This document discusses muscular control of movement and summarizes the structure and function of skeletal muscles. It describes the types of muscles in the body, including skeletal muscles which allow for voluntary movement. Skeletal muscles are composed of fascicles, fibers, and myofibrils. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament theory when calcium binds to troponin, allowing myosin heads to bind actin and generate force through a power stroke. Recruitment of motor units and fiber types determines the force and endurance of muscle contractions. Factors like nutrition, training, genetics influence muscle development.

1. Muscular Control of MovementMuscular Control of Movement
SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN
KOTA SUKABUMI
Program Study S1 Keperawatan
https://stikeskotasukabumi.wordpress.com

2. Review of AnatomyReview of Anatomy
Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles
– Smooth: blood vessels andSmooth: blood vessels and
organsorgans
– Cardiac: heartCardiac: heart
– Skeletal: musclesSkeletal: muscles
for movementfor movement

3. Review of AnatomyReview of Anatomy
SkeletalSkeletal
MuscleMuscle
– 600 Skeletal600 Skeletal
MusclesMuscles
– VoluntaryVoluntary
MovementMovement
– Origin /Origin /
InsertionInsertion
– 75% H2O,75% H2O,
20% Prot.20% Prot.

4. The Structure ofThe Structure of
Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
EpimysiumEpimysium
– Covers the entire muscleCovers the entire muscle
PerimysiumPerimysium
– Covers the FasciculiCovers the Fasciculi
EndomysiumEndomysium
– Covers the muscle fiberCovers the muscle fiber
SarcoplasmSarcoplasm
– Surrounds the myofibrilSurrounds the myofibril

5. The Structure of aThe Structure of a
Muscle CellMuscle Cell
SarcoplasmSarcoplasm
– Transverse TubulesTransverse Tubules
– Sarcoplasmic ReticulumSarcoplasmic Reticulum
MyofibrilMyofibril
– SarcomereSarcomere
Myosin (heads)Myosin (heads)
Actin (tropomyosin, troponin)Actin (tropomyosin, troponin)

6. The Sliding FilamentThe Sliding Filament
TheoryTheory
Motor nerve impulseMotor nerve impulse
– motor nerve releases ACh tomotor nerve releases ACh to
sarcolemmasarcolemma
Depolorization causes chainDepolorization causes chain
reactionreaction
– sarcoplasmic reticulumsarcoplasmic reticulum
releases calciumreleases calcium
– calcium binds with troponincalcium binds with troponin
– troponin lifts tropomyosintroponin lifts tropomyosin
– myosin heads bind with actinmyosin heads bind with actin
(cross bridge)(cross bridge)
Power Stroke: is the tilting ofPower Stroke: is the tilting of
the myosin headthe myosin head

7. The Sliding FilamentThe Sliding Filament
TheoryTheory
Energy is required for muscleEnergy is required for muscle
actionaction
– the myosin head binds to ATP, and ATPasethe myosin head binds to ATP, and ATPase
found on the head splits ATP into ADP and P,found on the head splits ATP into ADP and P,
releasing energy for muscle contraction.releasing energy for muscle contraction.
Calcium releases for muscleCalcium releases for muscle
relaxationrelaxation
– calcium is pumped out of the sarcoplasm andcalcium is pumped out of the sarcoplasm and
back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum forback into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for
storage, which requires ATP.storage, which requires ATP.

8. Slow Twitch vs FastSlow Twitch vs Fast
TwitchTwitch
SToSTo
slow ATPaseslow ATPase
small SRsmall SR
small motorsmall motor
neuronneuron
less fibers perless fibers per
unitunit
aerobicaerobic
enduranceendurance
red color -red color -
capillariescapillaries
B oxidationB oxidation
enzymesenzymes
FTa, FTb, FTcFTa, FTb, FTc
fast ATPasefast ATPase
large SRlarge SR
large motorlarge motor
neuronneuron
more fibersmore fibers
per unitper unit
anaerobicanaerobic
powerpower
pink or whitepink or white
in colorin color
glycolyticglycolytic
enzymesenzymes

9. Muscle FiberMuscle Fiber
RecruitmentRecruitment
Motor units:Motor units: consists of a single motorconsists of a single motor
neuron and all of the muscle fibers is supplies.neuron and all of the muscle fibers is supplies.
All-or-None Response:All-or-None Response:
Gradation of recruitmentGradation of recruitment
– force production:force production: is due to the numberis due to the number
of fibers recruited, not the force generated byof fibers recruited, not the force generated by
each fibereach fiber
– conditioning response:conditioning response: trainingtraining
effects the coordination and recruitment ofeffects the coordination and recruitment of
muscles for specific activitiesmuscles for specific activities
FTb & FTc fibers aren’t easilyFTb & FTc fibers aren’t easily
recruitedrecruited

10. Generation of ForceGeneration of Force
number ofnumber of
motor unitmotor unit
types of motortypes of motor
unitsunits
size of thesize of the
musclemuscle
muscles initialmuscles initial
lengthlength
angle of theangle of the
jointjoint
muscle’s speedmuscle’s speed
stretch reflexstretch reflex

11. Use of MusclesUse of Muscles
Types ofTypes of
MovementMovement
– agonistsagonists
– antagonistsantagonists
– synergistssynergists
Types ofTypes of
ContractionContraction
– concentricconcentric
– staticstatic
– eccentriceccentric

12. Requirements ForRequirements For
Large MuscleLarge Muscle
DevelopmentDevelopment
Proper NutritionProper Nutrition
– 65% CHO, 20% Fat, 15%65% CHO, 20% Fat, 15%
ProteinProtein
Resistance TrainingResistance Training
GeneticsGenetics
Hormonal Secretion LevelsHormonal Secretion Levels
– testosteronetestosterone
– androgensandrogens

13. ACSM StrengthACSM Strength
GuidelinesGuidelines
FFrequency = 2-3 days/weekrequency = 2-3 days/week
IIntensityntensity
– 85% of max for strength85% of max for strength
– 75% of max for muscular75% of max for muscular
power + (method)power + (method)
– 50% - 65% of max for50% - 65% of max for
muscular endurancemuscular endurance
TTime =ime =
– 30 - 90 sec. per set / 8 - 1230 - 90 sec. per set / 8 - 12
reps per setreps per set
– work to rest ratio 1:4work to rest ratio 1:4
SSpecificity = resistance typepecificity = resistance type

14. Strength Training MythsStrength Training Myths
Strength training will cause “muscleStrength training will cause “muscle
boundness”boundness”
Women who strength train willWomen who strength train will
become masculinizedbecome masculinized
Strength training reduces speedStrength training reduces speed
““No pain - No gain”No pain - No gain”
It takes hours of daily training to gainIt takes hours of daily training to gain
muscle massmuscle mass
Food supplements will speed upFood supplements will speed up
muscle developmentmuscle development
Anabolic steroids are safe andAnabolic steroids are safe and
effectiveeffective
Amino Acids are safe and effectiveAmino Acids are safe and effective

15. Types of TrainingTypes of Training
IsometricIsometric
IsotonicIsotonic
IsokineticIsokinetic

16. Modes of TrainingModes of Training
Free weightsFree weights
NautilusNautilus
HydraulicsHydraulics
FrictionFriction
Rubber tubingRubber tubing
CybexCybex
Bow-flexBow-flex
Box-jumpsBox-jumps
HydrotherapyHydrotherapy
Etc.Etc.