The nervous system controls and coordinates all essential functions of the body. It has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. The nervous system gathers sensory information and sends motor commands through neurons. It maintains homeostasis through the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions. Common disorders of the nervous system include epilepsy, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and is responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating voluntary and involuntary actions. The highly complex brain is the control center and consists of different regions that perform specialized functions like memory, vision, and motor control. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and includes the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary body functions. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system, enabling it to coordinate all activities and maintain homeostasis.
The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits signals between parts. It controls voluntary and involuntary activities to help the body adjust. The nervous system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and the autonomic system for involuntary functions like breathing and digestion. Within the autonomic system are the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric systems that regulate internal organs. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals through the nervous system.
2.1 struktur & fisiologi sistem saraf pusatMohd Arif
The document discusses the structure and function of the central nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information through receptors and interprets it to determine the appropriate motor responses. It provides control over muscles and glands.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Neurons are the basic structural and functional units that conduct nerve impulses. There are different types of neurons including motor, sensory, and interneurons. Nerve fibers are covered by a myelin sheath and transmit signals. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is divided into sections that control different functions like the cerebrum for sensory/motor skills and cerebellum for movement coordination. The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves branching throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body. The nervous system allows for complexity, integration, adaptability, and electrochemical transmission of signals through neurons and neurotransmitters. It processes information through sensory input and motor output.
Review structure and function of brain, limbic system, ubnormal neurotransmis...Jinto Philip
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
The four major lobes of the cerebrum are the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, each responsible for different functions. The diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus that help integrate sensory information and regulate functions like
The document discusses several key topics related to the biological bases of behavior:
1. All human behavior has a biological basis in the structures and processes of the nervous system and endocrine system.
2. The brain is highly specialized and hierarchical, but can adapt through neuroplasticity.
3. The endocrine system produces hormones that directly influence target organs to regulate various processes.
4. Researchers use various imaging technologies to study the brain's structure and function.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
This chapter discusses biology and behavior, including:
- Neurons transmit signals via neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
- The brain is divided into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain regions controlling various functions.
- Imaging techniques like EEG, MRI, PET scan reveal brain structure and activity.
- The cerebrum contains hemispheres specialized in language and spatial reasoning.
- Development and aging impact brain structure through processes like synaptogenesis and pruning.
- Men and women's brains differ slightly in proportions of gray and white matter.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in chapter 2 of the biology of the mind textbook. It discusses the building blocks of the mind including neurons and how they communicate via neurotransmitters. It describes the major structures and functions of the nervous system including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. Key areas of the brain are also outlined such as the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and lobes. Investigation techniques for studying the brain like lesions, brain imaging, and stimulation are summarized.
The document discusses the nervous system. It notes that the nervous system controls and coordinates body activities, with the brain and spinal cord forming the central nervous system. Nerves carry impulses between the sense organs and brain. It then describes the main parts of the brain - the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata. The spinal cord is described as a continuation of the medulla oblongata, extending down the vertebral column. Functions of the spinal cord include transmitting impulses between the brain and body and facilitating reflexes.
The document provides information about the nervous system, including its main divisions and components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. It describes the development of the brain from early embryonic stages. It also summarizes the anatomy and histology of the spinal cord, including its gray and white matter, dorsal and ventral horns, tracts, and central canal. Additionally, it discusses the meninges, spinal nerves and ganglia, and reflex arcs in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
This chapter discusses the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate the body's functions. Specific areas of the brain like the limbic system and cerebral cortex each have roles in functions like memory, emotion, language, and movement. Genes and evolution also influence behavior, as seen through studies in behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology.
This document discusses the physiological foundations of human behavior. It begins by stating that human behavior is influenced by many physiological and psychological factors. It then provides an overview of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Within the central nervous system, it describes the main parts of the brain (hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain) and spinal cord. It also discusses neurons, nerves, and the classifications and functions of different types of neurons. The document concludes by covering the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, and describing the main endocrine glands in the body.
The document summarizes the major parts of the human brain. It describes that the brain can be divided into three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain is the largest part and controls conscious movements, sensations, emotions, and social behavior. It includes structures like the cerebral hemispheres and lobes. The midbrain regulates motor movement and processes vision and hearing. The hindbrain coordinates essential functions for survival like breathing and regulates the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It describes the main parts of neurons and how they transmit electrical signals. It also outlines the main divisions and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and reflex arcs. The central nervous system is responsible for processing sensory input and coordinating motor responses, while the peripheral nervous system connects to sensory receptors and muscles.
The human brain is one of the most complicated objects in the universe. Although it weighs less than 3 pounds, it manages everything from our heart rates to our thoughts and feelings. The functions of the brain are varied, and include: thinking, perception (sensing), emotion, signaling, and many of our physical functions. Our cognition, feelings and behavior are all the result of our brains.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.
ATLAS COPCO’SGOLD CLUB IS ESTABLISHED TO KEEP PEOPLE TOGETHER AND TO HONOR LONG-SERVING EMPLOYEES. IT ENABLES PEOPLE TO MEET REGULARLY, EVEN AFTER RETIREMENT.
The members will jointly and proudly cement the Atlas Copco culture and spirit.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sistem saraf, yang terdiri atas neuron-neuron yang saling terhubung untuk mengirimkan sinyal saraf. Sistem saraf dibagi menjadi somatis dan otonom, serta terdiri atas sistem saraf pusat dan perifer. Medulla spinalis adalah bagian dari sistem saraf pusat yang mengirimkan saraf spinal ke seluruh tubuh."
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas anatomi sistem saraf pusat manusia, termasuk struktur otak seperti serebrum, diensefalon, batang otak.
2. Serebrum terdiri dari lobus-lobus yang mengontrol fungsi kognitif dan motorik tertentu. Diensefalon meliputi talamus, hipotalamus, dan epitalamus.
3. Batang otak terbagi menjadi mesencephalon, pons, dan medulla oblongata, masing-masing memiliki struk
Excel is the most widely used spreadsheet program. It was originally developed by Microsoft in 1985 to compete with Lotus 1-2-3. Excel has become more powerful and user-friendly over time with new features and capabilities added in each version. It is now on version 15 and is part of the Microsoft Office suite of products. Excel allows users to store, organize, and manipulate various types of data, perform calculations, and create charts and graphs.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an MS Excel 2007 training session, including the ribbon interface, custom settings, shortcut commands, and functions of each tab (Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View). The training will cover options, formulas, proofing, saving, and customizing Excel, as well as functions, tables, charts, links, and other tools available on each tab.
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body. The nervous system allows for complexity, integration, adaptability, and electrochemical transmission of signals through neurons and neurotransmitters. It processes information through sensory input and motor output.
Review structure and function of brain, limbic system, ubnormal neurotransmis...Jinto Philip
This document provides an overview of the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
The four major lobes of the cerebrum are the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, each responsible for different functions. The diencephalon includes structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus that help integrate sensory information and regulate functions like
The document discusses several key topics related to the biological bases of behavior:
1. All human behavior has a biological basis in the structures and processes of the nervous system and endocrine system.
2. The brain is highly specialized and hierarchical, but can adapt through neuroplasticity.
3. The endocrine system produces hormones that directly influence target organs to regulate various processes.
4. Researchers use various imaging technologies to study the brain's structure and function.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
This chapter discusses biology and behavior, including:
- Neurons transmit signals via neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
- The brain is divided into hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain regions controlling various functions.
- Imaging techniques like EEG, MRI, PET scan reveal brain structure and activity.
- The cerebrum contains hemispheres specialized in language and spatial reasoning.
- Development and aging impact brain structure through processes like synaptogenesis and pruning.
- Men and women's brains differ slightly in proportions of gray and white matter.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in chapter 2 of the biology of the mind textbook. It discusses the building blocks of the mind including neurons and how they communicate via neurotransmitters. It describes the major structures and functions of the nervous system including the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system. Key areas of the brain are also outlined such as the brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and lobes. Investigation techniques for studying the brain like lesions, brain imaging, and stimulation are summarized.
The document discusses the nervous system. It notes that the nervous system controls and coordinates body activities, with the brain and spinal cord forming the central nervous system. Nerves carry impulses between the sense organs and brain. It then describes the main parts of the brain - the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata. The spinal cord is described as a continuation of the medulla oblongata, extending down the vertebral column. Functions of the spinal cord include transmitting impulses between the brain and body and facilitating reflexes.
The document provides information about the nervous system, including its main divisions and components. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. It describes the development of the brain from early embryonic stages. It also summarizes the anatomy and histology of the spinal cord, including its gray and white matter, dorsal and ventral horns, tracts, and central canal. Additionally, it discusses the meninges, spinal nerves and ganglia, and reflex arcs in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
This chapter discusses the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the nervous system and endocrine system. It describes how neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate the body's functions. Specific areas of the brain like the limbic system and cerebral cortex each have roles in functions like memory, emotion, language, and movement. Genes and evolution also influence behavior, as seen through studies in behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology.
This document discusses the physiological foundations of human behavior. It begins by stating that human behavior is influenced by many physiological and psychological factors. It then provides an overview of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Within the central nervous system, it describes the main parts of the brain (hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain) and spinal cord. It also discusses neurons, nerves, and the classifications and functions of different types of neurons. The document concludes by covering the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, and describing the main endocrine glands in the body.
The document summarizes the major parts of the human brain. It describes that the brain can be divided into three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain is the largest part and controls conscious movements, sensations, emotions, and social behavior. It includes structures like the cerebral hemispheres and lobes. The midbrain regulates motor movement and processes vision and hearing. The hindbrain coordinates essential functions for survival like breathing and regulates the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It describes the main parts of neurons and how they transmit electrical signals. It also outlines the main divisions and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and reflex arcs. The central nervous system is responsible for processing sensory input and coordinating motor responses, while the peripheral nervous system connects to sensory receptors and muscles.
The human brain is one of the most complicated objects in the universe. Although it weighs less than 3 pounds, it manages everything from our heart rates to our thoughts and feelings. The functions of the brain are varied, and include: thinking, perception (sensing), emotion, signaling, and many of our physical functions. Our cognition, feelings and behavior are all the result of our brains.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.
ATLAS COPCO’SGOLD CLUB IS ESTABLISHED TO KEEP PEOPLE TOGETHER AND TO HONOR LONG-SERVING EMPLOYEES. IT ENABLES PEOPLE TO MEET REGULARLY, EVEN AFTER RETIREMENT.
The members will jointly and proudly cement the Atlas Copco culture and spirit.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang sistem saraf, yang terdiri atas neuron-neuron yang saling terhubung untuk mengirimkan sinyal saraf. Sistem saraf dibagi menjadi somatis dan otonom, serta terdiri atas sistem saraf pusat dan perifer. Medulla spinalis adalah bagian dari sistem saraf pusat yang mengirimkan saraf spinal ke seluruh tubuh."
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas anatomi sistem saraf pusat manusia, termasuk struktur otak seperti serebrum, diensefalon, batang otak.
2. Serebrum terdiri dari lobus-lobus yang mengontrol fungsi kognitif dan motorik tertentu. Diensefalon meliputi talamus, hipotalamus, dan epitalamus.
3. Batang otak terbagi menjadi mesencephalon, pons, dan medulla oblongata, masing-masing memiliki struk
Excel is the most widely used spreadsheet program. It was originally developed by Microsoft in 1985 to compete with Lotus 1-2-3. Excel has become more powerful and user-friendly over time with new features and capabilities added in each version. It is now on version 15 and is part of the Microsoft Office suite of products. Excel allows users to store, organize, and manipulate various types of data, perform calculations, and create charts and graphs.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in an MS Excel 2007 training session, including the ribbon interface, custom settings, shortcut commands, and functions of each tab (Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data, Review, and View). The training will cover options, formulas, proofing, saving, and customizing Excel, as well as functions, tables, charts, links, and other tools available on each tab.
Formulas in Excel begin with an equal sign and include cell references and operators. Functions are predefined formulas that perform calculations using specific cell values called arguments. Both formulas and functions can be copied and will adjust cell references depending on whether they use relative, absolute, or mixed references. Functions simplify formulas by using cell ranges and built-in calculations like SUM, AVERAGE, and TODAY.
The document is a tutorial for using Microsoft Excel. It provides step-by-step instructions on how to navigate the Excel interface and use basic functions. The tutorial covers topics such as navigating the Excel screen, entering formulas and data, formatting worksheets, creating charts, and using keyboard shortcuts. It also includes explanations and instructions for common Excel tasks like opening and saving files, editing data, printing worksheets, and more.
Overview of nervous system,mental healthvelveenamaran
The document provides an overview of the nervous system presented by M. Velveena for their 1st year MSC course. It begins with an introduction to the basic functions and components of the nervous system. It then describes the main cell types - neurons and neuroglial cells. It discusses the central nervous system which contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Each of these sections and their subsections are described in detail. The peripheral nervous system is also introduced. In closing, a brief overview of the spinal cord is provided.
The document summarizes key aspects of biology and behavior related to the brain, nervous system, and glands. It discusses:
- The structure and functions of neurons, glial cells, synapses, and neurotransmitters.
- The two main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which connects to the rest of the body.
- An overview of the major regions and structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and how they contribute to functions like memory, movement, sensory processing and language.
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system located in the cranium. It controls and regulates functions of the human body through complex processes. The brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system. The cerebrum is the largest part and controls functions like movement, reasoning, and learning. Neurotransmission allows neurons to communicate via neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, GABA, and serotonin that are released at synapses. Neurotransmitters can be excitatory, stimulating the brain, or inhibitory, balancing excessive stimulation.
The nervous system allows organisms to detect stimuli and respond appropriately. It contains receptors that detect stimuli and effectors like muscles and glands that respond. The nervous system uses both electrical and chemical signals to coordinate these responses. The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord, processes sensory information and coordinates motor responses. It communicates with the peripheral nervous system and body via neurons. The peripheral nervous system contains the nerves connecting the central nervous system to receptors and effectors throughout the body. Together, the nervous system's components allow organisms to detect environmental changes and mount coordinated responses for survival.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (network of nerves). Neurons are the basic structural and functional units and conduct impulses between the body and environments. There are various types of neurons including motor, sensory, and interneurons. The peripheral nervous system branches throughout the body from the brain and spinal cord and includes 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The document discusses the nervous system, which is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system receives sensory information and controls responses through the brain and spinal cord. It is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body through nerves and is divided into the somatic and autonomic systems. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, which causes memory loss and cognitive decline, and epilepsy, which involves seizures.
Here's a brief introduction to control and coordination class 10 science:
"Control and coordination are fundamental processes in living organisms that ensure proper functioning and response to stimuli. In simpler terms, control refers to the regulation of various activities within an organism, while coordination involves the harmonious integration of these activities. In humans and many other animals, control and coordination are primarily carried out by the nervous system and the endocrine system. The nervous system allows for rapid responses to stimuli through nerve impulses, while the endocrine system regulates physiological processes using chemical messengers called hormones. Together, these systems ensure that organisms can adapt to changes in their environment, maintain internal balance (homeostasis), and carry out essential functions for survival and well-being."
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
The Biological MindChapter 4Biological Psycholog.docxmehek4
The document provides an overview of the biological mind and the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that carry sensory and motor information between the CNS and body. Key parts of the brain are described, including the brainstem, subcortical structures like the thalamus and amygdala, and the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Methods for studying brain activity and function like EEG, PET, and fMRI are also summarized.
The central nervous system is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls bodily functions like awareness, movement, and memory. The spinal cord transmits sensory and motor signals through the spinal canal. The brain is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It can be divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The forebrain contains structures that regulate homeostasis, memory, emotion, and higher cognitive functions.
The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part and is responsible for functions like learning, senses, and control of movement. The cerebellum aids in balance and muscle coordination. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body through spinal nerves. Neurons are the basic working units that transmit signals in the nervous system through electrical and chemical processes.
The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions through the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The brain, which is the most complex organ, contains structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem that control functions like movement, balance, vision, and basic life processes. The cerebrum contains lobes that control functions like memory, speech, and emotion. The spinal cord extends from the brain and contains regions that nerves connect to throughout the body.
This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main parts and the structure and functions of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The major divisions of the cerebrum are described in detail, including the lobes and functional areas. The functions of other parts of the brain like the cerebellum, brain stem, and hypothalamus are also summarized briefly.
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
The nervous system is the body's command center that controls functions like movement, thoughts, digestion and breathing. It has four main functions - receiving sensory information, integrating sensory information, processing information, and generating responses. The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls higher functions like thought and language. The midbrain controls eye movement and processes sensory information. The hindbrain regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
The document summarizes the major parts and functions of the human brain. It discusses the three main divisions of the brain - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Within each division it describes the specific structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. It provides details on the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions in vision, movement, memory, and more. Overall, the summary explains the complex organization of the brain and how different structures work together to control the body's functions and processes sensory information.
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) containing the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS receives sensory data from the PNS and controls the body, while the PNS is a network of nerves throughout the body. Neurons are the basic functional units and come in sensory, motor, and interneuron types. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem. The spinal cord connects the brain to the rest of the body. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The nervous system has three main functions - sensory input, integration, and motor output. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which communicates via electrochemical signals. The central nervous system includes the brain, which is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The brain controls functions like sensory perception, movement, thinking, memory, and homeostasis. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body. It is surrounded by meninges and contains gray matter and tracts of white matter. Common disorders of the nervous system include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, dementia, and strokes.
This slide talks about neuroplasticity, the central nervous system, the brain and its structure, the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, its functions, nervous system and learning, neurotransmitters, working of neurotransmitters, classification, types of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters in learning and limbic system in learning.
The document discusses the assessment of the neurologic system through physical examination. It begins with an overview of the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then details the anatomy and physiology of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the cranial nerves and reflexes. Physical assessment techniques are provided to evaluate nervous system functioning, including tests for mental status, motor skills, sensation, and reflexes.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang wabah virus SARS di dunia pada tahun 2002-2003, dimulai dari Tiongkok. Virus SARS diperkirakan berasal dari Provinsi Guangdong, Tiongkok pada November 2002. Gejala awal SARS mirip flu dan dapat menyebabkan sesak napas. Data WHO menunjukkan Tiongkok memiliki jumlah kasus terbanyak dengan 5327 kasus dan 348 kematian, diikuti Hong Kong dengan 1755 kasus dan 299 kematian. Kesimpulannya, Tiong
Kebutuhan aktivitas (mobilitias) merupakan kebutuhan dasar pasien untuk dapat bergerak dan beraktivitas. Makalah ini membahas tentang pentingnya mobilitias bagi pasien dan peran perawat dalam memfasilitasi mobilitias pasien.
Dokumen ini merupakan makalah tentang kebutuhan oksigenasi yang disusun oleh 10 orang mahasiswa Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Kota Sukabumi untuk mata kuliah Keterampilan Dasar Keprawatan I pada tahun 2014/2015. Makalah ini membahas tentang pentingnya oksigenasi bagi tubuh manusia untuk dapat hidup.
The document discusses training principles, methods of training, and exercise physiology for physical activity. It covers topics like specificity, health and skill-related fitness components, energy systems, and adaptation. The goal is to provide knowledge for applying training methods to improve performance in physical activities through systematic programs that consider an individual's current fitness level and the demands of their sport or activity.
Cardiorespiratory training results in several adaptations that increase endurance. It increases VO2 max, cardiac output, stroke volume and capillarization of muscles. It decreases heart rate, blood pressure and lactate threshold. Respiratory adaptations include increased tidal volume and decreased respiratory rate at rest and submaximal exercise. Metabolic adaptations are increased fatty acid utilization and oxidative enzymes. The document discusses factors like heredity, age, gender and training specificity that influence adaptations.
During exercise, the respiratory system works to regulate gas exchange and maintain acid-base balance in the blood and tissues. Pulmonary ventilation increases to meet the higher oxygen demands of active muscles. Inspiration is an active process using respiratory muscles, while expiration is generally passive. Oxygen diffuses into the blood in the lungs, while carbon dioxide diffuses out, carried mainly by hemoglobin and bicarbonate in the blood. Regulation of breathing is controlled by brainstem centers but can be overridden voluntarily. Ventilation increases with exercise intensity to maintain appropriate blood gas levels and pH. Limitations can occur from respiratory muscle work or airway issues that affect gas exchange.
During exercise, the cardiovascular system responds in several ways to increase delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles. The heart rate and stroke volume increase, elevating cardiac output. Blood is redistributed away from organs and toward active muscles. Blood pressure rises with intensity. Maximum heart rate depends on age. Prolonged exercise can cause cardiovascular drift and decreased plasma volume, impairing performance.
Metabolic adaptations to aerobic training include increasing muscle size, capillary density, mitochondria size and number, and enzyme activity which allows muscles to store more glycogen and triglycerides. Training the aerobic system should occur 3-5 days per week burning 700-900 calories through continuous or interval training at 50-85% of VO2 max for optimal adaptation. Anaerobic training adaptations increase ATP-PCr use, strength, enzyme activity, movement efficiency, and aerobic capacity which decreases lactic acid buildup and fatigue.
This document discusses energy systems and metabolism. It covers:
- Different forms of energy and how energy is stored and transferred in the body.
- The three main energy systems - ATP-PCr, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation - and how they produce ATP.
- How carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down to release energy.
- Factors that influence energy expenditure and causes of fatigue.
This document discusses muscular control of movement and summarizes the structure and function of skeletal muscles. It describes the types of muscles in the body, including skeletal muscles which allow for voluntary movement. Skeletal muscles are composed of fascicles, fibers, and myofibrils. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament theory when calcium binds to troponin, allowing myosin heads to bind actin and generate force through a power stroke. Recruitment of motor units and fiber types determines the force and endurance of muscle contractions. Factors like nutrition, training, genetics influence muscle development.
Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari tentang pemeriksaan aktivitas listrik jantung menggunakan alat EKG dan interpretasi gambaran EKG. Mahasiswa akan belajar cara melakukan pemeriksaan EKG, mengidentifikasi komponen-komponen gambaran EKG, serta membuat kesimpulan mengenai kondisi jantung berdasarkan hasil EKG.
This document discusses physiological adaptations to exercise. It explains that acute adaptations during exercise involve the nervous and endocrine systems regulating muscle, heart, and breathing function. Long-term adaptations provide health benefits like increased endurance. It describes the energy systems of ATP-PCr, glycolysis, and aerobic respiration. Regular exercise leads to adaptations like increased oxygen consumption, ventilation, blood flow, and muscle fiber changes. Factors like intensity, duration, and frequency of training programs influence these adaptations.
The document discusses three energy systems - the ATP-CP system, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration. It provides details on how each system works to produce energy for muscle contraction, including the breakdown of glucose and other fuels as well as the waste products produced. It also discusses how different energy systems are used for various types of exercise depending on intensity and duration, with sprint-based activities relying more on ATP-CP and anaerobic glycolysis while endurance activities utilize more aerobic respiration. Charts are included showing which energy systems various sports predominantly use.
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including:
1. It contrasts the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, noting their anatomical differences like neuron location and target tissues, as well as functional differences in control and response.
2. It describes the anatomy of the autonomic nervous system, including that the sympathetic division neurons are in the spinal cord and project to ganglia, while the parasympathetic division neurons are in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.
3. It covers the physiology of the autonomic nervous system, such as the neurotransmitters, receptors, and effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on various tissues. Regulation through autonomic reflexes involving
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, with a focus on comparing the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. It discusses:
1. The organization of the nervous system into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
2. Key differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, including their target tissues, level of conscious control, number of neurons, and neurotransmitters.
3. The anatomy of the autonomic nervous system, including its division into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems with their different locations of neuron cell bodies and pathways.
4
1. Medula spinalis menghubungkan otak dan saraf perifer bagian belakang dengan kepala dan bertanggung jawab atas integrasi informasi sensorik dan kontrol motorik melalui mekanisme refleks.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
3. Divisions and function of the brain
Brainstem Connect the spinal cord to the cerebrum, several important
functions, location of cranial nerve nuclei
Medulla
Oblongata
Pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; center for
several important reflexes (e.g., heart rate, breathing,
swallowing, vomiting)
Pons Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts; relay between
cerebrum and cerebellum; reflex centers
Midbrain Contain ascending and descending nerve tracts; visual reflex
centers; part of auditory pathway
Reticular
formation
Scattered throughout the brainstem; controls cyclic activities
such as the sleep-wake cycle
Cerebellum Control of muscles movement and tone; regulates extent of
intentional movement; involved in learning motor skills
Division ……………………
4. Diencephalon
Thalamus Major sensory relay center; influences mood and movement
Subthalamus Contain nerve tracts and nuclei
Epithalamus Contains nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation and contains
pineal body
Hypothalamus Major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating
endocrine function
Cerebrum Conscious perception; thought, and conscious motor activity;
can override most other systems
Basal Nuclei Control of muscle activity and postures; largerly inhibit
unintentional movement when at rest
Limbic System Autonomic response to smell, emotion, mood, and other such
functions
Brainstem ………………
5. Batang Otak
1. Batang otak menyambungkan medula spinalis dengan bagian
otak lainya
2. Bertanggung jawab terhadap beberapa fungsi kerusakan
pada area walaupun kecil dapat menyebabkan kematian
3. Batang otak terdiri dari medula oblongata, pons dan midbrain
7. Medulla Oblongata
1. medulla oblongata bersambungan dengan medula spinalis dan terdiri dari
jalur saraf asending dan desending
2. pyramids adalah jalur saraf yang berisi saraf pergerakan otot
3. olives adalah nukleus yang berfungsi dalam keseimbangan, koordinasi,
dan modulasi suara dari telinga bagian dalam
4. Medullary nuclei mengatur denyut jantung, pembuluh darah, respirasi,
menelan, batuk, bersin, dan sendawa . Nukleus saraf kranial V and IX –
XII ada di medula
Pons …………..
8. Pons
1. pons ada di atas medula
2. Jalur saraf asending dan desending melewati pons
3. Mengatur tidur dan respirasi. Nukleus saraf kranial V – IX are ada di
Pons
Midbrain ………
9. OTAK TENGAH
1. Otak tengah ada di atas PONS
2. Otak tengah terdiri dari nukleus nervus kranialis III, IV, and V
3. The substantia nigra connect to other basal nuclei and is involved with
muscle tone and movement
Reticular formation ……………
11. Cerebellum
1. Cerebellum berkomunikasi dengan otak tengah , pons,
dan medula oblongata
2. Cerebellum 3 bagian , flocculonodular lobe, vermis, and
lateral hemisphere.
3. Flocculonodular lobe merupakan bagian yang paling
sederhana membantu mengontrol keseimbthe simplest
part helps control balangan dan pergerakan mata
4. The vermis and medial portion of the lateral hemisphere
are involved in the control of posture, pergerakan, dan
koordinasi gerakan motorik halus menghasilkan
gerakan yang halus
5. The major portion of the lateral hemispheres is
involved, with the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe, in
planning, practicing, and learning complex movements
Diencephalon …………
12. Diencephalon
Diencephalon merupakan bagian dr otak dan berada diantara
batang otak dan cerebrum. Komponen utamanya adalah talamus,
sub talamus, epi talamus dan hipotalamuss
13. Thalamus
1. Merupakan bagian terbesar dari diencephalon.
2. Ian Ruangan sekitar bagian intermediate mass disebut ventrikel ke 3 otak
3. Hampir seluruh input sensoris masuk ke thalamus
4. Thalamus mempengaruhi mood dan emosi
5. ……………..
14. 5. Bagian ventral terlibat dalam fungsi motor dan mengkomunikasikan
antara basal ganglia, cerebellum, dan motor cortex.
6. Bagaian anterior berhubungan dengan sistem limbik .
7. Bagian dorsal sisi berhubungan dengan korteks serebri dan berperan
mengatur emosi
8. Bagian sisi belakang berperan dalam integrasi sensoris
15. Subthalamus
1. Bagian kecil dibawah talamus
2. Sebagian kecil dari nukleus dan substantia nigra di otak tengah meluas
sampai ke sub talamus
3. Sel sub talamus berhubungan dengan sel basal dan berperan dalam
mengontrol fungsi motorik
16. Epithalamus
1. Berada pada bagian atas belakang talamus terdiri dari sel habenular dan
bana pineal
2. Sel Habenular dipengaruhi oleh penciuman dan terlibat dalam emosi dan
respon terhadap bau
3. Badan pineal berperan dalam mulai pubertas dan juga berperan dalam
siklus tudur dan terjaga
Hypothalamus …………..
17. Hypothalamus
1. Bagian paling bawah dari diencephalon terdiri dari beberapa sel dan jaras-
jaras
2. Badan mammilary merupakan pusat refleks untuk penciuman
3. Hypothalamus mengatur beberapa fungsi endokrin (metabolisme,
reproduksi, respon terhadap stress, dan produksi urin). Kelenjar pituitari
menempel pada hipotalamus
4. Hipotalamus mengatus suhu tubuh, rasa lapar, haus, menelan dan juga
emosi.
18. Hypothalamic functions
Function Description
Autonomic Helps control heart rate, urine release from the bladder,
movement of food through the digestive tract, and blood vessel
diameter
Endocrine Helps regulate pituitary gland secretion and influences
metabolism, ion balance, sexual development, and sexual
functions
Muscle tone Controls muscles involved in swallowing and stimulate
shivering in several muscles
Temperature
regulation
Promotes heat loss when the hypothalamic temperature
increases by increasing sweat production (anterior
hypothalamus) and promotes heat production when the
hypothalamic temperature decreases by promoting shivering
(posterior hypothalamus)
Hypothalamic functions ………………..
19. Regulation of
food and water
intake
Hunger center promotes eating and satiety center inhibits eating;
thirst center promotes water intake
Emotions Large range emotional influences over body functions; directly
involved in stress – related and psychosomatic illnesses and
with feelings of fear and rage
Regulation of
the sleep–wake
cycle
Coordinates responses to the sleep-wake cycle with the other
areas of brain (e.g., the reticular activating system)
Cerebrum …………
20. Cerebrum
1. Bagian koteks dari cerebrum berlipat lipat, bagian tonjolan disebut girus
dan lipatan disebut sulci, atau fisur
2. Belahan longitudinal membagi cerebrum menjadi hemisfer kiri dan kanan.
Setiap hemisfer memiliki lima lobus:
a. Lobus frontalis untuk penciuman, fungsi motorik volunter, motivasi,
agresi dan mood
b. Lobus parietalis untuk area sensori utama menerima sensasi umum,
rasa dan keseimbangan
c. Lobus oksipitalis merupakan pusat penglihatan
d. LObus temporalis menerima input dari olfactorius dan auditori dan
terlibat dalam memori, fikiran abstrak dan keputusan
e. Cerebelum fungsinya equilibrium
3. Jaras saraf yang menghubungkan corteks dalam hemisfer yang sama
disebut serabut asosiasi, antara hemisfer berbeda disebut serabut
commisural dan dengan bagian otak lain dan medula spinalis disebut
serabut projeksi
23. Area fungsional korteks yang utama :
1. Area sensoris menerima dan menginterpretasikan impuls
2. Area motorik mengontrol pergerakan otot
3. Area asosiasi mengurusi fungsi integratif yang lebih
kompleks seperti memori, emosi, keinginan, penilaian,
personaliti dan kecerdasan
24. Area sensosik
1. Input sensorik ke korteks serebri masuk terutama ke
setengah hemisfer bagian bawah menuju ke sulci
2. Di dalam korteks, reseptor sensori primer langsung
berhubungan dengan reseptor sensori perifer
3. Ares sensoris sekunder dan area asosiasi bersebelahan dengan
area primer. Menerima input dari area primer dan disebarkan
ke bagian lain otak. Berperan dalam pola pengenalan dan
kewaspadaan
25. AREA MOTORIK
INPUT MOTORIK DARI KORTEKS SEREBRI MENJALAR
TERUTAMA DARI BAGIAN ANTERIOR DARI SETIAP
HEMISFER
26. REFLEKS REFLEKS DI BATANG OTAK MELIBATKAN
SARAF KRANIA
1. Banyak refleks yang melibatkan homeostatis berkaitan
dengan syaraf kranial dan muncul di batang otak
2. Banyak dari refleks di batang otak berhubungan dengan
fungsi nervus kranialis
28. SENSASI
1. SENSASI MELIPUTI SENSASI UMUM DAN SPESIAL
2. Sensasi somatik meliputi sentuhan, tekanan, suhu, proprioseptif dan
nyeri
3. Sensasi visceral terutama sakit dan tekanan
4. Sensasi spesial meliputi penciuman, perasaan, penglihatan,
pendengaran dan keseimbangan
5. Sensasi atau persepsi adalah kewaspadaan yang disadari terhadap
stimulus yang diterima oleh reseptor sensori
6. Sensasi memerlukan stimulus, sebuah reseptor , konduksi dari
potensial aksi ke ssp, translasi dari potensial aksi, dan pemrosesan
potensial aksi dalam SSP sehingga seseorang sadar akan adanya
sensasi
29. RESEPTOR
1. Reseptor meliputi mekano reseptor, kemoreseptor ,
fotoreseptor dan nociceptor
2. Ujung saraf bebas mendeteksi sentuhan ringan, nyeri,
gatal, geli, dan temperatur
30. Reseptor di dalam kulit
1. Lempengan Merkel’s berespon terhadap sentuhan ringan dan
tekanan superfisial
2. Reseptor Folikel Rambut terlibat juga dalam sensasi sentuhan
ringan apabila rambut tertekuk
31. Reseptor di kulit
3. Badan pacini ada di lapisan dermis mendeteksi tekanan dan juga
terlibat dalam fungsi proprioseptif
4. Badan Meissner’s ada di lap dermis bertanggung jawab
mendiskriminasi dua titik sentuhan yang berbeda
33. Reseptor sensori dalam otot
Serabut otot yang ada di dalam otot skelet merupakan proprioseptor
34. Reseptor Sensori di tendon
Organ golgi tendon yang ada di dalam tendon berespon pada perubahan
tekanan
35. TWO-POINT DISCRIMINATION
Apabila dua titik sentuhan atau tekanan berdekatan makaorang akan
merasakan satu titik, tapi apabila berjauhan maka akan bs membedakan
dua titik
36. Respon dari reseptor sensori
1. Menciptakan potensial reseptor di dalam reseptor sensoris.
Umumnya reseptor memiliki akson yang kemudian akan
mentransmisikan potensial
2. Proses adaptasi dapat menurunkan sensitifitas terhadap stimulus
yang kontinyu
44. Direct Pathways
Lateral and anterior corticospinal
tract, which are responsible for
movement below the head. Lines in
the inset indicate levels of section
45. Indirect Pathways
Examples of indirect pathways:
rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
Lines in the inset indicate levels of
section
46. Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
1. The motor cortex sends action potentials to lower motor neurons in the spinal
cord
47. 2. Action potentials from the motor neuron inform the cerebellum of the
intended movement
Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
48. 3. Lower motor neurons in the spinal cord send action potentials to the
skeletal muscle, causing them to contract
Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
49. 4. Proprioceptive signals from the skeletal muscles and joints to the
cerebellum conveys information concerning the status of the muscle and
the structure being moved during contraction
Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
50. 5. The cerebellum compares the information from the motor cortex to the
proprioceptive information from the skeletal muscles and joints
Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
51. 6. Action potentials from the cerebellum to the spinal cord modify the
stimulation from the motor cortex to the lower motor neuron
Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
52. 7. Action potentials from the cerebellum are sent to the motor cortex, which
modify its motor activity
Cerebellar Comparator Function
Motor Cortex
Skeletal
muscle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Red nucleus
Proprioception
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Lower motor
neuron
53. BRAIN WAVES AND SLEEP
EEG showing brain waves
(a) EEG tracing when a person is awake and during four stage of sleep.
(b) Atypical night’s sleep pattern in a young adult. The time spent in REM sleep
is labeled and shown by dark bars
54. MEMORY
1. Sensory memory
Very short-term retention of sensory input received by the brain
while something is scanned, evaluated, and acted on.
Lasts less than a second
2. Short term memory
If a given piece of data held in sensory memory is considered
valuable enough, information is retained for a few second to a few
minute
This memory is limited by the number of bits of information (usually
about seven, telephone number) that can be stored at one time,
although the amount varies from person to person. More bit can be
stored when the number are grouped into specific segments separated
by the spaces, such as when adding an area code. This memory will
be eliminated when a new information is given
3. Long-term memory………..
56. Limbic System
1. The limbic system includes parts of the cerebral cortex, basal
nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the olfactory cortex
2. The limbic system controls visceral function through the
autonomic neurons system and the endocrine system and is
also involved in emotion and memory
57. Cranial Nerves
1. Cranial nerves perform sensory, somatic motor,
prorprioceptive, and parasympathetic function
2. N. I (olfactory) and II (optic) are involved in sense of smell
and vision
3. N. III (oculomotor) innervates four of six extrinsic eye
muscles and the upper eyelid. The N. III also provides
parasympathetic supply to the iris and lens of the eye
4. N. IV (trochlear) controls an extrinsic eye muscle
5. …..
58. Cranial Nerves
5. N. V (trigeminal) supplies the mastication muscles, as well as
middle ear muscle, a palatine muscle, and two throat muscle.
Has the greatest sensory distribution of the cranial nerve. Has
three branches, two of them innervate teeth
6. N. VI (abducens) control an extrinsic eye muscle
7. N. VII (facial) supplies the muscles of the facial expression,
an inner ear muscle, and two throat muscles. It is involved in
the sense of taste. It’s parasympathetic to two set of salivary
glands and to the lacrimal glands
8. N. VIII (vestibulocochlear) is involved in the sense of hearing
and balance
9. ………..
59. 9. N. IX (glossopharyngeal) in involved in taste and supplies
tactile sensory innervation from the posterior tongue, middle
ear, and pharynx. It’s also sensory for receptors that monitor
blood pressures and gas level in the blood. N. IX is
parasympathetic to the parotid salivary glands
10. N. X (vagus) innervates the muscles of the pharynx, palate,
and larynx. It’s also involved in the sense of taste. N. X is
sensory for pharynx and larynx and for receptors that monitor
blood pressure and gas level in the blood. N. X. is sensory
for thoracic and abdominal organs. N. X provides
parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic and abdominal
organs
11. …….
60. 11. N. XI (accessory) has a cranial and a spinal component.
The cranial component joins the vagus nerve. The spinal
component supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscles.
12. N. XII (hypoglossal) supplies the intrinsic tongue muscles,
three of four extrinsic tongue muscles, and two throat
muscles.
Editor's Notes
INTEGRASI FUNGSI SISTEM SARAF
Sistem saraf dilibatkan di hampir semua fungsi tubuh. Walaupun manusia mempunyai otak lebih besar, lebih rumit, dibanding binatang, banyak fungsi sistem saraf manusia sama dengan binatang. Masukan yang berhubungan dengan perasaan yang kita terima dan cara kita bereaksi terhadap masukan itu bukanlah fungsi unik manusia. Otak manusia juga mampu untuk berfungsi kompleks dan unik, seperti perekaman sejarah, pemikiran, dan perencanaan, sampai batas tertentu tidak dapat dibandingkan dengan binatang. Banyak dari fungsi ini hanya dapat dipelajari pada manusia. Itulah mengapa banyak fungsi otak manusia belum terungkapkan dan mengapa suatu pemahaman menyangkut otak manusia masih merupakan pelajaran yang masih menantang baik secara anatomi maupun secara fisiologi.
Dalam integrasi fungsi sistem saraf ini kita akan membahas sensasi, kontrol otot skelet, dan kesadaran.